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Piping is used to convey fluids (anything that can flow: liquids, gases and/or solids) from
one location to another.

P&ID - Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

P&ID shows all of piping including the physical sequence of branches, reducers, valves, equipment,
instrumentation and control interlocks.

The P&ID are used to operate the process system.

A P&ID should include:

• Instrumentation and designations

• Mechanical equipment with names and numbers
• All valves and their identifications
• Process piping, sizes and identification
• Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and swagers
• Permanent start-up and flush lines
• Flow directions
• Interconnections references
• Control inputs and outputs, interlocks
• Interfaces for class changes
• Seismic category
• Quality level
• Annunciation inputs
• Computer control system input
• Vendor and contractor interfaces
• Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others
• Intended physical sequence of the equipment

This figure depict a very small and simplified P&ID:

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A P&ID should not include:

• Instrument root valves

• control relays
• manual switches
• equipment rating or capacity
• primary instrument tubing and valves
• pressure temperature and flow data
• elbow, tees and similar standard fittings
• extensive explanatory notes

PFD - Process Flow Diagram

A Process Flow Diagram - PFD - (or System Flow Diagram - SFD) shows the relationships between
the major components in the system. PFD also tabulate process design values for the components in
different operating modes, typical minimum, normal and maximum. A PFD does not show minor
components, piping systems, piping ratings and designations.

A PFD should include:

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• Process Piping
• Major equipment symbols, names and identification numbers
• Control, valves and valves that affect operation of the system
• Interconnection with other systems
• Major bypass and recirculation lines
• System ratings and operational values as minimum, normal and maximum flow, temperature and
pressure
• Composition of fluids

This figure depict a small and simplified PFD:

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System Flow Diagrams should not include:

• pipe class
• pipe line numbers
• minor bypass lines
• isolation and shutoff valves
• maintenance vents and drains
• relief and safety valve
• code class information
• seismic class information

Legend sheet:
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- Scope of Piping Engineering

- Introduction to Plant Layout Design
- Plant Layout Specifications
- Codes and Standards
- Piping Elements & Specialties
- Plot Plans
- PFD, P&ID, Fabriction Drawings
- Isometrics
- Mechanical Equipments
- Compressors
- Exchangers
- Furnaces
- Pumps
- Reactors
- Towers
- Pipe Racks
- Structures
- Pipe Supports
- Underground Piping
- Instrumentation
- Storage Tanks
- Stress Aanalysis
- Computer-Aided Design
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