Floating Offshore Gas

Andy Alderson
Manager - Offshore Oil & Gas
Offshore Gas Developments
Regas
 Offshore Regas - RV

• Energy Bridge – Exmar/Excelerate

• Neptune LNG – GdF Hoegh
– Conventional Loading
– Ship to Ship Transfer with hoses
– Onboard Re-gas
– Send out via STL or conventional manifold
Offshore Regas
 Fixed Floating Terminal

• Brazil FSRU Projects – Petrobras/Golar

• Dubai FSRU - Shell
– Permanently moored to jetty
– LNG Loading via conventional loading
arm
– Send out via manifold
– NO direct ship to ship transfer
Fixed Floating Terminal
 Fixed Offshore GBS

• Adriatic LNG (Rovigo)

– Gravity Based Storage and Regas
– Offshore loading using loading arms
– Send out via pipeline
Fixed GBS
Adriatic - GBS
 Fixed Offshore Floating

• OLT Livorno
• Triton LNG
– True Floating Storage & Regas vessel
– Loading Offshore ship to ship transfer with
hard arms
– Send out through STL or Fixed turret system
 Triton LNG

Livorno OLT
New Challenges - Loading
FMC Loading Arms - OLT
New Challenges - Mooring
Relative Motions
 Summary
Brazil – 1 Brazil -2 Livorno OLT Dubai Rovigo Neptune Triton Port Dolphin

Regasification 2.5 bcm/yr 5.1 bcm/yr 5.1 bcm/yr 4.0bcm/yr

Storage 129,000m3 138,000m3 137,000m3 125,000m3 147,000m3 147,000m3 147,000m3

Location Existing Pier New Pier Offshore New Pier GBS Offshore Offshore Offshore Offshore

LNG Transfer Over jetty / Over Jetty / Side by Side / Side by Side / Side by Side / No Transfer Side by Side / No Transfer
loading arms Loading arms Loading arms Loading arms Loading arms LNGRV used Loading arms LNGRV used
on jetty on FSRU on FSRU on FSRU on GBS on FSRU

Gas Transfer HP Arms on HP Arms on Riser to HP Arms on Pipeline HP Pipe via HP Pipe via HP Pipe via
Jetty Jetty subsea p/l Jetty STL STL STL

Vaporization Closed Loop Closed/Open Open Loop Open Loop

Loop

Mooring Conventional Conventional Turret Conventional GBS Fixed STL Mooring STL Mooring STL Mooring
System Mooring

Flexibility LNGC LNGC - LNGC - LNGC LNGC LNGC

 Rules & Regulations

• Floating Units fall between traditional

marine and onshore regulations.
• The scope of each may vary
depending upon location.
• One Solution will not fit all.
• Experience will help to ease this
process.
• Class & Regulatory Bodies need to be
consulted at a very early stage.
 Key Areas of Consideration

• Applicable Rules & Regulations

• Application of Novel Technologies
• Design Criteria & Processes
• Construction Process
• Commissioning Process
• Start-Up Process
 International Regulations

• Typically
– SOLAS
– MARPOL
– IGC
– STCW (depending on location)

As none of these rules have been written

with offshore gas in mind they need to be
carefully studied to determine what is
applicable based upon the specific
project.
 Regional Regulations

• European Union (EU) Directives

– Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
– Marine Equipment Directive (MED)
• EN1474-2 for flexible hoses
• EN1474-3 for offshore transfer systems.
 RINA Rules

• RINA Rules for the Classification of Floating Units

intended for Production, Storage and Offloading of
Liquid Hydrocarbons or intended for Storage, Off-
loading and Regasification of Liquefied Gases

• RINA Guide for the Design, Construction and

Installation of Steel Offshore Single Point Moorings

• RINA Rules for the Classification of ships

• Applicable International Rules, depending on the

intended operation (e.g. IMO IGC Code)
 Application

Ships or other floating units, moored to the seabed and intended

for:
 production and/or storage and off-loading of liquid
hydrocarbons
 Storage and/or unloading and/or re-gasification of liquefied
natural gas (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
FPSO Production, storage and off-loading of liquid hydrocarbons

FPO Production and off-loading of liquid hydrocarbons

FSO Storage and off-loading of liquid hydrocarbons

FSRU Off-loading, Storage and/or regasification of liquefied natural gases

C X [Hull] X [Mach] [FPSO] [FPO] [FSO] [FSRU]

Operating area notation – Additional Class Notations
 Case Study

ITALY
Italian LNG Projects
• Adriatic LNG, Rovigo: GBS offshore regasification
plant
• API, Falconara: oil refinery and LNG regasification
plant
• ENEL, Montalto di Castro: LNG carriers @ offshore
platform
• Nuove Energie, Porto Empedocle: onshore LNG
regasification plant
• OLT, Livorno: LNG carriers STS @ SPM
• Sorgenia-Iride, Gioia Tauro: onshore LNG
regasification plant
• Ionio Gas, Priolo: onshore LNG regasification plant
• Terminal Alpi Adriatico, Monfalcone: GBS offshore
regasification plant
• Fiamma 2000, Ardea: offshore GPL receiving
terminal @ conventional multiple buoy system
• Sorgenia TORP; Offshore hiload system
 Permitting Process (Italy)
• APPROVAL TO INSTALL AND OPERATE AN OFFSHORE
TERMINAL IN ITALY(Major Permits):

• Environment Impact Assessment (onshore & offshore)

• Nulla Osta di Fattibilità (Safety Risk Assessment)

• MAP Decree Authorization to construct and operate

• Maritime Concession

• Others include Public Interest Concessions, etc.

 National Regulations
• Environment Impact Assessment (onshore & offshore)
Based on art. 6, Law n. 349/86, Law n.220/92 Law n.152/2006 –
Analysis of the Environment Impact Study
• Nulla Osta di Fattibilità (Safety Risk Assessment)
Based on Seveso Directive, Sveso Ter or CEE 105/2003 –
Preliminary and Final Safety Reports, Testing Commission.
Competent authority is the C.T.R. (Regional Technical Committee)
• MAP Decree Authorization to construct and operate
Based on art. 8 Law 340/00 – Allows Company to build and run
the terminal
• Maritime Concession
Based on Italian Navigation Code - Issued by Coast
Guard/Harbour Master after a Ministry of Transport Decree. Allows
Company to occupy a certain water area in open sea for
installing and running the terminal and the pipeline
to shore
Technical Queries
 National Regulations

• Currently there are no ‘set’ national

rules as there is limited experience.
• RINA with the experienced gained can
work with national authorities to gain
approvals and permitting case by
case.
 Summary Rules Services

• Classification according to IMO and RINA Rules

(including ISM, ISPS etc.)
• Inspections and testing of equipment
• Type approvals
• Materials/certifications
• Assistance for compliance with the applicable
requirements of governmental authorities
(typically, Flag and Coastal states)
• Certification services for additional legislative
issues, e.g. MED (EU Directive 2001/53/ EC), PED
(EU Directive 97/23/EC) etc.
 Current Projects Risk-Based Services

• Technology Qualification
• FMECA
• HAZOP
• Risk-based maintenance strategies
(Reliability-Centered Maintenance,
Condition-Based Maintenance)
• Risk-Based Inspections
• Assistance in drafting Safety Cases
 Novel Technologies

• Why do we need ‘Technology

Qualification’
• The main reason is the banks. In the
current credit crisis the new technology
or new uses of existing technology is
seen as high risk.
• Secondly permitting (Safety)
• The technology qualification by
independent 3rd party reduces this risk
 Novel Technologies

• The Process consists of 4 deliverables

– Technology Assessment
– Qualification Plan
– Qualification Report
– Approval
 Assessment Process

• Define Qualification Basis

– System Description
• Capacities, Environmental data of operation,
etc
– Inherent uncertainties
• Dynamic responses, installation, loads, tests
etc.
 Assessment Process

• Failure Mode Identification & Risk

Ranking
– Failure Causes
– Functional Elements
– Interfacing
 Assessment Process

• Maintenance & Modification (Concept

Improvement)
– Failure mode screening
– Maintainability Analysis
– Maintenance Planning
– Cost benefit analysis
– Maintenance Costs
Design Process
 Assessment Process

• Select Qualification Methods

– FAT Procedures
• Success Evaluation
– Define criteria for Evaluation
• Data Collection
• Functionality Assessment.
 Process Summary
• Establish an overall plan for the qualification. This is
a continuous process and needs updating after
each step using the available knowledge on the
status of the qualification.
• Establish a qualification basis comprising:
requirements, specification and description. Define
the functionality and limiting parameters for the new
technology.
• Screening the technology based on identification of
failure modes and their risk, and classification of the
technology in degree of newness to focus the effort
where the related uncertainty is most significant.
 Process Summary

• Assess maintenance, condition monitoring

and possible modification effects to reduce
the risk.
• Plan and execute reliability data collection.
The data is used to analyse the risk for not
meeting the specifications through:
experience, numerical analysis and tests.
• Analyse the reliability of the new
technology, and thereby the risk of the
failure modes related to the functional
requirements of the new technology.
 TQ For Livorno FSRU

• Tools being used for TQ:

• Tri-Ex Vaporizers: Structural finite element
analysis to investigate fatigue and CFD to
verify efficiency of thermal exchange in
presence of ship motions
• Side-by-side mooring: seakeeping analysis
supported by extensive tank tests, to define
the operating envelope on the site
• Loading arms: FMECA of functional aspects
comprehensive of operating issues
 Novel Technology

• Case Study – Cargo Transfer

– Areas to consider
• Transfer System – Loading Arms
• Mooring arrangements
 Novel Technologies

• Loading Arms
– Well proven for transfer between ship and
shore for LNG
– Never used in open water between two
moving objects
– The following to be investigated
• Operating envelope
• Reliability (maintenance)
• Operations connection/disconnection
• Availability
• Failure modes
– Design out problems and demonstrate this
 Novel Technologies

• Mooring Arrangements
– Ships motions – (model testing &
verification)
– Verify mooring system
• Operating limits
• Operations (mooring/unmooring)
• Reliability
• Availability of vessel.
• Failure modes
 HAZOP

• RINA offers its clients experienced

personnel and customized recording
tools to facilitate HAZOP.
• This service will enable operators and
designers to satisfy the regulatory and
corporate requirements for hazard
identification of new or existing
facilities.
Typical Hazop Workshop
Typical Hazop Worksheet
 FMECA

• Failure Mode Effect & Criticality

Analysis (FMECA)
– RINA’s Failure Mode Effect & Criticality Analysis
(FMECA) service will systematically address all
possible failure modes of a technical system and
the specific effects of certain failures.
– The results of an FMECA study are ideal for further
use in the development of reliability-centered
maintenance (RCM) programmes or for risk
management purposes.
 Project Supervision
MANAGER GAS
PROJECTS

Business Area Project Manager Customer

Manager Project 1 Manager

Genoa Office Genoa Office Local Office

Local Plan
RIND MARINE MARINE
Approval
Team Leader Team Leader Team Leader

Meteo Marine Specialist Support Plan Approval Technical Support Site Manager*
Services Services Sevices
Permitting Risk Assessment STRT* HULS

Process Equip PRMT*

LNG Operations* EATS
Machinery Cryogenic
Hull Surveyor EIC Surveyor
Terminal Surveyor Surveyor*
Mooring CSST MACS*
Support*
Training
PPVT SAFS
Site Team

ENVT
*LNG Experience required

Head Office Team (Virtual Team)

 Design Process
• RINA’s Role
– Independent Evaluation by a third party
with experience.
– Involvement required from the initial
concept stage.
– Evaluation and Verification throughout the
design and construction process.
– RINA Team skills to assist
• LNG operations, mooring, ship to ship transfer,
offshore operations.
• Experienced staff, master, chief engineer,
superintendent.
 RINA Services

Approved Configuration

Authority Engineering

Optimised Configuration

Cost-to-Benefit Analyses

Risk & Environmental Assessment

Logistic Studies

Mooring & Operability Studies

Sea-keeping Studies

Ship Handling Studies

Meteo-marine Study

Project Target & Boundary

Conditions
 RINA Offshore Gas references

Adriatic LNG

Livorno OLT
 RINA Offshore References

Saipem 7000
Scarabeo 5

Scarabeo 3
 RINA FPSO References
FPSO “VEGA OIL” (“Single anchor
leg system”)
FPSO “FIRENZE” (Anchor and
chain moored turret)

FPSO “ALBA MARINA”

(Chain moored floating
turret)
FPSO “LIGURIA” (“Single
anchor leg system”)
FPSO “ACQUA BLU” (Ship
moored to a chain anchored
buoy)
 Triton Project Update

• Vessel to be Italian Flag in Service

• Vessel to be Dual Class RINA + (BV or
DNV)
• Invitation to Bid – 3 Korean Yards and
issued End of May 2009.