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Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 4 (1996) 501–533. Printed in the UK
Finite element analysis and simulation of welding: a

bibliography (1976–1996)
Jaroslav Mackerle
Linköping Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, S-581 83 Linköping,
Sweden
Received 14 February 1996, accepted for publication 23 July 1996
Abstract. This paper gives a bibliographical review of the finite element methods (FEMs)
applied to the analysis and simulation of welding processes. The bibliography at the end
of the paper contains references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations
on the subject that were published between 1976 and 1996. The following topics are
included: modelling of welding processes in general, modelling of specific welding processes,
influence of geometrical parameters, heat transfer and fluid flow in welds, residual stresses and
deformation in welds, fracture mechanics and welding, fatigue of welded structures, destructive
and nondestructive evaluation of weldments and cracks, welded tubular joints, pipes and pressure
vessels/components, and welds in plates and other structures/components.
1. Introduction
Welding is defined by the American Welding Society (AWS) as a localized coalescence of

metals or nonmetals produced by either heating of the materials to a suitable temperature,
with or without the application of pressure, or by the application of pressure alone, and
with or without the use of filler metal. There are various welding processes used in industry
today. The main factors for their distinctions are the source of the energy used for welding,
and the means of protection or cleaning of the welded material.
Arc welding is the most widely used process in industry because of its versatility and
low cost. Resistance welding is also a low-cost, high-production process used first of all
in the assembly of car bodies and similar parts made of thin metal sheets. Other welding
processes to be named are solid-state welding, laser beam welding, induction welding,
electroslag welding, electron beam welding, etc.
During last two decades many of the existing welding processes have been simulated
by numerical methods, especially by the finite element methods. A numerical simulation
of a welding process is not easy, as it is a complex process involving the interaction of
thermal, mechanical, electrical and metallurgical phenomena. The welding process has the
transient character where a nonlinear, local zone translates through an elastic structure.
This paper gives a review of published papers dealing with finite element methods
applied in the area of welding processes. For a more efficient information retrieval system,
the lists of references of papers published between 1976 and 1996 are divided into the
following topics:
• modelling of welding processes in general
• modelling of specific welding processes
0965-0393/96/050501+33$19.50
c 1996 IOP Publishing Ltd 501
502 J Mackerle
• influence of geometrical parameters

• heat transfer and fluid flow in welds
• residual stresses and deformations in welds
• fracture mechanics and welding
• fatigue of welded structures
• destructive and nondestructive evaluation of weldments and cracks
• welded tubular joints, pipes and pressure vessels/components
• welds in plates and other structures/components.
This paper is organized into two parts. In the first, each topic is handled and current trends
in the application of finite element techniques are mentioned. The second part, an appendix,
lists papers published in the open literature for the period between 1976 and 1996 on subjects
presented above. References have been retrieved from the author’s database, MAKEBASE
[1, 2]. Readers interested in the finite element literature in general are referred to [3] or to
the author’s Internet Finite Element Book Bibliography (http://ohio.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.html).
2. Finite elements in welding processes
2.1. Modelling of welding processes in general

Many welding processes have been developed. They differ in the manner in which heat
is applied and in the equipment used. Some of these processes require forging or pressing
(plastic welding) to effect the weld; others bring the metal to a fluid state (fusion welding)
and require no pressure.
The finite element simulations usually involve very dense meshes and emphasize
resolution within the local weld zone. In contrast to these studies, interactions between
the weld zone and the overall elastic welded structures can also be treated. In these cases
complications arise from the elastic coupling between the local weld zone and the overall
structure.
Some main topics include: thermal stresses in welds; finite element models for welding
processes—viscoplastic analysis, thermoviscoplastic analysis, thermoelastoplastic analysis,
transformation plasticity; thermo-metallurgical modelling; study of the solid–fluid transition
zone; new material laws; microstructural and macrostructural analysis; computational
aspects of welding processes; element library and modelling; welding of large structures;
weld analysis for long welds; reliability analysis; two- and three-dimensional simulations.
2.2. Modelling of specific welding processes

Fusion welding, electrical resistance welding, solid-phase welding, liquid-solid phase joining
and adhesive bonding are the most important categories that constitute the joining process.
In this paper the first three categories plus other, not so frequently used, welding processes
are handled. Definitions of welding processes can be found in [4].
Simulation of arc welding can be characterized by two stages—by tailoring the shape
of the fusion zone (melting) and simulating the solidification process within the prescribed
shape. Arc welding is a group of welding processes which produces coalescence of metals
by heating them with an arc, with or without the application of pressure, and with or
without the use of a filler metal. Gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding is a process which
produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a tungsten electrode
and the work. Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture; pressure and filler may or
may not be used. This process has sometimes been called tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding,
Finite element analysis and simulation of welding 503
a nonpreferred term. Gas welding includes processes where gases are used in a combination
to get a hot flame.
Resistance welding is a group of welding processes which produces coalescence of
metals with the heat obtained from resistance of the work to electric current in a circuit of
which the work is a part, and by the application of pressure. Resistance spot welding is a
process which produces coalescence at the faying surfaces in one spot by the heat obtained
from the resistance to electric current through the work parts held together under pressure
by electrodes. It is commonly used, for example, in the automobile industry for its high
efficiency and excellent quality control.
Laser beam welding offers high speed and precision, and provides consistent weld
integrity and low heat distortion, compared with conventional resistance spot welding.
Friction welding is a process where the heat for welding is produced by direct conversion
of mechanical energy to thermal energy at the interface of the workpieces without the
application of other energy or heat from other sources.
Listed references in the appendix include simulations of the following welding processes:
arc welding, GMA welding, GTA welding, TIG welding, submerged arc welding, plasma
arc welding, solid-state welding, extrusion welding, friction welding, ultrasonic welding,
resistance spot welding, butt welding, laser beam welding, laser microwelding, electroslag
welding, capacitor discharge welding, diffusion welding, thermite welding, single-pass and
multipass welding.
2.3. Influence of geometrical parameters

Welded structures usually involve complicated geometry and are under severe thermal loads
during the process of welding. Geometric parameters significantly affect properties of
welded structures. Their influence can be investigated by parametric studies. The results
should be valid for a wide range of other welded structures/components.
Some topics include: influence of geometrical parameters on stress concentration factors,
on the strength of joints, on the fatigue strength, creep behaviour, etc.; effects of weld
configurations on stress/strain fields; design concepts.
2.4. Heat transfer and fluid flow in welds

Heat and mass transfer that occurs in the weld and its surroundings as well as micro- and
macrophenomena affecting the weld properties are also complicated processes, and their
comprehensive and complete correct solutions have yet to be derived.
Some topics include: two- and three-dimensional heat transfer models, transient heat
transfer, prediction of temperature distribution, thermal process with state or phase change,
thermal shock studies, high-temperature creep, weld cooling, thermal prestraining analysis,
viscous flow in welds, coupled fluid flow and heat transfer problems, analysis of a moving
heat source, adaptive techniques.
2.5. Residual stresses and deformations in welds

Because a weld is locally heated by the welding heat source its temperature distributions
are not uniform and change as welding progresses. The strains produced during this process
are accompanied by plastic upsetting and, as a result, residual stresses remain after welding
is completed. Shrinkage and distortions are also produced. Distortions and residual stresses
cause significant problems in the welding of large structures; they can be a major factor for
504 J Mackerle
cracking and fracture problems in structures. Preheating of joints is an effective method of

reducing the cooling rate of the weld which reduces these distortions and residual stresses.
Postwelding heat treatment can also be used. It relieves internal stresses and controls the
microstructure of the weld.
Some topics include: two- and three-dimensional calculations of residual stresses
and deformations in welds, thermomechanical analysis of residual stresses, transformation
plasticity and residual stresses, the prediction of residual stresses, effects of residual stresses
on significance of defects and weld joint strength, characterization of residual stresses,
welding stresses during phase transformation, residual stresses generation and relaxation,
residual stresses and their redistribution during annealing, residual stress formation during
plastic welding, mechanical stress relief treatment of residual stresses, residual stresses in
thick section weldments.
2.6. Fracture mechanics and welding

Weld joints are characterized by differences in mechanical properties produced by
geometrical, material and metallurgical discontinuities. The heat affected zone is usually
a source of failure of welded structures/components. The quality of welding has a strong
influence on the strength of fabricated structures. The presence of cracks, defects and
residual stresses is a danger to structures in service. The study of crack problems in
connection with welding has received much attention in experimental and computational
fracture mechanics.
Some topics in this area of interest are: two- and three-dimensional linear and nonlinear
analysis of cracks in welds, simulation of crack growth, dynamic crack propagation in
welded joints, behavior of cracks in a dissimilar weld, effect of metal mismatch on fracture
mechanics parameters, failure of welds at elevated temperatures, creep fracture mechanics,
continuum damage mechanics, creep damage mechanics, brittle fracture strength of welds,
ductile fracture criteria for weld structures, stress intensity factor computations, J -integral
estimation in weld geometries; ultimate strength of welded structures, weld toe cracks,
through-thickness cracks, surface cracks, internal defects in welds, stress-corrosion cracking,
cracks in pipe welds, finite elements for fracture mechanics analysis of welds, reliability
analysis.
2.7. Fatigue of welded structures

One of the main features of fatigue analysis of welds is the reduction in lifetime caused by
notch sensitivity due to stress concentration at the toe of the weld reinforcement. Papers
published in scientific journals investigate the effects that welding has on fatigue crack
growth, in particular the study of the rate of fatigue crack growth in the base metal, heat-
affected zone and weld metal. The practical analysis of the weld-notch effect is of major
importance in fatigue and fracture assessments.
Some topics of interest are: fatigue crack growth of welded joints; influence of
residual stresses on the fatigue crack growth; influence of bending stresses on fatigue crack
propagation; influence of misalignment on the fatigue strength; effect of weld discontinuities
on the fatigue strength; effect of weld geometry on fatigue crack propagation; fatigue crack
initiation; influence of cathodic protection on the fatigue resistance; creep fatigue; fatigue
predictions of T-joints, cruciform joints, plate joints, fillet welded joints, thin-walled welds,
spot-welded joints, corner welded joints, box-section beams, bellows, pressure vessels,
pipes, offshore structures, ship structures.
2.8. Destructive and nondestructive evaluation of weldments and cracks

A variety of weld cracking tests estimate the parameters of heterogeneous material resistance
against crack propagation. Quality control and nondestructive evaluation are essential if
welding defects are to be eliminated and high reliability of welds is to be maintained.
These destructive and nondestructive evaluations of weldments and cracks can be verified
by the finite element computations.
Some subjects included in this section are: destructive and nondestructive experimental
analysis and numerical verification; ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT), acoustic
emission monitoring; infrared thermography, explosive testing of weldments; experimental
modal analysis, a strain gauge technique for fatigue crack monitoring, real-time control
methodology in resistance spot welding, inverse finite element techniques for evaluation
of measurements, experimental and numerical analysis of temperature distribution during
welding, experimental and numerical determination of stress/strain concentration factors of
welded joints, experimental and numerical studies of the failure behaviour of welded joints,
experimental and numerical analysis of residual stresses.
2.9. Welded tubular joints, pipes and pressure vessels/components

The topics in this section deal with linear and nonlinear analysis of deformations and
stresses of: pipe and elbow welds, tubular joints, offshore structures, cylindrical shells,
pressure vessels and components, reactor technology components, tubular frame structures,
storage tanks, etc.
2.10. Welds in plates and other structures/components

This last section handles the linear and nonlinear analysis of welds in: plates, gusset plates,
beam-to-column connections, box beams, girders, lugs, diaphragms, honeycomb structures,
endplate connections, stiffened panels, trusses and frames, solar receiver panels, welded
structure gears.
Acknowledgments
The bibliography presented in the appendix is by no means complete but it gives a

comprehensive representation of different finite element applications on the subjects. The
author wishes to apologize for the unintentional exclusions of missing references and would
appreciate receiving comments and pointers to other relevant literature for a future update.
Appendix. A bibliography (1976–1996)
This bibliography provides a list of literature references on finite element applications

in welding. Presented listings contain papers published in scientific journals, conference
proceedings, and theses/dissertations retrospectively to 1976. References have been retrieved
from the author’s database, MAKEBASE. The COMPENDEX database, Metals Abstracts
and Applied Mechanics Review have also been checked. Presented references are grouped
into the same sections as listed in the first part of this paper.
The emphasis of this bibliography is to list, first of all, papers published in various
international journals. There have been numerous national and international conferences
and symposia held worldwide but the conference proceedings are a source of never-ending
506 J Mackerle
bibliographical confusion. No review on conference proceedings can ever be comprehensive

but some conferences dealing fully/partially with welding and finite elements have been
examined and a selection of references is also presented in this paper. The main criticism
of conferences is that the material presented is often a repetition of what is published
elsewhere in the literature, and also the complaint of uneven quality of papers is often heard.
Surveys have shown low usage of published conference proceedings in practice. Also, many
important conference papers are published later in an edited version in international journals.
References are not arranged chronologically but sorted in each category alphabetically
according to the first author’s name. If a specific paper is relevant for several subject
categories, the same reference can be listed under respective section headings.
Subjects not included in this bibliography are: optimization techniques, brazing and
soldering; solidification processes in general.
Modelling of welding processes in general

Anon 1984 Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes II (New York: Metall. Soc. IME)
Argyris J H et al 1982 Computational aspects of welding stress analysis Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 33 635–66
Bammann D J and Oretga A R 1993 The influence of the Bauschinger effect and yield definition on the modeling
of welding processes Model. Cast. Weld. Adv. Solidif. Proc. (Palm Coast) pp 543–51
Brown S B and Song H 1992 Finite element simulation of welding of large structures J. Eng. Industry ASME 114
441–51
——1992 Finite element analyses of welded structures Adv. Sens. Modell. Contr. Mater. Process. (New Orleans)
pp 19–24
——1992 Implications of three-dimensional numerical simulations of welding large structures Weld. J. 71 55–62
——1993 Rezoning and dynamic substructuring techniques in FEM simulations of welding processes J. Eng.
Industry ASME 115 415–23
Budden P J and Phillips J 1987 The finite-element stress-analysis of welded joints 1st Int. Conf. Comp. Tech. Weld.
ed W Lucas (London: Weld Institute) pp 259–71
Cao Y and Guan Q 1993 FEM investigation of transient stress and strain during welding Winter Ann. Meet. (New
Orleans) PED 64 (ASME) pp 861–72
Cerjak H (ed) 1995 Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 2 (London: Institute of Materials)
Cerjak H and Easterling K E (eds) 1993 Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena (London: Institute of
Materials)
Chen Y and Sheng I C 1991 On the solid–fluid transition zone in welding analysis Winter Ann. Meet. (Atlanta)
HTD 175 (ASME) pp 21–33
——1993 On the solid–fluid transition zone in welding analysis J. Eng. Mater. Tech. ASME 115 17–23
Chidiac S E 1988 Microstructural and transient thermal stress analysis of austenitic stainless steel weldments using
finite element method PhD Thesis McMaster University
Chidiac S E and Mirza F A 1993 Thermal stress analysis due to welding processes by the finite element method
Computers Structures 46 407–12
Dawson P R 1980 Viscoplastic modeling of upset welding using the finite element method Process. Model. Tools
Proc. ASM pp 151–72
DeGiorgi V G et al 1990 Numerical prediction of welded joint performance—relative criticality of weld defect
and remote deformation J. Press. Vess. Tech. ASME 112 175–81
Dhala A K 1985 Analytical simulation of weld effects in creep range Nonl. Const. Relat. High Temp. Appl., NASA
CP-2369 329–48
Eggert G M and Dawson P R 1988 A viscoplastic formulation with elasticity for transient metal forming Comp.
Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 70 165–90
——1986 Assessment of a thermoviscoplastic model of upset welding by comparison to experiment Int. J. Mech.
Sci. 28 563–89
——1987 On the use of internal variable constitutive equations in transient forming processes Int. J. Mech. Sci.
29 95–113
Friedman E 1978 Analysis of weld puddle distortion and its effect on penetration Weld. J. 57 161–6
Gerald J and Ragout I 1994 Design concepts for large welded connections Weld. Res. Abroad 40 32–5
Giamei A F and Abbaschian G J (eds) 1988 Modeling and Control of Casting and Welding Processes IV (Minerals,
Metals and Materials Society)
Giamei A F et al 1993 A comparison of finite difference vs finite element procedures for the analysis of three-
dimensional time-dependent welding Int. Trends Weld. Sci. Tech. ASM pp 33–7
Goldak J et al 1984 A new finite element model for welding heat sources Metal Trans. B 15 299–305
——1986 Computational Weld Mechanics (AGARD NATO)
——1990 Computer simulation of welding processes Comp. Model. Simul. Manuf. Proc. MD-20 ed B Singh
(ASME) pp 193–201
——1992 Coupling heat transfer microstructure evolution and thermal stress analysis in weld mechanics Mech.
Effects Welding ed L Karlsson et al (Berlin: Springer)
Gu M 1992 Computational weld analysis for long welds PhD Thesis Carleton University, Canada
Gu M and Goldak J A 1994 Steady-state formulation for stress and distortion of welds J. Eng. Industry ASME 116
467–74
Guan D Q and Yan G L 1993 Triangular prism elements for the computation of stress field in welded joints Comp.
Mech.: Conc. Comp. ed S Valliappan (Rotterdam: Balkema) pp 889–97
Henshall G A et al 1990 Finite element analysis of interlayer welds loaded in tension Weld. J. 69 S337–45
Hibbitt H D 1978 Application of the finite element method to welding problems US–Japan Sem. Interdisc. Finite
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Hsu M B 1977 Analysis of welds by the finite element method Num. Model. Manuf. Proc. ed R F Jones (ASME)
Jansson L G 1995 Nonlinear analysis of a guide and its stitch welds for repeated loading Computers Structures 56
303–11
Karlsson L 1985 Thermal stresses in welding Thermal Stresses ed R B Hetnarski (Amsterdam: North-Holland)
Kou S and Mehrabian R (eds) 1986 Modeling and Control of Casting and Welding Processes III (Metall. Soc.)
Krutz G W 1976 A thermo-metallurgical model predicting the strength of welded joints using the finite element
method PhD Thesis Michigan State University
Krutz G W and Segerlind L J 1978 Finite element analysis of welded structures Weld. J. 57 211–16
Kukreti A R and Prasad R 1996 Hysteretic behavior prediction of full and partial penetration transverse groove
welded joints Computers Structures 59 1–11
Lewis R W et al 1977 Finite element analysis of solidification and welding processes Num. Model. Manuf. Proc.
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Locci J M et al 1977 Finite element simulation of the welding process and structural behavior of welded components
4th Int. Conf. Str. Mech. Reactor Tech. (San Francisco) L4/5
Macqueene J W et al 1981 Numerical methods and measurements related to welding processes Num. Meth. Thermal
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Majorana C E and Navarro G 1991 Three-dimensional thermal analysis of steel welding processes Weld. Int. 5
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Masubuchi K 1978 Application of numerical analysis in welding: present state-of-the-art and future possibilities
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McDill J M J et al 1990 Finite element analysis of weld distortion in carbon and stainless steels J. Strain Anal.
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Michaleris P et al 1995 Analysis and optimization of weakly coupled thermoelastoplastic systems with applications
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Murthy Y V L N et al 1994 Parametric study of parallel heat welding process via finite element simulation Mater.
Sci. Technol. 10 981–5
Nakacho K et al 1994 Development of a simple model for creep analysis of thick welded joint-creep characteristics
in thick welded joint and their improvements (Rep 1) Q. J. Japan. Weld. Soc. 12 249–54
Nasstrom M et al 1992 Combined solid and shell element modelling of welding Mech. Effects Welding ed L
Karlsson et al (Berlin: Springer) pp 197–205
Nied H A 1990 Interface displacement characteristics of upset welding Autom. Amal. Rec. Trends Weld. Sci. Tech.
ASM pp 453–61
——1991 Finite element simulation of the upset welding process Int. Gas Turbine Aeroeng. Cong. Expo. (Orlando)
(ASME)
——1993 Finite element simulation of the upset welding process J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power 115 184–93
Nienstedt J et al 1989 Reliability analysis of weldings considering defects ICOSSAR ’89 (San Francisco) (ASCE)
pp 1483–9
Oddy A S 1988 Three-dimensional finite deformation thermal-elasto-plastic finite element analysis PhD Thesis
Carleton University, Canada
Oddy A S et al 1989 Transformation effects in the 3D finite element analysis of welds Rec. Trends Weld. Sci. Tech.
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——1990 Numerical analysis of transformation plasticity in 3D finite element analysis of welds Eur. J. Mech.
A/Solids 9 253–63
508 J Mackerle
——1990 Consistent strain fields in 3D finite element analysis of welds J. Press. Vess. Tech. ASME 112 309–11
——1993 Martensite formation, transformation plasticity and stress in high strength steel welds Int. Trends Weld.
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Ostsemin A A 1991 Stress state and the static strength of mechanically inhomogeneous welded joints. Rep 1:
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——1991 Stress state and the static strength of mechanically inhomogeneous welded joints. Rep 2: Effect of a
small degree of mechanical inhomogeneity Strength Mater. 23 406–10
Papazoglou V J and Masubuchi K 1982 Numerical analysis of thermal stresses during welding including phase
transformation effects J. Press. Vess. Tech. ASME 104 199–203
Park J B and Benatar A 1991 Thermal and residual stress formation during plastic welding 49th Ann. Tech. Conf.
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Patel B G 1985 Thermo-elasto-plastic finite element formulation for deformation and residual stresses due to welds
PhD Thesis Carleton University, Canada
Patzold U et al 1990 Stress calculation in a weld model with the help of new material laws Mater. Wiss. Werkst.
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Piwonka T S et al (eds) 1993 Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI (Minerals,
Raghavendran N S and Fourney M E 1994 Stress analysis of a welded joint Eng. Fract. Mech. 48 619–27
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Meth. Fract. Mech. ed A R Luxmoore (Swansea: Pineridge) pp 103–14
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——1994 Simulation of welding with experimental verification 3rd World Cong. Comp. Mech. (Chiba, Japan)
pp C11–4
Ruan Y and Zabaras N 1991 An inverse finite-element technique to determine the change of phase interface
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——1994 Kinetics of diffusional phase transformation during heating and cooling processes and its application to
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Sheng I C and Chen Y 1992 Modeling welding by surface heating J. Eng. Mater. Tech. ASME 114 439–49
Song H 1990 Applications of finite element techniques in the simulations of structure interactions during welding
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pp 133–51
Tamura H 1988 A proposal of practical method for analysis on stress concentration due to structural discontinuity
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Tsai C L1991 Using computers for the design of welded joints Weld. J. 70 47–56
Tu S T et al 1993 Some aspects of the design of welded structures subjected to high temperature creep Press.
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Ueda Y et al 1985 Application of the plastic node method to thermal elastic-plastic and dynamic problems Comp.
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Van Gulick L A 1988 Thermomechanical modeling to support analysis based weld joint design Winter Ann. Meet.
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Modelling of specific welding processes

Anderson B A B 1978 Thermal stresses in a submerged-arc welded joint considering phase transformations J. Eng.
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Welded tubular joints, pipes and pressure vessels/components

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Welds in plates and other structures/components

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Finite element analysis and simulation of welding: a bibliography (1976 - 1996)

1996 Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 4 501

The Table of Contents and more related content is available

Please note that terms and conditions apply.

Finite element analysis and simulation of welding: a

Received 14 February 1996, accepted for publication 23 July 1996

Welding is defined by the American Welding Society (AWS) as a localized coalescence of

• influence of geometrical parameters

2. Finite elements in welding processes

2.1. Modelling of welding processes in general

2.2. Modelling of specific welding processes

2.3. Influence of geometrical parameters

2.4. Heat transfer and fluid flow in welds

2.5. Residual stresses and deformations in welds

cracking and fracture problems in structures. Preheating of joints is an effective method of

2.6. Fracture mechanics and welding

2.7. Fatigue of welded structures

2.8. Destructive and nondestructive evaluation of weldments and cracks

2.9. Welded tubular joints, pipes and pressure vessels/components

2.10. Welds in plates and other structures/components

The bibliography presented in the appendix is by no means complete but it gives a

Appendix. A bibliography (1976–1996)

This bibliography provides a list of literature references on finite element applications

bibliographical confusion. No review on conference proceedings can ever be comprehensive

Modelling of welding processes in general

Modelling of specific welding processes

Influence of geometrical parameters

Heat transfer and fluid flow in welds

Residual stresses and deformations in welds

Mater. Tech. ASME 115 417–23

Fracture mechanics and welding

a CT specimen Int. J. Press. Vess. Piping 26 275–94

ed K Salama et al (New York: Pergamon) pp 541–7

Fatigue of welded structures

Inst. Report 184/1982

Destructive and nondestructive evaluation of weldments and cracks

Welded tubular joints, pipes and pressure vessels/components

pressure vessel Int. J. Press. Vess. Piping 45 3–21

Welds in plates and other structures/components

ASME Conf. Vib. Noise (Albuquerque, NM) pp 97–104

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