September 2010

Vol 54

Chief Editor : Neeta Prasad Joint Director (Prod) : J.K. Chandra

Editor : Manogyan R. Pal Cover Design : Sadhna Saxena
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: yojanace@gmail.com
(Circulation) : pdjucir_ jcm@yahoo.co.in
Website : www.yojana.gov.in

Let noble thoughts come to us from every side

Rig Veda

CONTENTS

Beijing : A Watershed for Indian Sports.......................5 J&K Window.............................................................................27

Boria Mazumdar
Need for Sports Law in India............................................28
Moment of reckoning for Indian sports....................8 Francis Kuriakose, Deepa Kylasam Iyer
Harpal Singh Bedi
Access to Education: Emerging
Educating the Sports Leaders of Tomorrow.........12 Opportunities for Minorities..........................................31
Aditya Kumar Ashish Joshi, Pardeep Kumar

best practices Building knowledge Carbon Footprint and the Indian Industries........35
societies at the grassroots............................................16 Debrupa Chakraborty
Shailendra Sinha
Urban Cooperative Banks:
The changing face of sports in India..........................18 A Case Study of Karnataka..............................................41
Jaideep Ghosh Amrita Saha

North east diary.................................................................45

A promising future for Indian Sports........................21
V Krishnaswamy
shodh yatra Auto Stopper for LPG gas stove....................46
What Ails Indian Sports......................................................24
do you know?.........................................................................51
Kaushalya Bajpayee

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Disclaimer :
l The views expressed in various articles are those of the authors’ and not necessarily of the government.
l The readers are requested to verify the claims made in the advertisements regarding career guidance books/institutions. Yojana does not own responsibility
regarding the contents of the advertisements.

YOJANA September 2010 1

 YE-9/10/3

2 YOJANA September 2010

 About the Issue

I
t is all too easy to dismiss the series of scams and allegations that have surfaced
around sports events as inevitable. It is not that simple an equation. For a society
where the overwhelming majority was under fed and toiled hard, sports was a rare
and often utopian option. As the picture of the Indian society has started to change for
the better in the past two decades, that utopian look about sports has begun to be shed
for an absorbing reality.
More swathes of middle India are now able to enjoy sports and recreation. Weekends
have become longer and a young population is demanding ways to fill up those weekends
with options beyond roaming the markets or malls. The huge spurt in attendance at
international sports events are an indication of this shift. Of late participation in events
like marathons have leaped among all age groups. The interest level even for televised
events like the world cup soccer and the English Premier League has risen fantastically. This was inevitable as
income avenues rose for a large segment of the urban population. Since India now has an almost 400 million
strong urban population, that is a huge presence to cater to. The Indian Premier League in cricket cashed in on
this interest and is raring to go again. Meanwhile cities, especially, are discovering sports icons beyond just
cricket. The popularity of Chak De India and other sports based films shows the Indian film industry has also
woken up to the opportunity.
In the middle of the rising interest and demand, the supply of such events has however stagnated. Beyond
cricket and tennis, no Indian city offers any meaningful sports event to whet public appetite. This has happened
as the running of the events is still dominated by sports bodies that run on the belief that sportspersons can
survive for any number of years as amateurs. This has killed off interest among the youth to take up any sport
as a career, even as these bodies are the preserve of a politico-bureaucrat nexus that is quite comfortable with
the low level of achievement in which Indian sports has wallowed. There is no professional management and
no accountability for a bad performance. So when big money has begun to flow into some of these disciplines,
the organisers are clueless about how to utilise the sums.
The present scams, unearthed by various agencies are a reflection of this dichotomy between demand and
supply. For instance, in the case of the commonwealth games the last minute rush is a result of inertia as
the sports administrators had no idea how long and deep they have to plan for the event, when they bid for
it. Tenders are bound to go askew and checks on the buildings constructed can take a back seat as the time
table for the games draw near very fast. So the right answer to these questions is not to withdraw into a shell
but to plan bigger and better for events in the future. There is no denying that sports as a major attraction is
gaining ground. This issue of Yojana looks at some of these emerging trends and paints a picture of the way
forward. q

YOJANA September 2010 3

 YE-9/10/5

4 YOJANA September 2010

Sports
Beijing : A Watershed for Indian Sports
hen Sir Dorabji
W Tata organized the
first modern meet of
Indian athletes with
an eye on the 1920
Antwerp Olympic Games, he found
that despite running barefoot their
performance compared “well
with the times done in Europe or
elsewhere.” Suitably impressed,
The medal Tata personally financed three of
winners seemed to the best runners for Antwerp, a
move that in his own words “fired
satisfy a national the ambition of the nationalist
yearning and in element in the city”. Eighty nine
years after that wind-swept day in
the process made a Pune, when Tata first dreamt of an
individual Olympic gold for India,
statement about the shooting prodigy Abhinav Bindra
significance of finally found the Holy Grail at the
2008 Beijing Games. As the Indian
sport in an era tricolor was hoisted in Beijing, the
of escalating poise and pride on the bespectacled
shooter’s visage spoke to a billion
political turmoil Indians, becoming a leit motif of
gung-ho chest thumping in media
The author is a senior sports journalist, Senior Research Fellow, University of Central Lancashire and Adjunct Professor,
University of South Australia
YOJANA September 2010 5
ANALYSIS
Boria Mazumdar
commentaries and nationalist
i c o n o g r a p h y. I n a c o u n t r y
undergoing a media revolution
like no other – India now has more
than fifty 24-hour satellite TV news
networks alone - the Beijing victory
created an unprecedented national
frenzy. In a country of a billion,
and a competitive media industry
looking for new heroes and new
stories, the lone gold medal was
justification enough to spark off
celebrations worthy of topping the
medals tally.
For Indian sport, Beijing was
looked upon as a watershed. It
was much more than a sporting
spectacle not just because India’s
performance at Beijing was its
best ever at the Games but also
because it heralded the promise of
a new beginning for Indian sports.
Bindra was not an aberration.
His performance was followed
b y n e a r- p o d i u m f i n i s h e s i n
badminton, tennis and archery.
Just when it was turning out to be
a tale of so near yet so far, Vijender
Kumar (bronze in boxing, 75 kg)
and Sushil Kumar (bronze in
wrestling, 66 kg freestyle) ensured
that the Indian tricolour went up
twice more at Beijing. Their
achievements, analysed for hours
on television, turned them into
national celebrities overnight. If
the media catharsis that followed
was any indication, for the first
time, Olympic sports, apart from
hockey, was at the centre-stage
of what could be termed as the
national consciousness. It was
an indication that decades of ill
treatment and neglect, which
had reduced Olympic sport
to a footnote in India, could
just change. At a time when
the country was reeling under
the impact of serial blasts in
Gujarat and Karnataka, followed
by the unprecedented carnage
in Mumbai in November 2008,
medal successes at the Olympics
and subsequent international
sports competitions like the
Boxing World Championships
in Moscow in December 2008
and Super Series Badminton
Competitions thanks to Saina
Nehwal helped emphasize the
point that across contexts and
timeframes victories can catapult
sport to the forefront of a nation’s
imagination. Three major themes
emerged in the discourse that
followed: renewed media focus
on sport as a nationalist playing
field, the promise of a new Indian
Olympic culture and the fear that
without systemic change in Indian
sporting structures, this would be
yet another false dawn.
6 YOJANA September 2010
For the first time in
Indian sporting history, the
media appropriated these
accomplishments in a manner
associated commonly with
cricket. All of a sudden, Bindra
was flooded by sponsorship offers
that had long since been reserved
for over-pampered cricket stars
alone. A poll on Times Now,
India’s most popular English
TV news channel, revealed that
the national religion of cricket
had slid in the popularity charts.
According to the survey, 53 per
cent of sports fans in Chennai
and 44 per cent in Kolkata
were glued to the Olympics. In
contrast, 41 per cent of sports
fans in Chennai and 29 per cent
in Kolkata watched the Indian
cricket team in action against
the Sri Lankans. In Mumbai, an
amazing 64 per cent of the fans
interviewed were unaware of the
ongoing cricket series between
India and Sri Lanka.
The medal haul at Beijing- by
Indian standards - it seemed, had
suddenly woken up the country to
the significance of the Olympics as
an event that Indians could win at
as well. The medal winners seemed
to satisfy a national yearning and in
the process made a statement about
the significance of sport in an era
of escalating political turmoil.
International sporting success, the
victories demonstrated, held the
promise of uniting Indians across
the country. With some of India’s
greatest sporting achievements at
the Olympics coming at a time
when the nation was seeking
answers to sudden terror attacks,
their impact was all the more
visible. In the days before the
Olympic Games, most Indians were
grappling with the political crisis
at hand and were hardly concerned
about what the small contingent
of 56 could achieve in Beijing.
So much so that Suresh Kalmadi,
President of the Indian Olympic
Association (IOA), had issued a
statement asking sports fans not to
expect miracles from the athletes.
Set against this backdrop of gloom
and limited expectations, India’s
successes shone even brighter.
The success of the three Beijing
winners was as much a testament
to their own skills as it was a
metaphor for the larger story of
India. They had arguably shattered
the grand narrative of failure that
has characterized Indian sport
just as the emergence of the IT
industry in the 1990s signified the
end of the “Hindu rate of growth”
that defined the economy since the
1950s. Just as a Narayan Murthy
or an Azim Premji ---founders of
the IT giants Infosys and Wipro
-- created the self-belief for Indian
business to act as a global player
after decades of isolationism and
the license-permit raj, so did the
Beijing victories usher in a new era
of self-confidence in sport. As John
MacAloon argues, the Olympics
are a “crucible of symbolic force”
into which the world pours its
energies and a stage upon which,
every four years, it plays out its
hopes and its terrors.” For every
Indian, that terror always came in
the form of a question: A billion
people and no gold medal. Why?
Beijing provided that answer, and
hence the nationalist frenzy that
ensued.
The annals of Indian sports
writing have been full of
complaints about sporting failures
for far too long. Analysts have
blamed the system, they have
blamed the politicians who run it,
they have even questioned Indian
genetics. Every four years, it
has become a collective national
ritual to blame everyone else
when found wanting in the global
mirror of the Olympics, only to
move on and repeat the same
catharsis four years later. The
Beijing athletes showed that it is
possible to succeed in spite of the
system. The BJP’s late General
Secretary and former Cabinet
minister Pramod Mahajan once
said half-jokingly that the Indian
IT and beauty industries rose
to great heights only because
the government did not realize
their presence until they had
already made a mark. Abhinav
Bindra’s success too followed
a similar template, at least with
respect to the national sporting
superstructure. Born with the
luxury of affluence and an indoor
shooting range in his backyard,
he emerged as a child prodigy,
only to taste initial defeat at
Sydney and Athens. He could as
easily have given up, blamed the
system and have been content
with his World Championship
and Commonwealth Games
medals. But he persevered. It was
a victory born out of the pain of
loss and an iron will to succeed.
Here at last was India’s answer
to those that point to the success
YOJANA September 2010 7
of Surinam’s Anthony Nesty or
that of the Ethiopian runners, for
that matter. It is indeed possible
to succeed without access to
government sponsored sporting
facilities. This is not to argue
against creating efficient systems
-- that would be a terrible folly
-- but in sports there are moments
when all it boils down to is self-
belief.
The question post-Beijing was:
were we to finally witness the birth
of a national sporting culture? Or
would Indians clap their hands in
glee and return to their daily dose of
cricket once the Beijing euphoria
receded? The three medals won
at Beijing could certainly be the
catalyst to help correct years of
frustration at India’s poor sporting
performances. With various
state governments promising
to set up academies to promote
boxing, wrestling, badminton and
shooting, India did look poised
on the eve of the Commonwealth
Games to have an Olympic
sporting culture of its own. At the
same time it is important to keep
these promises and remember
amidst the euphoria of victory
that at least fifteen corporate
houses had turned down pleas to
sponsor the Indian shooters before
the Olympics. While the Beijing
winners and Saina deserved/
deserve the highest accolades
and corporate coffers had/have
justly opened up for them, the
true legacy of their victories
depend on whether money was/is
finally made available to build the
training superstructure for other
athletes.
Come October 2010 and the
Beijing legacy will be put to
its sternest test. If India can
overhaul its medal count
achieved at the 2006 Melbourne
Commonwealth Games, it will
give an unprecedented fillip to
Indian Olympic sport two years
before the mega spectacle in
London. A failed Delhi 2010, on
the other hand, organizationally
and with regards to medals won,
will mean that Beijing’s lasting
legacy will be confined to sports
history books by the time of the
next Olympics.
It is interesting in this context
to remember a telling exchange
between a senior television
journalist and Abhinav Bindra
on his return to India following
his gold medal winning exploit in
Beijing. Navika Kumar, Political
Editor of Times Now television had
asked Abhinav: “Is this Abhinav’s
gold or India’s gold?” Abhinav,
epitome of political correctness,
was quick to suggest that it was
India’s without question.
If there is a systemic
overhaul, thanks to Abhinav
and his colleagues, it will
certainly be India’s gold for all
times to come. However, if a
fundamental transformation of
sporting infrastructure in India
is not brought about Abhinav’s
gold will always remain his, a
moment of individual brilliance
lost amidst countless failures
since independence. q
(E-mail : cristorian@yahoo.com)
 Sports
COMMONWEALTH GAMES
Moment of reckoning for Indian sports
t is a m o m e n t o f
I reckoning for India,
because as the host it
has much more at stake
in the 19th edition of
the Commonwealth Games to be
held in New Delhi from October 3
to 14, than sporting powerhouses
like Australia, England,Canada or
New Zealand.
the stakes
The reason is simple - the
are indeed high Games preparations have got
this time as the into endless controversies and
scandals implicating organisers and
government has officials with which the real stars
spent lavishly on of the show, the sportspersons have
nothing to do. The government
their training and has spent an unprecedented
coaching. They have amount of money to stage these
games and good showing by
the talent to produce
the sportspersons and successful
some glittering conduct of this mega event will
performances and be a positive endorsement and
good advertisement for India in the
one hopes they do so comity of nations.
The author is Sports Editor, United News of India
8 YOJANA September 2010
Harpal Singh Bedi
India has taken part in fourteen
of the eighteen editions of the
Games which were first held in
1930 and country’s total medal
tally in these games so far has been
271, including 102 Gold medals.
India’s best performance was
in the 2002 Manchestar Games
where it bagged an impressive
haul of 69 medals (30 Gold, 22
Silver,17 Bronze) In these Games
India also stunned the highly
fancied England to claim a gold
in the Women’s Hockey.
At Melbourne in 2006, India had
50 medals (22Gold ,17Silver,11B).
In both these Games(2002 and
2006) India finished a creditable
Fourth. The reason for India
winning less medals in Melbourne
compared to Manchestar was that
in weightlifting, till 2002, three
sets of medals were awarded in
each weight category, while in
2006, just one set was awarded.
Also Wrestling was not included
in the 2006 Games.
Wrestling makes a comeback
in the Delhi, while Archery and
Tennis have been included in
the Games for the first time. The
comparative medal tally in the
2002 and 2006 games is shown in
Table 1.
In weightlifting, till 2002, three
sets of medals were awarded in
each weight category, while in
2006, just one set was awarded.
As a host nation, India will be
taking part in all the 17 disciplines-
Aquatics, Archery, Athletics,
Badminton, Boxing, Cycling,
Gymnastics, Hockey(men and
women)Lawn Bowls, Netball,
Rugby sevens, Shooting, Squash,
Table Tennis, Tennis, Weightlifting
and Wrestling-and fans are hoping
that sportspersons will do better
this time to not only to boost the
medal tally but also see country
finish at the top of the leader board.
Australia, has been dominating
the Commonwealth Games and
it will strive hard to maintain its
COMPARISON OF INDIAN MEDALS IN 2002 AND 2006
SPORT 2002
Gold Silver
Athletics 0 1
Badminton 0 0
Boxing 1 1
Hockey 1 0
Shooting 14 7 3
Table Tennis 0 0
Weighlifting 11 9 7
Wrestling 3 2
Judo 0 1
Total 30 21
YOJANA September 2010 9
supremacy. India will also face
tough challenge from England,
Canada and New Zealand.
With the return of Wrestling
and inclusion of Archery and
Tennis, India can hope for more
gold medals this time as compared
to what they earned in Melbourne.
The Hosts also expect more golds
with some good showing in
shooting -last time Indians bagged
27 medals in this event(16 gold,
seven silver and three bronze).
With Gagan Narang, Abhinav
Bindra ,Tejswani Sawant, Ronjan
Sodhi, Birendeep Sodhi, R.S
Rathore and others in good nick the
shooters will manage to improve
on the tally. The golden vignettes
of the last Commonwealth Games
in Melbourne are inspirational
but it remains to be seen how
much better they will do in these
games.
Indian women who surprised
everybody, including themselves,
by winning a gold in hockey at
Manchester, managed to finish
second in 2006, but this time they
2006
Bronze Gold Silver Bronze
1 0 2 1
1 0 0 2
1 1 2 2
0 0 1 0
16 7 4
2 2 0 1
3 5 1 in the Commonwealth and Asian
1 NOT HELD
1 NOT HELD
17 22 17 11
will need a herculean effort to
either regain the Gold or retain the
second place. The Aussies are in
tremendous form and England are
looking for revenge. The Kiwis
are also in the run for podium
finish.
The big draw for the local fans
will be men’s hockey and the
Indians will be hoping to make
it to the podium for the first time
in these game. India had finished
fourth In Kuala Lumpur Games
in 1998 and did not figure in the
2002 edition and were a poor fifth
at Melbourne. Australia won the
gold in all three editions. Hockey
is going through a tough time and
India fared very poorly in the World
cup held in New Delhi finishing
8th in the 12-nation tournament.
In the Commonwealth Games, the
Indian (men) team is clubbed with
Australia and Pakistan along with
three other teams in their pool and
it is indeed going to be very hard
for the host to first qualify for the
knock out stage and then hope for
the podium finish.
After Hockey, Wrestling and
Tennis, the most watched sports
in Delhi Games by the home
supporters will be Boxing and
the Indian pugilists this time will
have no excuse but to perform.
Indian boxers buoyed by their
recent impressive showing may
not feel the heat inside the ring but
having raised the bar, will be under
pressure from the expecting fans
Games. In twelve editions of the
Commonwealth Games in which
Indian pugilists have taken part,
their performance has left much to
be desired as they have won only
13 medals-2 Gold, 2 Silver and
nine Bronze. Mohd.Ali Qamar
earned the honour of being the first
Indian boxer to claim the Gold in
Commonwealth Games in 2002 at
Manchester, and this was followed
by Akhil Kumar in Melbourne in
2006. However, without doubt the
defining moment for Indian Boxing
came on August 20, 2008 when
Vijinder clinched the country’s
first ever Olympic boxing medal
with his historic 9-4 victory over
Carlos Gongora of Ecuador in the
middle weight category. Indian
pugilists enjoyed a lot of success
in 2009 as Vijender once again
hogged the limelight by winning a
bronze in the world championship.
“These performances give a strong
indication we are on the right
track,” said All India Boxing
Federation(AIBF) secretary
P.K.Murlidhar Raja, adding,
“If we get a good draw in the
Commonwealth
Games we will definitely have
a lot of medals. There will 40
medals at stake(10 gold,10 silver
and 20 bronze) and “I hope will get
a big number of them”,Raja said
In the Wrestling competition
a whopping 64 -medals will be at
stake- 21 gold, 21 silver and 42
Bronze. Wrestling is returning to
the Games after a lapse of eight
years. In 2002 at Manchester ,Indian
free style grapplers dominated the
mat. The earlier editions of the
Games included only free style
wrestling, but for the first time
Greeco Roman and Women events
10 YOJANA September 2010
have also been included in the
forthcoming Games, informed the
chief national Coach Jagminder
Singh, winner of gold in the 1982
Games. He also informed that in all
the three events, competitions will
be held in seven weight categories
and India will participate in all
the categories. While the coach
was optimistic of bagging 14 to
15 golds, another senior official
of the Wrestling Federation of
India (WFI) exuded confidence
of winning 18 to 10 Golds out of
21. The Wrestling Federation
of India officials concede that
Sushil’s bronze medal in Beijing
Olympic has given a huge boost to
the game in the country. The main
challenge for Indian men wrestlers
will come from Canada, England
and Pakistan .
Archery will be held for only
the second time in the history of
these games, the last time being
in 1982 at Brisbane. All eyes
will be on Archery because in
all 24 medals- four gold each in
men’s and women’s sections and
an equal number of silver and
bronze in both sections- will be
at stake, and India is hoping to
have a major share of medals, with
Australia and Malaysia being its
main rivals. In the Delhi Games,
Archery competition will include
both recurve and compound
bow sections. The Indian seniors
both in recurve and compound
have won several medals in the
continent. They have claimed
the Asia Cup, Junior Asian event
and Commonwealth event. They
have equalled the world record
in individual performance.
Tarundeep Rai, Rahul Banerjee,
Jayant Talukdar, Satyadev Prasad,
Mangal Singh Champia, Dola
Banerjee,. Chekrovolu Swuro,
Reena Kumari, Sumangla and
Bhagyabati Chanu among others
will be spearheading India’s
challenge at the Games.
Tennis is making its debut in
the Commonwealth games, but
unlike the other debutant discipline
Archery, it was not the first choice of
the hosts who wanted Billiards and
Snooker to be part of the sporting
extravaganza. Commonwealth
Games Federation(CGF), while
agreeing to include Archery and
re -induct wrestling, voted in favour
of Tennis. There are five Golds at
stake in this competition- Singles
(Men and Women), Doubles (Men
and Women) and Mixed Doubles.
Each participating team is allowed
to enter maximum of three
Singles players and a maximum
of two teams for Doubles Mixed
Doubles. Though the CGF has 71
members, it will not be wrong
to say that not more than ten
member countries have a good
tennis record. Interestingly the
Commonwealth Games are one
of the few competitions in tennis
where British players represent
their individual countries, rather
than playing under the banner of
Great Britain. So in Delhi, Great
Britain will be competing as
seven different teams - England,
Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland, Isle
of Man, Jersey, Guernsey. There
are not more than five men players
from the Commonwealth countries
who figure among the top 100 in
the World. The highest ranked is
Andy Murray of Scotland, though
in Grand Slams he represents
Great Britain, he is number four,
followed by Marcos Baghdatis
of Cyprus(ranked 30) Australia’s
Lleyton Hewitt (33), Denis Istomin
(71) and German based Jamacian
Dustin Brown (99). India’s Somdev
Devvarman is placed 111.
In the Women’s section top
ranked players are Australia’s
Samantha Stosur who beat Venus
Williams in French Open. She is
ranked seventh. Britain’s Elena
Baltacha is 63rd, India’ Sania
Mirza is at 91st place while two
other Australians -Anastasia
Rodionova and Alicia Molik are
at 92 and 94th place. In the men’s
doubles, Canada’s Daniel Nestor is
3rd in the ATP ranking. Leander
Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi are
ranked 6th and 7th respectively.
Bhupathi’s partner Mark Knowles
of Bahmas is at 8th place. They are
followed by Aisam ul Haq Qureshi
of Pakistan at 46, Rohan Boppana
(54), Britain’s Ross Hutchins(60),
Jonathan Marray (74) and Britain’s
Yojana
The October 2010 issue of Yojana will focus on the issue of Food Security
The November 2010 issue of Yojana will focus on the Growth of the Telecom Sector in India
YOJANA September 2010 11
Jamie Murray (96th). In the
absence of top ranking players
India have a chance to win at
least two Gold, men’s doubles and
mixed doubles, and with some
luck can hope to get a couple of
Silvers too.
Saina Nehwal will lead India’s
Badminton campaign. The World
number 2 has raised a lot of hopes
and expectations. Chetan Anand
and P.Kashyap are medal prospects
in men’s section.
I n d i a ’s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n
Weightlifting is still not clear.
The Federation has to clear the fine
imposed on it by the International
body as more than five lifters were
tested postive in one season. The
Wrightlifting body is hoping that
Indian Olympic Association and
Government will bail it out.
In Athletics the host challenge
is likely to be spearheaded by
the throwers Vikas Gowda and
Harwant Kaur. There is a lot of
talent among the youngsters which
was showcased at the recently
concluded Nationals at Patiala.
Intrestingly India has won only one
Forthcoming
Issues
October 2010
November 2010
Gold in Commonwealth Games,
that too way back in 1958 by
“flying Sikh” Milkha Singh.
Table tennis was a big surprise
in Melbourne where Sharat A
Kamal emerged champion and
now the officials hope that medal
tally in this discipline will go up.
In squash, India has a good chance
of bagging a medal or two with
S.Ghoshal in good form and young
Deepika doing well in the women’s
section. It will indeed be a miracle
if India wins a couple of medals in
Swimming because competition in
this discipline will be really tough.
In Cycling, Gymnastics, Lawn
Bowls, Netball and Rugby sevens,
any medal (s) will be bonus.
Thus the stakes are indeed
high this time for India and the
sportspersons have no excuse
to offer as the government has
spent lavishly on their training
and coaching. They have the
talent to produce some glittering
performances and one hopes they
do so. q
(E-mail : palbedi@gmail.com)
October 2010
&
November 2010
Sports
Educating the Sports Leaders of Tomorrow
ricewaterhouse
P Coopers, the consulting
firm, recently predicted
that the global sports
market will be worth
$141 billion by 2012, representing
37-percent growth on the current
value. From the initial concept of
providing a wonderful opportunity
for holistic development of our
body and mind, sports has gone
through a plethora of changes
There is a good in the last few decades. In the
beginning of the 21st century
demand for talent it is clearly evident that a huge
amount of money, glamour, name
in managing sports and fame, media exposure and
and world-over fan following have become an
integral part of today’s sports.
it has become an
This unprecedented speed of
industry in itself. change in the sports industry
appears to have triggered a
India is only now new global trend: the creation
waking up in this of masters’ degrees in sport
management and other areas
kind of skill related to the business of sport.
The author is a former sports journalist and now works as a communications consultant with European Athletics
Association in Lausanne, Switzerland.
12 YOJANA September 2010
Overview
Aditya Kumar
In the United States and several
western European countries the
sporting fraternity has warmly
embraced it. Sports management
involves all the activities on
and off the field that are to be
performed for the success of
any sporting event. Professional
sports management companies
have come up in huge number in
those countries for taking care of
sports personalities and sporting
events.
Sports Management is a new
and emerging concept in India and
has made a good beginning. Indian
sports over the years have been
plagued by lack of professionalism,
misuse of power and political
influence etc. Things are,
however, changing of late with the
introduction of professionalism in
Indian sports. Board of Control for
Cricket in India (BCCI) - the richest
cricket body in the world last year
took a step forward by appointing
a full time paid CAO. The All India
Football Federation (AIFF) is also
making it compulsory for all the
National Football League playing
clubs to appoint a full time paid
CEO to look after the management
of these clubs. The success of the
Indian Premier League (IPL) has
put India firmly on the global sports
map.
The world of sport also
recognizes India’s potential
as a huge market and possibly
the biggest opportunity on the
planet outside the saturated
markets of Europe and North
America. What India offers
is a market with high growth
economy, rapid rise of middle
class with disposable income and
leisure time, rapid growth in TV
households driving interest and
value in sports content, and rapid
growth in advertising as local and
international companies target
this lucrative, underdeveloped
market. The sponsorship market
in India is estimated at $250m per
year, TV rights worth over $350m
per year and both growing fast.
Talking about sports like
Hockey, Tennis, Athletics etc.
the respective apex bodies
are also trying to introduce
professionalism. Under the
present situation it is pretty
much evident that the service
and expertise of professionally
trained sports manager will be
keenly felt in different sporting
Associations, Clubs and Sports
Management companies etc.
for the overall development and
YOJANA September 2010 13
management of sports in the
days to come. The chaos that the
Organising Committee for the
2010 Commonwealth Games in
Delhi finds itself in today, once
again highlights the need for a
professional set up, if India has
to have any chance of being
competitive at the international
stage.
Educating the future leaders of
sports is the only way of reaching
that level. Sports management
education has been embraced by
countries around the world with
success. Internationally such
courses have existed for more
than 50 years, and the number of
those with dreams of a career in
sports has only gone up. Sports
Management courses are offered
in top US universities, such as
the New York University and
Columbia among many others,
normally with the curriculum
focused on the US sports industry.
Such programmes have proven
to be the sourcing ground for
professionals for the top American
sports leagues like the NBA, NFL
and the MLB among others.
Australia also offers a selection
of courses, based in Melbourne.
Deakin university’s programme
covers sports management with
streams in strategic management,
marketing, finance and law.
Switzerland, home to a number
of International sports federations
and agencies, hosts two of the
most prestigious international
master’s programme in sports
management– Master in Sports
Administration (MSA) offered by
the Lausanne-based International
Academy of Sports Science and
Technology (AISTS), supported
by the International Olympic
Committee and the FIFA Master
Programme.
T h e F I FA M a s t e r , o r
International Master in
Management, Law and Humanities
of Sports, is run in partnership
with three European universities,
each one teaching a different
module: De Monfort University
in the UK (humanities); SDA
Bocconi, in Italy (Management);
and Université de Neuchâtel, in
Switzerland (Law).
Christophe Dubi, the sports
director at the IOC is of the
opinion that the fledgling global
sports industry is in need of
people with relevant skill sets and
the demand will only grow in the
coming years. ‘For several years
now we have followed a policy
of hiring trainees in different
departments at the IOC. We feel
that this is a fantastic opportunity
for the IOC to offer a good career
start to young individuals and
at the same time benefit from
fresh brain cells and energy.
We have found the link to the
FIFA Master and the AISTS very
helpful, as a new pool of highly
dedicated and competent sports
managers graduate every year.
These graduates have gone on to
serve at a number of International
Sports Federations and their
national sports bodies. Sports,
being the growing industry that it
is today, definitely needs more and
more people with relevant skill
sets at every level,” he said.
France hosts several high-
quality courses on sports
management. The MS in
International Sport & Event
Management is hosted by Euromed
Marseille and is focused on sport
law, sporting event marketing
and branding, and event strategy.
The course is made up of six
months of classes and six months
of internship programmes and is
bilingual (English and French).
The European university,
with campuses in several
countries, offers an MBA in
sports management on its Spanish
campus in Barcelona, and focuses
its curriculum on sports marketing,
financial management, ethics &
social issues and media relations
& sports broadcasting.
In Europe, the UK is a major
centre for sports studies with
specialization in management
and other aspects of sports,
with a large number of courses
offered by several universities.
Loughbrough University appears
as one of the top universities
in this field in several different
rankings. There are options of
similar courses in Germany, South
Africa, South America, Asia and
elsewhere. There are also options
to take short-term courses or even
distant-learning diplomas. Sports
companies and international
sports federations are increasingly
recruiting employees with degrees
from such universities. Apart
from federations, companies of
14 YOJANA September 2010
all sectors of the sports industry
(agencies, consultancies, apparel
manufactures, leagues, clubs, etc)
are also taking graduates from
diverse courses into their ranks.
The courses normally prefer
candidates with at least some work
experience in the sports industry,
although this is not mandatory. On
average, they claim that at least
70 per cent of their alumni are
employed in sports. There is a wide
range of curricula, titles awarded,
international approaches, offers
(or not) of scholarships, and
course fees.
Recently the Indian Institute
of Management, Ahmedabad
(IIM-A) also announced that it
is planning to introduce a course
on Professional Management of
Sports Organisation (PMSO) from
academic year 2010-11. “There
is a good demand for talent in
managing sports and world-over
it has become an industry in itself.
India is only now waking up in
this kind of skill. This is a first
move from our side to try and
professionalise the management
of sports,” IIM-A director Samir
Barua was quoted as saying about
the PMSO course which is part
of the institutes’s Management
Development Progamme (MDP)
2010-11.
The Post Graduate Diploma in
Sports Management (PGDSM) is
presently available at only two
recognised universities in India:
Alagappa University, Karaikudi,
Tamil Nadu that offers a one-
year PGDSM and Indira Gandhi
Institute of Physical Education
and Sports Science, New Delhi
which offers the same. Several
private colleges and institutions
are now introducing diploma
courses in sports management.
The Naval Tata Centre of
Excellence in Sports Management
of the Indian Institute of Social
Welfare and Business Management
in Kolkata conducts a one-year
full time Post Graduate Diploma
in Sports Management (PGDSM).
This is a diploma offered by
the Institute, and is likely to
be affiliated as a course of the
University of Calcutta from the
Session 2010-2011.
The programme offers
professional exposure to the
structure, economic impact,
organisation, marketing, funding
of the sports Industry as well
as current trends in sports and
relationship between sports and
the mass media. The course
structure also offers modules on
law and regulations that all leisure
and recreational organizations
have to follow giving a well
rounded perspective of the sports
industry.
Ta k i n g a M a s t e r s c o u r s e
requires commitment, willingness
to invest time and a considerable
amount of money on course fees,
plus expenses, and to give up
working and earning for a year
or more. The candidate also
faces tough competition, with an
average of only 25 to 30 per cent
of applicants being accepted on
many of these courses. q
(Email: kr.aditya@gmail.com)
 YE-9/10/6

YOJANA September 2010 15

best practices
Building knowledge societies
at the grassroots
n the rural areas of
I Jharkhand, literacy level of
women is low. Traditionally
they have remained confined
to their homes and fields,
their world circumspect within
these defined parameters. They
rarely displayed any desire to seek
new avenues of information even in
With the passing
areas related to their daily lives and
of the long local developments. At least not
awaited Right to until Mobile Libraries burst upon
Education bill the scene. This is an initiative of the
PACS (Poorest Areas Civil Society)
which brings to project which seeks to address
every child issues of poverty in 120 districts
the fundamental across India by improving access
to rights and entitlements for those
right to learn, who remain socially excluded, of
libraries across whom women form a large chunk.
rural India Young enthusiastic boys ride
could play a stellar bicycles across 30 villages in
Maheshpur block in Pakur district
role in enhancing
of Jharkhand, loaded with not
this learning only books and newspapers but
16 YOJANA September 2010
Shailendra Sinha
also forms for old-age pension,
information on MNREGA and
Forest Rights for sharing with the
local communities. Initially the
women did not show much interest
in these materials, perhaps because
of an obvious lack of literacy
which made them unsure of how
it could at all relate to them. But
then these young ‘library activists’
started to speak to them, giving
them information about the material
they had and how it could benefit
them.
Women gradually came out
to listen with keen interest about
Annapurna Yojana, about facilities
available to a BPL cardholder under
various government schemes. The
desire to gain new knowledge and
insights about how to better their
lives had perhaps always been
there - it came to the fore with a
little help from the activists. The
Mobile Library had only triggered
it off. Stanecila Hambrum from
Birkitta village says that the women
now understand the importance of
this mobile library. “We are making
them aware of their rights, laws
related to women including those
on violence against women, the
Panchayat Raj system and their
participation in it.”
To the urban conditioned mind
a library in a village is not easily
conceivable. Yet it is in these
very rural areas in Jharkhand, still
struggling with basic issues like
health, education, food and housing
that information needs to flow.
How else can rural communities,
poor and backward sections, the
adivasis link with the mainstream,
to access the fruits of development
and join in the march to progress?
Through such libraries, what is
happening is a gradual spreading
of this storehouse of information in
the villages. Rather than remaining
an institution which people access,
it has taken on a pro-active role
of taking the institution to the
people, breaking down its tomes of
information in such a way that it is
understood and assimilated by even
those who are out of the literacy net,
thus going beyond the conventional
sense of a library. In doing so, these
Mobile Libraries have upheld a
lofty principle, the core of any
enlightened or egalitarian society,
that knowledge is free and the
access to it should be unhindered
by societal divisions of class,
YOJANA September 2010 17
region, caste, language or gender.
Dr. Victor Tigga, Vice-chancellor,
Sido-Kanhu Murmu University,
Dumka district in Santhal Paragana
says, “The flow of information is
vital, it changes the thinking of
common people. In a fast changing
world like ours, it is important
to understand so many things.
But unfortunately, information
revolution has not benefited the
rural areas.”
The success of the project owes
a lot to the enthusiasm of its
members to bring about positive
change on the ground. Michael
Hambrum, says, “I want to do
something for the society. As a
member of the mobile library, I
am working as a carrier of news,
information and knowledge. Today,
rural people are more awakened.
This is an effective tool to fight the
backwardness of the society.”
The good news is that in
spite of the backwardness
and low development, change
for the better is visibly taking
place among rural communities.
There is a keen sense of seeking
information about agriculture,
about markets, employment and
in fact developments beyond their
village sphere. This is in a sense,
the key to a holistic and sustained
development, one that emerges
from within society and not merely
from without or ‘top-down’.
Government welfare schemes,
programs for development will
remain limited in the absence
of an aware community, which
reaches out and derives benefit
from it. There necessarily needs to
be participation from the ground
for any benefit to be effective
and deep-rooted. The Library
as a hub could work very well in
fostering this participation, building
a dynamic partnership between the
government and the governed.
The scope of such initiatives
in a rural scenario is manifold
and extends to new dimension
from merely academic interest or
a collection of reading material
to become a dynamic vehicle
for social change. It points to a
direction, which should be taken by
agencies, those promoting public-
private partnership to rise to the
occasion and build on what the
PACS initiative has opened up.
With the passing of the long
awaited Right to Education which
brings to every child the fundamental
right to learn and break out of the
darkness of ignorance, libraries,
mobile or otherwise, across rural
India could play a stellar role in
enhancing this learning, aiding the
new generation of literates with
useful nuggets of information and
knowledge that can truly empower
them. The time is now ripe for us
to realize the dream of a society
where the mind is without fear -
as visualized by Nobel laureate
Rabindra Nath Tagore.
Charkha Features
Sports
Perspective

The changing face of sports in India

Jaideep Ghosh

ports in India have star through an array of openings

S always had a love-hate

relationship with society.
While we as a people
always like to look up to
our stars, more often than not the
aspirations of youngsters aspiring
to emulate their heroes fall on the
wayside, done in by the pressures
of education, family, society and
Suddenly sports very often poor facilities.
are all around us, For every one star, there are 100
thanks to the media, others who fall on the wayside.
Economic hardships, the desperate
merchandising, need to make ends meet and even
social stigma have worked against
marketing and them, and many a star is lost before
promotions, as he or she was born. However, things
have changed for the better in the
much as the game recent past. While even now the
pressures mentioned above remain,
itself. It is a golden
sports and the industry of sports
has thrown up many opportunities
opportunity for all which were practically unheard of
concerned to come in the past. So essentially, while
not everyone can be a Sachin
to the party Tendulkar, many can follow their
that have come up, thanks to the
commercialisation of sports.
When we speak of this subject,
it is impossible not to start with
cricket. This game has very recently
shown us the effect of money, both
the good and bad sides of it. But if
one were able to keep some sort of
control on how money is invested
and used in cricket, it surely has
to be the sporting success story of
India. Let’s not talk of the cricketers
at all. How much money they
make and how the game has been
marketed to make it a business
success is not news any more.
However, people do tend to forget,
or are unaware of the impact the
game has in terms of generating
employment in many fields.
Let’s begin with the media.
Earlier, press meant newspapers,
and in each of them, there was
this one man who used to write on
cricket. He was held in high regard,

The author is a senior journalist who has been covering sports for close to 20 years. He has worked with leading News
Agencies and Newspapers including United New of India, The Statesman, Hndustan Times and Time of India.

18 YOJANA September 2010

almost as high as the cricketer. But
once India won the 1983 Prudential
World Cup, the game changed
completely. As television channels
began to thrive in India, more and
more people were hired -- reporters,
editors, camerapersons, graphic
designers and many others -- just to
cover cricket, on and off the field.
Another boom came in the
sporting goods industry. Gone
were the days when cricketers
went on tours with two bats and
a pair of pads. Equipment has
gone through the roof, from bats
to protective armours to helmets.
Now practically every cricketer,
even the mediocre ones, carry
anything between five to ten bats,
several sets of pads, gloves, inside
gloves, elbow guards, thigh pads,
chest guards, the list is practically
endless. Also, these bats do not
last too long, so the turnover is
tremendous, generating many jobs
in the sporting goods industry.
This boom can also be seen in
almost all other sports. Sporting
gear and equipment, which had to be
imported almost in totality, has now
become a major foreign exchange
generator for the country, with
several manufacturers exporting
equipment all over the world. With
increase in competitive sports,
the demands on the athletes have
also gone up manifold. The body
now needs constant monitoring
and nurturing. Sports medicine is
another area where lots of openings
are coming up, through various
aspects including physiotherapy, or
even skills like massages etc.
Like the body, the mind too
is under pressure, and sport
p sychology is another area
where the scope is increasing.
YOJANA September 2010 19
Sports administration isn’t quite
a professional business in India,
since almost all the administrators
come from varied fields. But sports
marketing is one side to this whole
deal that has already made money
for the enterprising, and its a market
that has barely been tapped yet.
With money coming into the
industry of sports, even becoming
a sportsperson is a much more
lucrative proposition. However,
not all sports are easy to get into,
and it is not that everyone gets
to be a champion. But golf is a
game where many players, a large
percentage coming from modest
backgrounds, have been able to
make a very comfortable living.
Money has also come into other
sports, but the professional circuit
there is not anything to compare
with cricket, so there is always
scope for improvement.
Another industry that has
benefitted is merchandising. Indian
Premier League T-shirts were prized
possessions for many a child, and
even adults, while lots of cricketers
and other athletes have promoted
and vouched for many brands.
Brand awareness is suddenly easy
for the kids, and to be seen in the
shoes, shirts or shades of the star
player has thrown up a huge market
for such things.
But while money is coming, not
too much is going into generating
sports as a culture in the country.
While the Government has a
comprehensive sports policy and
programme, providing funds to all
the disciplines to promote sports
from a young age , it is only in
selective places that the results are
visible. Ironically, cricket seems to
be the worst offender in this regard.
Considering the crores of rupees
the game makes, the investment
into junior cricket is negligible.
Unfortunately, the game is now
transforming into a super-lucrative
club league tournament, which
has frequently crossed the line of
propriety or transparency. Sporting
success needs to filter down to the
people who make it a winner, and
cricket is losing out there.
The other sports are way too
dependant on Government funding,
since their efforts at sponsorship
haven’t always been successful,
simply because the athletes’ success
rate is moderate at best. But a
combination of the two -- Public
and Private Sector money -- is the
best recipe for success. Uncharted
and unplanned investment would
never be effective. On the contrary,
it will be detrimental to the sport in
question. So essentially, investment
needs accountability and proper
utilisation of funds, aimed at
bettering the lives and careers of
promising athletes, who would
one day bring glory to the nation.
The signs are already there, with
individual medals already coming
into the coffer from top-level
events like the Olympics and Asian
Games.
It has to be said that the sports
facilities have turned a huge corner
and facilities are surely far better
than what they used to be. That
explains the successes, beginning
with Leander Paes, followed by
Karnam Malleswari and then the
likes of Abhinav Bindra, Vijender
Singh and Sushil Kumar. On the
other side, Saina Nehwal, Gagan
Narang, Tejaswini Sawant and other
such sportspersons are reflecting the
preparation and facilities at home.
Having said that, there are still
too few real winners. The proportion
of one champion for a 100 failures
is still true, since somehow all
 SAROJ KUMAR’S IAS ERA
the efforts haven’t covered the vast country. But as
the results and medals start coming in, so will the
Our Successful candidates in IAS 2009-10
awareness and enthusiasm. Speaking of events, Delhi
is now on the doorstep of the Commonwealth Games.
Unfortunately, most of the headlines have been pretty NITISH KUMAR SANJAY Kr. AGGARWAL

1
negative, but the only undeniable fact is that the RANK RANK IN IAS 2002-03
Games are round the corner, and it is time to ensure 78 in fganh ekè;e
that best use is made of the time available. Hosting
multi-sport international events add to the prestige of
the nation. The Beijing Olympics showed the country
in a very new hue as it left no stone unturned to ensure
that the Games were sensational. SONIKA Amit Bhaskar
KOTA (RAJ.)
Virendra S. Yadav
SHAHPURA (RAJ.)
Din Dayal Mangal
Handicaped/fodykax
Budhi Prakash
TONK (RAJ.)
(RAJ.) AGRA (UP)
RANK-697 RANK-779 RANK-707
RANK-215 RANK-748

India too has a golden opportunity. Apart from

the 1982 Asian Games, India has struggled to get
a nod in terms of such events, and the present one
should be treated like a great gift. While it would be Bishan Singh Nitin Tagade Dr. Anil Choudhary RAKESH KR. VERMA
Lahol & Spiti (H.P.) HAATHRAS (U.P.)
fair to assume that some damage has been done to RANK-858 RANK-802 RANK-711 RANK-495

the nation’s image, the real event is still to come and

images can surely be changed.
Admission Special Classes for
Another remarkable thing about the sporting Open for working people ALSO BPSC TOPPER 2010

scenario in India is the number of foreigners plying All Courses Morning & Evening SANJAY KR. SINGH
Jahanabad, Bihar

their trades here. It all began with football really, as

players from Africa and several Asian countries began
coming to play in India for various clubs. Then there GEOGRAPHY GEN. STUDIES
Essay &
were players from even bigger footballing nations,
including even Brazil! But for all the international
flavour, the national team kept falling behind, and
HISTORY COMPULSORY ENGLISH

the ranking kept falling. So having a lot of foreign COURSES OFFERED

experts and players does not essentially mean the Test Series Programme
home players’ skills will increase. So there is need 1 Month
to keep a mix of inviting the best and only them,
from abroad to train our athletes, So long as it is not
overdone and the main reason for their being here
Special Batch for Mains/Essay
lost in the glare of riches. 11/2 Month
Sports will always fascinate us. From grandfathers,
perched on their reclining chairs on a Sunday
Foundation Course (P.T.&Mains)
morning, to children, striving to catch their favourite Min. 6 Months
team’s T-shirt, it is all around us. Suddenly sports are (Starting from Zero)
all around us, thanks to the media, merchandising,
marketing and promotions, as much as the game itself. SEPARATE HOSTEL FOR BOYS & GIRLS
It is a golden opportunity for all concerned to come
Dr. Veena Sharma
to the party, be they the athletes, the people making Mukherjee Ngr. Centre:- A-14, M-1, Mezzanine Floor, Commercial
a living through ancillary industries, the people in Complex, Bhandari House, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-110009

general. It is a success story waiting to be told, and we Delhi University Centre:- 1/9, Roop Nagar, G.T. Karnal Rd., Near Shakti Ngr.
Red Light, Above. P.N.B. Near Delhi University, North Campus Delhi - 110007
q
YE-9/10/7

hope it is told, sooner rather than later.

Email:- sarojkumarsiasera@gmail.com
(Email: jdghosh@gmail.com) Mob.: 9910415305,9910360051

20 YOJANA September 2010

Sports
A promising future for Indian Sports
n V iswanathan
I Anand, India has a world
champion in chess, who
has been at the pinnacle
for long and been among
the top-3 of the world for
a better part of the last 15 years.
In Sachin Tendulkar, India has the
world’s most gifted and successful
cricketer. Alas, neither game is an
Olympic sport.
India, which In Mangte Chungneijang
Marykom, India has a four-time
has successfully world champion in women’s boxing
and in Koneru Humpy India has the
moved into the World No. 2 in women’s chess.
upper echelons of Alas, neither are these two sports
on the Olympic programme.
technology and many
Same is the case with Pankaj
other areas, will Advani, a multiple world
champion in amateur billiards and
now, on account of snooker, who has also become the
the Commonwealth World champion in professional
billiards.
Games, see itself But India also has Saina Nehwal,
on the world the World No. 2 in women’s
badminton and the current World
sporting map No. 2 in men’s Air Rifle shooting in
The author is a senior sports writer and commetator, has covered five Olympic Games, six Asian Games and four
Commonwealth Games besides numerous World and Asian Championships.
YOJANA September 2010 21
Analysis
V Krishnaswamy
Gagan Narang. In tennis stalwarts
Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi,
owners of more than 12 and 10
Grand Slam titles respectively,
India has doubles exponents worthy
of a place in the Hall of Fame.
Add to them the names of
shooters Abhinav Bindra,
Rajyavardhan Rathore and Manavjit
Singh, who not very long back won
medals at Olympics and World
Championships. Then there are the
likes of boxer Vijender Singh, who
was ranked No. 2 in the world, and
a whole bunch of wrestlers led by
Olympic medalist Sushil Kumar.
With as many sporting stars, there
cannot be a greater misconception
than the belief that we as a nation
have made little progress since our
last sporting milestone, the Asian
Games in 1982. Such belief is not
just a fallacy, but is patently unfair
to these worthy champions.
Indian sporting progress,
in comparison to some other
countries, may seem slow when it
comes to Olympic medals, but it is
nevertheless substantial.
 India in the not-too-distant past
has had stars like badminton aces
Prakash Padukone and Pullela
Gopichand and the fleet-footed PT
Usha. And before them were the
likes of Milkha Singh, Ramanathan
Krishnan, Vijay Amritraj and more
than a few generations of world-
class hockey players.
Recent controversies
notwithstanding, the upcoming
Commonwealth Games should
mark another watershed in Indian
sport, just as the Asian Games did
in 1982.
The 1982 Asian Games was
the first big-ticket event to come
to India since the inaugural Asian
Games. The Asiad, in a manner of
speaking, did create an awareness
about sport, but apart from a couple
of World Cups in cricket, where
India continues to be biggest
market, a few Asian championships
and an Afro-Asian games, there
has not been another truly global
sporting event. Even the World Cup
in Hockey earlier this year was a
single discipline event as was the
World Championships of Chess
in 2000.
So, in many senses the 2010
Commonwealth Games will mark
the beginning of a new era.
A new era
Medals at the Olympics have
always come in a trickle – in fact
in solitary splendor, before the
three at the 2008 Games in Beijing
– hauls have been somewhat better
at the Asian Games. But it is at the
Commonwealth Games, that India
can count itself among the leaders.
The previous edition in Melbourne
in 2006 saw India finish fourth,
behind the three Commonwealth
sporting superpowers, Australia,
England and Canada.
India’s haul of 22 gold medals
was way clear of fifth placed South
22 YOJANA September 2010
Africa’s 12, and was only four short
of Canada in the third place. Now
with the Games at home, it would
not be unrealistic to expect India to
pull itself into the top-three behind
Australia and England.
Shooting, which in Samaresh
Jung threw up the 2006 Games’
best athlete with five gold medals
and one bronze, has always been
the discipline India looks upto for
a big haul.
This time around, weightlifting
and boxing ought to fetch India more
than a handful, while table tennis,
where India’s Sharath Kamal is the
reigning champion, and badminton,
where India has World No. 2 in
Saina Nehwal, also ought to figure
prominently among medals.
Opportunities for the future
It is no secret that a country’s
sporting progress is often linked
to the kind of facilities that are on
offer for its youth. In a country
teeming with population, it is not an
easy choice for the government to
spend on sports, when other sectors
are crying themselves hoarse for
similar funding.
Yet, a healthy and young nation
can be more productive for the
future.
The Asian Games in 1982
brought about a whole set of new
facilities in the form of numerous
stadia across the Capital. Alas, the
stadia were never really thrown
open to the youngsters, as they
ought to have been to usher in a new
dawn in sporting awareness.
Schemes like pay-and-play
never really worked. The facilities
should have been open to the
public. All over the world, students
and youngsters in general get free
of cost the facilities they require to
pursue sport.
But by the time realization
dawned the facilities had begun
deteriorating and with it mounted
criticism that facilities built at huge
costs were never really used by the
ones they were meant for, after the
Games.
However, the emergence of
DDA Sports Complex across Delhi
gave the local youngsters a new
chance to indulge in their hobby at
affordable prices.
This time around, better sporting
governance can make up for that
mistake.
T h e D e l h i U n i v e r s i t y,
traditionally the nursery from
where sportspersons emerge, and
the Eastern part of the Capital
have always had fewer sporting
facilities. This time around, the
Commonwealth Games has brought
in a brand new stadium and other
fields at the Delhi University and
the Yamuna Sports Complex, in the
Eastern part of Delhi.
The additional advantage will
be the setting up of training venues,
like those at Delhi Public School,
University’s various Colleges and
Jamia Millia in South Delhi. These
are besides wrestling facilities in
Ludlow Castle as well the Siri Fort,
which will be a classy venue for
more than a few disciplines.
With the bigger sporting
complexes like the Jawaharlal
Nehru Stadium, the Talkatora
complex, the Indira Gandhi Indoor
Stadium, the RK Khanna Tennis
Stadium, the Dhyan Chand National
Stadium for hockey, the Karni Singh
Shooting Range and the Siri Fort
Complex getting total renovation,
it will indeed be a big boost for
sports in Delhi besides leading to
staging of many more national and
international events.
Improvement in civic
Infrastructure
It is generally accepted that the
staging of a mega sporting event
evokes a whole gamut of emotions,
ranging from euphoria among the
sports community to anguish in
many other sections. It leads to
debates to whether a developing
country can afford the expenditure
needed for a mega event.
The truth is that it is usually only
when a mega-event comes around
that any city gets its sporting and
civic infrastructure upgraded. It has
been the case in many other cities,
ranging from Barcelona to Atlanta
to Sydney and Athens and the latest
being Beijing. Melbourne (2006)
and before that Manchester (2002)
and Kuala Lumpur benefitted a
great deal from the Commonwealth
Games, as did Asian Games hosts,
Doha (2006), Busan, Korea (2002)
and Bangkok (1998).
There is also no denying that
mega events cause a great deal of
discomfort when facilities are being
built, and cost overruns can have an
impact on the local economy.
Similar debates have, expectedly,
been underway in India. But the
fact remains that just as the 1982
Asian Games brought about four
new flyovers, three new five-star
hotels besides the Siri Fort Sports
Complex and Asian Games Village,
and, above all, Colour TV, the 2010
Commonwealth Games will bring
with it many positives.
Beginning from a state-of-
the-art International airport to a
plethora of flyovers, underpasses
and expansion of Metro, the
National Capital Region has seen
a big leap forward. New hotels and
much else – though severe delays
and cost overruns have caused a
great deal of concern – have come
about.
Better planning and tighter
control on costs and timelines
could have avoided many heart-
burns. Yet, there is no doubting the
fact that these facilities are here
to stay and improve the quality of
life of those living in and around
the NCR.
Over and above all, India, which
has successfully moved into the
upper echelons of technology and
many other areas, will now, on
account of the Commonwealth
Games, see itself on the world
sporting map. q
(Email: swamy007@gmail.com)

C.S.E.
RESULT
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YOJANA September 2010 23

Sports
What Ails Indian Sports
he C ommon -
T wealth Games are
just round the corner
and its venue – the
capital city of Delhi
is undergoing a grand scale of
renovation and restructuring. This
is undoubtedly an indication of
the growing importance of sports
in India.
Over the years India has
witnessed several spurts of
highs in the sporting arena,
With the world's with momentous victories in
many disciplines in international
youngest population events. An impressive record in
India certainly Hockey with eight Olympic gold
medals, Prakash Padukone, Pulella
has the potential Gopichand and now, Saina Nehwal,
to compete with the world number two doing us
proud in badminton, world chess
sporting giants champion Vishwanathan Anand,
an impressive line up in tennis
like China, USA, from Vijay Amritraj to Leander
Russia, Korea Paes, Mahesh Bhupathy and Sania
Mirza, world standing in cricket
and Japan and impressive performances from
The author is a Research Scholar at the Zakir Hussain Center for Educational Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi
24 YOJANA September 2010
Opinion
Kaushalya Bajpayee
our athletes like Milkha Singh and
P.T.Usha, shooters like Abinav
Bindra and Rajyavardhan Rathore,
our boxers like Vijendra Kumar
and wrestlers like Sushil Kumar,
to name only a few, have certainly
given us reasons to be proud, and
have, time and again, reconfirmed
our faith in our sporting abilities.
This faith, has however, also been
jolted on innumerable occasions,
forcing us to concede that our
moments of glory in the sporting
arena have been rather few and far
between, and we need to trudge
uphill many miles before India can
truly emerge as a sporting force to
reckon with.
The fundamental challenge that
sports in India is facing is that it
has been relegated increasingly
to the back seat, being treated as
an extra curricular activity which
cannot match up to the regular
curriculum in terms of importance.
The academic burden in schools
often leads to the sports period
being struck off the daily time
table. School hours, and the tuition
classes thereafter, leave students
with precious little time and even
lesser energy to pursue sports even
as recreation or a leisure activity,
leave alone as a profession. While
children usually start off with a
natural and spontaneous attraction
for games, this over emphasis on
academics ensures that any such
interest is killed off right in the
bud.
There is also a general belief that
sports is a very uncertain career,
and does not necessarily offer very
bright opportunities. So, children
are forced to take up academics to
ensure stability in life, often despite
their inherent aptitude and knack
towards sports.
Another factor that acts as a
setback to the development of
sports is the obvious discrimination
between different kinds of sports.
While there is a lot of hype,
grandeur and money surrounding
sports like cricket, football or tennis,
one hardly gets to hear about other
sports like taekwondo, kho- kho or
archery . It is very strange that we
hardly hear of radio commentary
or television broadcasts of these
sports. The Indian Premier League
has seen corporate houses coming to
the forefront with huge investments
involving large sums of money,
adding to the existing grandeur of
cricket. But such investments are
lacking in the other sports. Even
for advertising, it is the popular
cricketers, tennis or badminton
players who are approached. Thus
while the glamour of some select
games may attract youngsters,
there are a lot of other games that
YOJANA September 2010 25
have not been able to draw the and sports complexes in Delhi. But
attention of the youth to participate the Government really needs to
in them. review its policies and make sure that
in the post Commonwealth times,
The lack of academy and sports
these infrastructural facilities are
complexes in the districts and
properly put to use. In this context,
suburban areas of the country is
the Sports Authority of India (SAI)
another major problem. The sports
assumes great responsibility. It was
clubs and academies are mainly in
set up in 1984 for the maintenance
the metropolitan cities. It is the same
and efficient utilization of the
Hyderabad which has produced
infrastructure that were built in
Md. Azharuddin, Sania Mirza
Delhi during the Asiad in 1982.
and Saina Nehwal or Delhi that
It has six regional centres at
produced Tania Sachdev or Mumbai
Kolkata, Bangaluru, Gandhinagar,
that produced Sunil Gavaskar,
Chandigarh, Bhopal and Imphal.
Sachin Tendulkar, Vinod Kambli
However, for a vast country like
and others. But it is undeniable
India, SAI should have sub regional
that parents who are settled in
branches that would help it to bring
suburban towns are often unable
out the best talent from the various
to shift their bases to provide their
corners of the country. Besides, the
children with adequate facilities
state governments need to come to
and guidance. Even in the metros,
the forefront to set up such agencies
the facilities for sports training are
at the state levels so that better
very inadequate. Children often
talents can be tapped at the district
suffer from the absence of proper
levels and can be promoted with
guidance and coaching. We lack
proper training and guidance.
proper coaching facilities and
properly equipped training centers An important step towards
to train students for national and this has been the National Sports
international standards. Policy, 2001, which was planned
to make sports more broad
Besides, training in sports
based and promote excellence.
requires huge investment. Not only
However, proper implementation
admission into an academy but
of the policy has been far from
also sports kit, uniform and even
reality. The National Sports
healthy and nutritional diet, fitness
Development Fund was instituted
training etc require incurring of
by the central Government with
huge costs. This often keeps sports
a view to mobilizing resources
as a restricted terrain, especially for
from the government as well as
the middle and low income groups.
non government sources including
Sports like golf, polo, billiards are
private/corporate sector and non-
often tagged as elite sports.
resident Indians for promotion
While problems abound, a of sports and games. In order to
gradual turn around in attitude is make it attractive the government
clearly visible now. Promotion provides 100% exemption from
of infrastructure is taking up high income tax on all contributions.
priority, with the building of stadia The Government also provides
assistance to the National
Sports Federations (NSFs) for
conducting national championship
and international tournaments,
participation in international
tournaments abroad, organizing
coaching camps, procuring sports
equipment etc.
Schemes under the Ministry
of Youth Affairs and Sports are
however, mostly restricted to the
national levels and fail to promote
state level sports enthusiasm.
An important attempt towards
addressing this issue is the National
Sports Championship for women.
Under the scheme national level
competitions are preceded by
holding of lower level competitions
at block and district level for which
state and union territories are
provided financial assistance. But
the amount is too meager -for block
level competition Rs. 1000 per
block, for district level competition
Rs 3000 per district, for state level
competition Rs. 10,000 per state
and for smaller states and union
territories Rs. 5000 per state or
UT.
Another important step by the
government is the scheme for
promotion of sports in north eastern
states under the PYKKA scheme.
Under this scheme, assistance is
provided of Rs. 50,000 per district
for district level competition and
75,000 per discipline for the state
level competition. In 1974, the
Commonwealth Youth Programme
came into being with the purpose
of promoting the development
of young men and women in the
commonwealth countries. More
initiatives are to be taken for inter
– country championship as well as
26 YOJANA September 2010
sports festival. This will promote
local and regional harmony.
In India, the Government
must come up with the promotion
of such regional sports like the
rowing competition or Vallamkali
in Kerala. It is quite surprising that a
large number of sports are played in
India like floorball, Rugby, Bandy,
Netball, Korfball, Lacrosse etc,
though they are hardly heard about
or participated in. Often they have
remained confined to local areas .
For example, Ice hockey is played
mostly in the Himalayan region
of Ladakh, Bandy is played in
Himachal Pradesh and other areas
of North India, which generally has
ice and snow. Lacrosse is played in
the north eastern state of Meghalaya
and has not gained popularity in the
rest of the country. Proper setting
up of artificial structures as well
as attracting people to these areas
should be taken up as a part of the
sports promotion programme.
Indoor games like gymnastics,
table tennis, carom, weight
lifting, power lifting, billiards and
snookers etc need to be promoted
further. .Some of the indoor
games can be an incentive for
the physically challenged people
who can channelize their talent
through participation in them. The
Government should initiate such
schemes which will be a moral as
well as economic booster for a large
number of the population.
To facilitate such schemes, one of
the primary requirements is of funds
and this can be achieved through the
public - private partnership. In this
context, the media should redefine
its role, especially by highlighting
the different kinds of sports and
not by restricting themselves to
the broadcasting of games like
cricket and football only. The
sports channels should present
different programmes in more
attractive fashion mainly to attract
a larger viewership which would
result in better promotion of sports
interest even in the distant corners
of the country and attract better
participation and investments.
More and more government
funded academies should be
opened where ex- sportsmen could
be engaged in coaching students.
Another way of promoting youth
participation in sports might be
through the sponsoring of awards
not only at the national level but
also at the district and the block
levels. In fact, this will serve
both as a moral booster as well
as an economic incentive for the
upcoming sportspersons.
Through these measures, it
is possible to channelize a large
percentage of young energy in
a constructive way. With the
world's youngest population India
certainly has the potential to
compete with sporting giants like
China, USA, Russia, Korea and
Japan. India today is shouldering
the great responsibility of hosting
an event like the Commonwealth
Games, but the real challenge lies
in attainment of a high level of
performance that will not only
channelize the vast potential
of her human resource but will
also establish her on the global
platform as a power to be reckoned
with. q
(E-mail:kaushalya.bajpayee@gmail.com)
J&K Window
e-governance in Jammu and Kashmir

T he government of Jammu and Kashmir is keen to introduce e-governance

in all departments. IT is a strong tool for speeding up process of socio-
economic transformation and economic development.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized the style

of working in all spheres of life, this technology facilitates project management
programmes implementation and monitoring of development schemes.

Information and Communication greatly helps in improving delivery of public

services. The communication technology is imperative for improving governance as
it promotes transparency and accountability in the administrative system.

There is a need for strengthening e-governance initiative across the State so that information about
Government programme and policies are made accessible to public.

This will not only help reduce time, cost and distance but would also help Government to become more
responsive and public oriented. q

eco-tourism projects in J&K

T
he Government of Jammu and Kashmir is contemplating for massive
infrastructure development of tourist resorts of the state under eco-
tourism development project.

About Rs 3 crore will be utilized on various eco tourism projects in the

state. Of this Rs 1.50 crore will be expended for developing Dhera Ki Gali as a
tourist spot, besides Rs 1.50 crore for the upgradation of tourist infrastructure
at Gangbal, Kishensar and Bishensar.

efforts have already been initiated to bring more picturesque spots on

tourist map to boost the economy of the state. Development of eco tourism
projects will help in sustaining the ecological balance, besides creating job avenues for the youth of
the state.

Sports activities will also get fillip through eco tourism project. The Government of Jammu & Kashmir is
approaching the Union Government for funds to be utilized for the development of neglected tourist resorts
under eco tourism project to facilitate the locals as well as tourists from across the county. The department
of forests and Environment will ensure plantation of different types of trees for the beautification of
these tourist resorts. q

YOJANA September 2010 27

Sports
Need for Sports Law in India
rom a mere source
F of entertainment and
personal recreation,
sports has grown into
a highly competitive
industry with global pervasiveness.
It is one of the largest revenue
generating industries in the world
comprising 3% of the world trade.
It has also metamorphosed into an
important and inevitable political
The area of sports and social activity. The Beijing
law is relatively Olympics did more for the Chinese
soft power in three months, than
new in our country. what diplomacy could do in three
decades. The successful bidding
Nevertheless, it is to host an international sporting
an area of study event is a unique opportunity for
developing countries to showcase
that is worthy of their progress, development and
definition and in their world standing through
their soft power. India will host
depth academic the Commonwealth Games this
October, a sporting fiesta with 5000
inquiry and competitors from 85 countries,
more than 1.2 million spectators
practice. and an estimated 26000 crore rupees
The authors are respectively former Assistant Professor of Commerce and Management at Mar Ivanios College, Kerala
University and Puducherry based freelance writer
28 YOJANA September 2010
View Point
Francis Kuriakose
Deepa Kylasam Iyer
invested to make Delhi the cynosure
of the sporting world. Such an event
of mind boggling proportions
entails problems unique and
complex related to infrastructure,
licensing, sponsorship, media rights
and ethical sporting practices. It is
an appropriate moment to analyse
the need for lucid legal provisions
pertaining to sports in India.
Need for Sports Laws
The sporting world has
been plagued by scandals and
controversies in the past few
decades. The Olympic Games
Bidding Scandal, the recent IPL
scam and allegations of sexual
harassment by the Indian Women’s
Hockey Team have rocked the
nation. From six gold medals
in a row from 1928 to 1956, the
Indian Hockey team hit an all
time low failing to qualify for the
2008 Olympics. This incident
exposed the maladministration and
insularity of a defective system
that drained our resources. Even
the gentleman’s game cricket has
been marred by match fixing and
payment by bookies. All these
incidents expose the dark side of a
highly competitive world.
Simon Rottenburg, in his
seminal work on professional sports,
analysed sports in terms of the same
paradigms that are applicable to any
other economic activity and came
to some brilliant conclusions. He
defined the sporting competition
as a joint product and a collective
effort of a number of factors.
He said that no single sporting
team or player could offer an
interesting and independent product
of value in sports. Thus a sporting
spectacle required a competitive
balance and the ordinary rules
applicable to a pure market had
to be modified here. Even though
competition was the core value
that promoted sports, one needed
competitive balance or equality
of competitors to some degree for
the success of the event. Revenue
was generated by the excitement
offered by teams more or less
evenly matched. Thus the principle
that public interest is best served
by the unrestrained free markets
did not apply here. The second
pillar on which the sporting world
thrived was the unpredictability of
outcome. These two factors defined
the mechanism on which sporting
industry worked.
Some of the major problems that
the sporting world faces, can be
broadly categorised as follows.
Labour Issues- Players and
owners have to negotiate mandatory
issues relating to hours, wages and
working conditions. The agents
entrusted to conduct business on
YOJANA September 2010 29
player’s behalf should be working
as per well laid out norms that serve
the best interests of the game.
Drug Use- The problem of
performance enhancing drugs a
major problem that needs to be
addressed. Drug testing, list of
banned drugs, penalties, privacy
issues and right to appeal must be
clearly stated by the nodal agency
concerned.
Tort laws: Tort Laws were once
not a part of the landscape of sports
laws. But intentional tort pointing
to a criminal act of assault needs
to be penalised. Similarly right
to publicity has to deal with the
defamation of a person’s character
and reputation.
Laws on accountability: There
is a need to check corruption and
ensure accountability in conduct and
monetary deals of the government
bodies and other agencies involved
in managing sports. Tenure caps
and age restrictions of office bearers
of federations are long overdue.
Agreements that are exclusionary
and therefore contrary to the
Trade Practices Act should not be
encouraged. Denial of essential
facilities indispensable for the
rivals to compete in an event must
be severely dealt with. This is
especially applicable to our
country where the organisation of
administration is pyramidal with a
dominating agency at the helm of
affairs.
Broadcasting Rights: India’s
Competition Act 2002, holds void
any agreement that is   likely
to cause an appreciable adverse
impact on competitiveness. Yet the
issue of grant of broadcast rights
of sporting events has repeatedly
been raising controversy. We need
transparency in the matter, which is
possible only if rules governing the
same are clearly laid down.
The magnitude of the problem
and its nuances make it clear that
sports law will no longer be an
applied law or an amalgamation
of laws under some jurisdiction,
but a law in its own right. Entry
33 in the seventh schedule of
our Constitution has provided a
provision for the State as well as
the centre to make and enact laws
on regulation, registration and
recognition of associations involved
in sports. Rajasthan and Himachal
Pradesh are two states where
there is a functional sports law at
present. In India, the provincial
sports bodies work under non
profit making organisations under
the Company Law Jurisdiction.
Rules and regulations like statutory
orders act only as secondary
legislations supplementing laws.
The Competition Law (2002)
promotes Competition advocacy,
forbids abuse of dominance and
anti-competitive agreements. But a
comprehensive law on Sports must
aim at a broader ideal and vision.
The law makers should provide and
disseminate the idea and information
on various issues related to sports
and encourage the exchange of a
variety of perspectives through
conferences before embarking on
the mission. 
Vision of a Comprehensive Sports
Law in India 
The Law should establish
and promote rules of ethics and
spirit of sportsmanship among
competitors and the bodies
involved in decision making.

Ethical solution to legal issues in sports is the
core idea behind the vision. This will enhance the
morale of the players by improving contractual
dynamics among them and the administrative
bodies. Contracts must clarify expectations and
commitment from the players and agents.
Consultancy services must be provided to the
sports bodies and players. Co-ordination of the
legal fraternity and the sporting community is a pre-
requisite for such a healthy interaction.
National identity and the spirit of representing
India must supersede political decisions. It would be
highly advisable to include a former player of a game
at the helm of affairs rather than a mere administrator
or politician with vested interests.
To check corruption, tenure caps and age
restriction on office bearers of federation must
be brought in. Denial of essential facilities and
exclusionary policies that are intentional for a
player or a rival organisation should result in the
termination of the services of the administrator
concerned. Misuse of authority must be severely
dealt with.
Salary caps on players and teams should be
brought in. Practices that create a barrier for new
entrants, draw out the existing players and lead to the
foreclosure of a competition must not be tolerated.
A greater sensitivity and legal support must
be provided for women players. Perpetrators of
harassment and discrimination should be severely
punished.
Research of excellent quality must be encouraged
in the area of sports through continuing education.
The area of sports law is relatively new in our
country. Nevertheless, it is an area of study that is
worthy of definition and in depth academic inquiry
and practice. A well planned exhaustive competition
compliance programme can be of great benefit to
all enterprises. A fresh perspective, an independent
authority and a comprehensive law is the need of
the hour.  q
(E-mail:francyge83@yahoo.co.uk
deepa_7ki@yahoo.co.in
30 YOJANA September 2010
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Education
Overview

Access to Education: Emerging

Opportunities for Minorities
Ashish Joshi
Pardeep Kumar

ndia is a sovereign sections in general and those of

I socialist, secular,
democratic republic.
L i b e r t y, e q u a l i t y
and fraternity are the
hallmarks of our democracy.
Our fundamental rights clearly
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes, Backward Classes and
Minorities in particular.
The Indian Constitution is
clear in its objective to promote
equality amongst citizens and
envisage the right to equality
assigns responsibility to the
before law, equality of opportunity
State to preserve, protect and
and prohibition of discrimination
The problems on the grounds of religion, race,
assure the rights of minorities
in matters of language, religion
of educational caste, sex or place of birth. India
and culture. This is enshrined
is also a welfare state committed
in the well known doctrine of
backwardness to the welfare and development
‘unity in diversity’ found within
of its people in general and of the
amongst minorities, vulnerable sections in particular.
the Constitution. All developed
countries and most developing
especially Muslims, The Government of India has
ones give appropriate emphasis
resorted to planned development
to looking after the interest of
are being addressed for minimizing inequality in
minorities. Thus, in any country,
income, status and opportunities
in a holistic way for its people. This strategy is
the faith and confidence of the
minorities and the functioning of
and the efforts directed to secure distributive
the State in an impartial manner
justice and utilization of economic
being taken in this resources to sub serve common
is an acid test of its being a just
state.
good. Programmes are directed
regard would need to promote educational and Development is essentially
to be sustained economic interests of weaker a process of change initiated
The authors are respectively Director and Research Officer, Planning & Policy, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government
of India.

YOJANA September 2010 31

with an objective of improving
the quality of life. The role of
education in facilitating social
and economic progress is well
accepted today. We cannot think
of economic development without
human resource development
and the human resources can
only be developed by providing
them accessibility to education.
Improvements in the functional
and analytical abilities of children
and youth through education open
up new opportunities leading
to social as well as national
development. Access to education
and improvement in education
both not only enhance efficiency
but also augment democratic
participation, awareness about
better health and quality of life.
Sachar Committee Report on
Educational Status of Muslims
The Government of India
constituted a High Level
Committee (HLC) under the
Chairmanship of Justice (Retd.)
Rajinder Sachar to prepare a
report on the “Social, Economic
and Educational Status of the
Muslim Community”. The High
Level Committee (popularly
known as the Sachar Committee)
submitted its report on 17th
November, 2006. In its Report
the Committee observed that
Muslims have been left behind
in the growth and development
process. It recommended setting
up of an autonomous Assessment
Monitoring Authority (AMA),
creation of National Data Bank
and constitution of an Equal
Opportunity Commission (EOC).
32 YOJANA September 2010
It also suggested provision of
hostel facilities at reasonable
cost, inclusion of minority aspects
in the general curriculum for
teacher training, setting up and
strengthening of state run Urdu
medium schools, linkage of
Madarsas to Higher Secondary
Board, recognition of the degrees
from Madarsas for eligibility
in competitive examinations,
provision of financial and other
support to Madarsas. It also
suggested that the outreach of
upper primary schools, particularly
for Muslim girls, should be
expand e d w i t h “ g i r l s o n l y ”
schools, wherever required and
by opening residential Kasturba
Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)
schools, on priority, in areas with
substantial Muslim population,
opening of secondary/senior
secondary schools in areas of
Muslim concentration, a special
literacy drive to be taken up in
these districts to improve the
overall literacy rate and especially
the literacy rate of Muslim
women.
Some facts highlighted by Sachar
Committee about educational
conditions of Muslims
l The literacy rate among the
Muslims in 2001 was far below
the national average.
l
Muslims have not been able
to respond to the challenge of
improving their educational
status.
l
25% Muslim children in the
6-14 years age group have
either never attended school or
have dropped out.
l
Only one out of every 25
Under- Graduate and 50 Post-
Graduate students in premier
colleges is a Muslim.
l
NCAER figures show that
only about 4% of all Muslim
students are enrolled in
Madarsas.
l
A comparison across Socio
Religious Communities
(SRCs) reveals lower level of
Mean Years of Schooling for
the Muslim community.
l
The increase in enrolments
has been highest among SCs/
STs followed by Muslims.
l
Drop out rates among Muslims
are highest at the level of
Primary, Middle and Higher
Secondary compared to all the
SRCs.
l
Muslims are at much larger
disadvantage at the higher
secondary level.
l
Lower enrolment in Urdu
medium schools is due to
limited availability of such
schools at the elementary
level.
Enhancing Educational
Opportunities for Minorities
The government is trying to
enhance educational opportunities
for the minorities through a
number of programmes. These
include
Scholarship Schemes
The Ministry of Minority
Affairs has implemented three
scholarship schemes, a coaching
& allied scheme specifically
for students from the minority
communities. Since 2007-08, The year wise detail of the scholarships is given in table below:
29.38 lakh scholarships have
Table 1: Year wise Scholarships
been awarded to these students.
Year Pre-matric Post- Merit- Girl’s Total
Besides, students from minority
matric cum- Scholarships
communities are being benefited means of MAEF
u n d e r M e r i t o r i o u s G i r l ’s
2006-07 - - - 3,846 3,846
Scholarship Scheme of Maulana
2007-08 - 25,000 17,258 4,011 46,269
Azad Education Foundation
(MAEF) and a fellowship scheme 2008-09 5,13,000 170,000 26,195 12,064 7,21,259
called Maulana Azad National 2009-10 1,7,29,000 3,87,000 35,982 15,070 21,67,052
Fellowship. Details of each Total 22,42,000 5,82,000 79,435 34,991 29,38,426
scheme are given below: Source: Web-site www.minorityaffairs.gov.in
(i) Pre-matric Scholarship Scheme:
This scheme was started in of 42,000 scholarships. The launched and 756 fellowships
2008-09 and a cumulative target for 2010-11 is 55,000 have been sanctioned for
total of 22.42 lakh scholarships scholarships. implementation by University
have been awarded. During (iv) F ree Coaching and Allied Grants Commission.
2009-10, the achievement was Scheme: The scheme was ( v i ) M e r i t o r i o u s G i r l ’s
17.29 lakh against the target revised and launched in Scholarship Scheme of
of 15 lakh scholarships. The 2006-07 and a cumulative Maulana Azad Education
target for 2010-11 is 20 lakh total of more than 15,000 Foundation (MAEF): This
scholarships. students/candidates have is ongoing scheme since the
benefited. During 2009-10, year 1989. Cumulatively
(ii) P o s t - m a t r i c S c h o l a r s h i p
the achievement was 5532 34,991 scholarships have
Scheme: The scheme was
persons. The target for 2010- been awarded to meritorious
launched in 2007-08 and
11 is 5760. girl students since 2006-
a cumulative total of 5.82
(v) Further, a fellowship scheme 0 7 . D u r in g 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 , t h e
lakh scholarships have been
called Maulana Azad National achievement was 15070. The
awarded. During 2009-10,
Fellowship scheme for M.Phil target for 2010-11 is 18,000
the achievement was 3.87
and Ph.D. scholars has been scholarships.
lakh against the target of
3 lakh scholarships. The
target for 2010-11 is 4 lakh
scholarships.
(iii)Merit-cum-means Scholarship
Scheme for technical and
professional courses: This
scheme was also launched
in 2007-08 and a cumulative
total of more than 79,000
scholarships have been
awarded. During 2009-10,
the achievement was 35,982
scholarships against the target Figure 1: Scholarships Awarded by Ministry of Minorities Affairs

YOJANA September 2010 33

Multi-Sectoral Development
Programmes
A Multi- Sectoral Development
Programme (MsDP) was launched in
90 identified minority concentration
districts in 2008-09. Plans of 82
minority concentration districts
in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West
Bengal, Assam, Manipur, Bihar,
Meghalaya, Jharkhand, Andaman
& Nicobar Islands, Orissa,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala,
Uttrakhand, Mizoram, Jammu
& Kashmir, Delhi and Madhya
Pradesh have been approved and
Rs.1243.87 crore released upto 31st
March, 2010 since launching of the
scheme.
Since 2008-09, 6749 additional
class rooms, 559 school buildings
and 8 hostels have been approved
and 105 additional class rooms,
215 school buildings and 62
hostels have been approved in-
principle under Multi-sectoral
Development Programme (MsDP)
for Minority Concentration
Districts (MCDs). Besides, 8
ITIs have been approved and 47
have been approved in-principle
for construction and upgradation
in minority concentration districts
under MsDP. 8 new Polytechnics
have been approved in-principle
for construction in minority
concentration districts.
Prime Minister’s New 15- Point
Programme
Prime Minister’s New 15 Point
Programme was launched in 2006
aimed at ensuring the well-being,
protection and development of
minorities. The focus of the new
Programme is to make certain
that benefits of various schemes/
34 YOJANA September 2010
programmes flow equitably to the
minorities. For this, it quantifies
a certain portion of development
projects to be established in the
areas with minority concentration.
It stipulates that wherever possible,
15% of targets and outlays under
various schemes will be earmarked
for the minorities. All Central
Ministries/ Departments, State
Governments/ UT Administrations
have been advised to implement
this new Programme. One of the
objectives of the Prime Minister’s
New 15 Point Programme is
to enhance opportunities for
education for students belonging
to minority communities.
Under the PM’s New 15 Point
Programme, in schemes considered
amenable to earmarking, 15%
of targets have been fixed for
minorities. Under this, 4457
primary and upper primary
schools and 20588 additional
class rooms were constructed,
3530 new primary and upper
primary schools were opened
in minority concentration areas.
Besides, Under the Kasturba
Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)
scheme, criteria of educationally
backward blocks has been revised
with effect from 1st April 2008
to cover blocks with less than
30% rural female literacy and
in urban areas with less than
national average of female literacy
(53.67%: Census 2001). Under the
scheme, out of 2573 KGBVs, 453
have been sanctioned in blocks
having a substantial minority
population. Under the new 15
Point Programme, 60 existing
ITIs are being upgraded into
Centres of Excellence in Minority
Concentration Districts (MCDs)
Conclusion:
The problems of educational
backwardness amongst minorities,
especially Muslims, are being
addressed in a holistic way and the
efforts being taken in this regard
would need to be sustained. The
efforts being made in this direction
have already started showing
positive results. According to
District Information System of
Education (DISE) the enrolment
of Muslim children at primary and
upper primary level for the year
2007-08 was 10.49% & 8.54%
respectively which has increased
from 9.4% & 7.62% in 2006-07.
The estimated number of out
of school Muslim children has
decreased from 21 lakh (2005)
to 9.4 lakh (2008), i.e. 9.97%
to 3.43% of 6-14 years Muslim
children population.
More effort is required to
publicize the benefits of education
through awareness campaigns in
vernacular languages especially
in minority concentration areas.
Innovative methods like use
of audio-visual, nukkad natak
etc could be included in the
awareness campaigns. Further,
local conditions, means of
livelihood and occupation of
minority communities would need
to be factored in. For example,
the approach towards children
engaged in assisting agricultural
activities or in handlooms etc. for
attending schools would need to
be flexible. q
(E-mail :ashish.joshi@nic.in)
Environment
overview

Carbon Footprint and the Indian Industries

Debrupa Chakraborty

mission of fuels; in case of an organization,

E greenhouse gases
(GHG’s) particularly
Carbon di-Oxide (CO2)
is recognized to be the
major cause of global warming
and climate change. It is now
well established that human
induced activities are speeding
The Indian up global warming which in turn
industries and is creating numerous and varied
negative impacts on human life
the country’s and the environment. A “carbon
government need to footprint” is a measure of the
work together for impact that human activities have
on the environment in terms of
reducing the carbon the amount of Greenhouse Gases
footprint of the (GHG’s) emitted for carrying out
such activities. It is measured in
industries so that
units of CO2.
we can leave
Concept of Carbon Footprint:
behind us a greener
Carbon footprint is a measure
planet for the of the amount of CO 2 emitted
future generations through the combustion of fossil
business or enterprise as a part of
their everyday operation; in the
case of an individual or household
as a part of their daily lives; or in
case of a product or commodity
in reaching the market. In other
words, the total amount of
GHG emission caused directly
or indirectly by an individual,
organization, events or products
is called “Carbon Footprint” of
that entity. A carbon footprint
is expressed as tons of carbon
dioxide (CO2) or tons of carbon
emitted usually on yearly basis. A
ton of carbon dioxide is released
when we for example travel 5000
miles in an airplane or drive 2,500
miles in a medium – sized car,
or cut down and burn a tree that
was about 1 foot in diameter and
40 foot tall.

The author is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Commerce, Netaji Nagar College, Kolkata

YOJANA September 2010 35

 Table 1 continue to grow steadily. In order
to live sustainably, we need to
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuels Burning in
Top Ten Countries, 2006 stabilize CO2 emissions at about
2
2 tonnes per capita per annum.
Share of Global
Country Emissions Obviously this necessitates
Total
Million Tons of Carbon Percent production of the required goods
and services keeping CO2
United States 1,656 19.8 2
emissions within the prescribed
China 1,480 17.7
limit. To achieve this business
Russia 437 5.2 organizations, being the most
India 391 4.7 prominent amongst the carbon-
Japan 342 4.1 dioxide emitters have to deal
Germany 221 2.6 with the problem in an effective
Canada 177 2.1 and efficient way. This would
probably involve the following
United Kingdom 171 2.0
three steps :
South Korea 130 1.6
Mexico 123 1.5 Calculating the Carbon
footprint
All Other Countries 3,249 38.8
Global Total 8,379 100.0 The first step of emission
Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from G. Marland, T. A. Boden, and R. J.
reduction should be to ascertain
Andres, “Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions,” Trends: A Compendium of the actual amount of emission.
Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,
2007); BP, Statistical Review of World Energy (London: 2007).   Industries first need to understand
the source and level of the GHG
Carbon footprint consists of their manufacture and eventual emitted from the production
two parts – The Direct/ Primary breakdown. For a country the processes undertaken and
footprint and Indirect/ Secondary total amount of CO 2 release thereafter can begin tracking
footprint; is associated with the carbon these emissions. Companies will
foot print of the individuals and need to find out ways to account
The primary footprint is a
business houses that belong to that for direct and indirect greenhouse
measure of direct emissions of
country. Carbon dioxide emissions gas (GHG) emissions. Direct
CO 2 from the burning of fossil
from fossil fuel burning in top ten emissions occur from those sources
fuels including domestic energy
countries in 2006 are enumerated that are owned and controlled by
consumption and transportation
in Table 1. It is evident from this the companies for example, on
(e.g. car and plane).
table that India accounts for site generation, company owned
The secondary footprint is about 4.7% of the global carbon vehicles etc. Indirect emissions
a measure of the indirect CO 2 dioxide emissions. However, as are sources that are not owned
emissions from the whole the economy expands, the energy and controlled by the company
lifecycle of products that are requirement and the associated such as employees commuting,
used. These are associated with CO 2 emission of India will business travels etc. Carbon Audit
2

36 YOJANA September 2010

as adopted by some industries
help them to find out inefficient
and costly energy practices and
then necessary steps are taken
to identify opportunities for
improvement of methods around
the issue of climate change. Some
meaningful strategies developed
internationally already exist which
definitely can help industries to
calculate their carbon footprint.
DEFRA, the United Kingdom
Department of Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs, along
with Carbon Trust (a government
funded independent company that
helps businesses and the public
sectors to cut emissions and
develop low carbon technologies)
has published a voluntary system
Publicly Available Specification
– 2050 (PAS 2050), a newly
created audit system to help
companies to measure their
carbon footprint. However, the
method for calculating carbon
footprint is very much dependent
on the nature of the industry. So
no single, one type method for
calculation can be prescribed or
adopted by industries belonging
to different categories.
CARBONyatra.com, India’s
only carbon emissions news and
information portal, launched the
country’s first carbon footprint
calculator on 22nd August 2007.
This will enable Indians and
everyone worldwide to check,
YOJANA September 2010 37
calculate and offset their carbon
emissions and fight global
warming. Once people calculate
their emissions, they have the
option to offset the same (per ton
of CO 2) by purchasing carbon
credits through renewable and
carbon reducing projects. Once
the amount of GHG emissions or
size of carbon footprint is known,
strategies can be developed for
its reduction. The first GHG
inventory report will provide a
baseline to compare against the
future improvements in GHG
emissions from the industry.
Reducing carbon footprint
through emission reduction.
Reduction in emission can
be achieved by industries by
adopting any one or more of the
following options. Efforts taken
by some of the Indian industries
in the matter of exercising these
options for contributing towards
the reduction of carbon footprint
have also been illustrated.
Using renewable energy and low
carbon technology:
The development and use of
a wide range of low - carbon
technologies is essential in
achieving the required cuts in
emissions. Many companies are
already installing wind energy,
solar cells and bio-fuels for
ensuring constant supply to their
plants. Ambuja Cements Ltd. is
using biomass as the alternative
source of energy in some of its
plants. Tata Steel Ltd. is using
solar technologies for different
activities in their business. As
many as ten corporate houses such
as Reliance, Videocon, Amrit Bio
Energy, Shyam Group, Tata, Srei
and Amrit Bio Energy have tied
up with the West Bengal Green
Energy Development Corporation
(WBSEDCL) for setting up power
plants that will generate electricity
from alternative sources of energy.
At a number of ITC’s canteen
‘solar heating’ has been adopted
inside the kitchens. All these
practices have definitely helped
these industries in reducing their
Carbon footprint.
A d o p t i n g e n e rg y e f f i c i e n t
technology:
Adopting different energy
e ff i c i e n t t e c h n o l o g i e s h a v e
become quite a common strategy
amongst different companies of
late. In such an endeavor many
companies are taking initiatives
for using energy saving compact
fluorescent lamps (CFL) instead
of the incandescent bulbs. Leading
lamp manufacturer Osram has
taken the initiative of distributing
over 2 million CFL units to the
poor families in Pune district of
Maharastra, Sonepat disrict of
Harayana and Vishakapatanam
in Andhra Pradesh. This will
in turn help in reducing the
individual footprint of these poor
families. CESC Ltd, ITC Ltd,
Tata Steel and National Fertilizer
Corporation Ltd. have adopted
energy efficiency initiatives
like using of energy efficient
lamps and other energy efficient
electrical appliances where on
the other hand ITC Ltd. is using
energy efficient pumps and energy
efficient fans
Efforts at greening
Corporate houses are
discharging their corporate social
responsibility by undertaking
‘greening’ endeavors like
afforestation or planting of
trees, converting wastelands into
plantation area. The adoption
of the said activities help these
companies to sequester CO 2
released in the atmosphere.
These non-energy actions on
the part of the companies help
them to enhance the climate
change mitigation activities and
generate significant employment
opportunities for the rural poor,
all at once. ACC Cement has
planted 3.3 million trees spread
over an area of 1000 acres in
mines, factories and residential
townships. Steel Authority of
India Ltd. has planted around 3
lakhs trees during 2006-07. ITC
continued to rapidly upscale its
farm and social forestry initiatives
and added another nearly 16,000
hectares of plantations in 2007-
38 YOJANA September 2010
08. This initiative has not only
led to raw materials sustainability
for ITC’s Paperboards business,
but has helped to sequester CO2,
thereby making ITC a ‘Carbon
Positive Company”.
Adopting Recycling and use of
recycled products
Products made from recycled
paper, glass, metal and plastic
reduce carbon emissions.
Recycling paper also saves trees.
The lamp manufacturer Osram
are working out a strategy for the
disposal of CFL bulbs with the
Electricity Lamp & Component
Manufacturers Association of
India. ACC Cement has taken
steps for co-processing waste
materials and agro wastes like rice
husk and other husks, bagasse,
used tyres, domestic and hospital
wastes. ITC Ltd. in 2007-08
used 1, 63,245 tonnes of external
wastes papers as raw materials in
its paperboard units. The country’s
biggest car maker Maruti Suzuki
will be manufacturing its entire
fleet of cars in such a way so as
to see that 85% of the car could
be recycled after the end of its
useful life.
Teleconferencing instead of
flying.
Big Indian corporate
houses, for conducting office
meetings have initiated actions
like using teleconferencing or
videoconferencing instead of
traveling by airplane, thereby
saving time and money while also
reducing carbon emissions.
Green Buildings
With growing environmental
consciousness a number of Indian
companies are trying to reduce
their carbon footprint by setting
up green office buildings. Godrej
& Boyce Manufacturing Co. for
example is engaged in the business
of providing consultations to
Tata’s, ACC and Wipro etc in
constructing green buildings. The
“ITC Green Centre” in Gurgaon,
has been certified by US Green
Building Council for Leadership
in Energy& Environment Design
(USGBC- LEED) as the largest
commercial ‘Platinum Rated”
building in the world. The Tata
group has decided that all its
future projects including offices
will go green in coming years. The
Confederation of Indian Industries
(CII) has set up the Indian Green
Building Council (IGBC) more or
less a decade ago.
Offsetting carbon and obtaining
credits for reduction of carbon
emissions by adopting “flexible
mechanisms”
Under Kyoto Protocol, United
Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
members are divided into two
groups: Annex 1countries include
mainly the OECD and eastern
European industrialized countries
and the Non Annex-1 countries
are the developing economies. For
reducing emission of greenhouse
gases, particularly carbon dioxide
carbon offsets can be used to
compensate for the emissions
produced, by funding the
savings of an equivalent amount
of carbon dioxide, somewhere
else on this planet. Offsetting
provides a mechanism to reduce
GHG emissions in the most
cost-effective and economically
efficient manner. Offsetting plays
a vital role in combating climate
change, but is not a complete
solution.
Three emission trading based
‘flexibility mechanisms’ were
adopted to help in minimizing the
global economic cost of achieving
the agreed emission reductions.
They are namely:
l International Emission
Trading that would involve
the transfer of the Assigned
Amounts Units (AAU) among
the Annex 1 countries.
l
Joint Implementation (JI)
involves project based
activities undertaken between
Annex 1 countries.
l
Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) involves
YOJANA September 2010 39
emission reduction projects
undertaken in non Annex- 1
countries. For each tonne of
CO 2 that an industry in the
developing world saves by
adopting cleaner technology
o r e n e rg y e ff i c i e n c y o r
shifting to non-conventional
sources of energy generation,
the United Nation’s body
on climate change gives a
certificate called Certified
Emission Reduction (CER)
to the concerned industry. The
company receiving the CER
can sell the surplus credits
(collected by surpassing the
emission reduction targets)
if any, to entities in the
developed countries either
immediately or through a
future market at a price that
is mutually agreed upon by
both the parties involved
in the deal. In the process
the entities in the developed
countries find it cheaper to
buy “offsetting” certificates
rather than achieving emission
reductions in their own
backyard.
India (a non Annex- 1 country)
at present is the world leader
in the matter of reduction of
GHG through the adoption CDM,
constituting about 26.69 % of
the total world’s carbon trade
through CDM project activities.
Out of the total number of 1540
projects registered worldwide (as
upto 1st April, 2009) 411 projects
are registered from India. In the
matter of obtaining carbon credits
from registered CDM projects,
India occupies a place only second
to China with total no. of CER’s
issued to Indian projects being to
the tune of 60.72 million.
Benefits of reducing Carbon
Footprint:
Business organizations across
the world have come to realize
that carbon saving activities can
translate into real cost savings. In
today’s carbon – conscious world,
companies have already started
enjoying noteworthy business
benefits from reduction of carbon
footprints. The seven most widely
derived benefits are
l
Contribution towards
sustainable development by
reducing carbon emission.
l
Cost Savings – resulting from
lower energy bills and waste
management.
l
Increasing credibility amongst
the customers, shareholders,
investors and other
stakeholders, particularly in
environmentally sensitive
market.
l
Higher profit from savings
of energy costs, avoiding
litigation risks (especially in
 case of pharmaceuticals and
tobacco industries which face
the threat of lawsuits because
of generating significant
carbon emissions).
l
Avoiding direct physical risks
posed by climate change in
the form of floods, droughts,
storms and rising of sea
levels particularly in case of
agriculture and industries like
real estate and tourism that
are exposed to such extreme
climatic events.
l
Reducing supply chain risk by
evaluating the vulnerability
of the suppliers and taking
necessary actions for reducing
energy costs. This prevents
the suppliers from the act
of passing along the carbon
related costs to customers,
thereby benefiting all in one
go.
Analysis and Suggestions:
l
To encourage reduction of
carbon footprint by the Indian
industries, the government
needs to take into consideration
the following aspects while
formulating its policy:
l
Clear cut fiscal incentives
should be introduced to
encourage investment in green
and environment friendly
technologies.
l
To encourage the businesses
to reduce the consumption of
40 YOJANA September 2010
fossil fuel and increase energy
efficiency, government, in the
long run can introduce carbon
tax. A carbon tax is a form of
pollution tax. The government
sets a price per ton of carbon,
and then converts it into tax on
electricity, natural gas or oil.
l Fiscal
benefits like reduced
excise duty should be provided
to the industries using climate
friendly ‘greener’ fuel like
Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG). Along with this tax
incentives can also expedite
the changeover procedure.
l T o induce industries
for building more “green
buildings”, government need
to provide tax benefits to the
key input sectors like steel,
cement etc.
l
Introduction of carbon
labels – labels estimating
the emissions created
by producing, packaging,
transporting and disposing
of a product will give the
companies an opportunity to
demonstrate their commitment
towards reducing the CO 2
emissions embodied in their
products to the environmental
conscious customers.
l
Through CDM projects
Indian industries have a huge
potential to earn foreign
exchange revenue by selling
carbon credits (CER’s) in the
international markets, policy is
not clear as regards to the head
under which the income from
the sale of CER’s should be
taxed. Ambiguity also exists
amongst the tax authorities
regarding the date from which
holding period of CER’s
should be taken into account
- whether from the time of
verification, certification or
sale of CER’s.).
Climate change is rapidly
becoming a dominant issue in
today’s context and business
houses need to adapt strategies
to address these concerns. Carbon
can be used as an indicator of
sustainable performance of
businesses as it is a measure
o f r e s o u r c e e ff i c i e n c y a n d
environmental impact. Companies
by reducing their carbon
footprint can combat climate
change, thereby contributing
towards the growth of green and
sustainable economy and can also
earn revenue and goodwill by
implementing such sustainable
practices. The Indian industries
and the country’s government need
to work together for reducing the
carbon footprint of the industries
so that we can leave behind us
a greener planet for the future
generations. q
(E-mail : debrupa_04@ yahoo.com)
Banking
Urban Cooperative Banks: A Case Study
of Karnataka
he Urban Cooperative
T Banks catering to the
needs of people of
weaker sections in urban
areas are a powerful
means of financial empowerment
and financial inclusion. Urban
The future
Cooperative Banking is based
of UCBs is on the twin model of Banking &
challenging, Cooperation. In spite of immense
heterogeneity in assets, operation
and depends on
area, nature of operation, UCBs
transparency have immense potential to tackle
in control and externalities that inhibit smooth
credit flow at a local level.
operation,
governance, In 2003, with RBIs liberal
licensing policy, there were 1,941
customer-centric UCBs and their deposits and
policies, technology- advances were to the tune of Rs. 1,
upgradation and 01,546 crore and Rs. 64,880 crore
respectively. Licensing of new
efficiency UCBs was banned from 2004 and
The author is a Research Fellow in the Ministry of Commerce, Govt of India
YOJANA September 2010 41
Anaysis
Amrita Saha
consolidation was encouraged.
This, together with the chain
effect of a major UCB scam
has resulted in a decline in the
number of UCBs. As on March
2009, there were 1,721 Urban
Cooperative Banks with 1,58,733
crores worth deposits, of which
53 were Scheduled commercial
banks.
UCBs are grappling with the
threat of ever increasing Non–
Performing Assets and dismal
finances and suffering from
certain incessant weaknesses as
unsound governance, unethical
lending, and high level of loan
defaults. The Reserve Bank of
India is considering their mergers
with the public sector banks as
despite poor performance, these
banks forward the targets for
Financial Inclusion. In this light, it
is imperative to assess and remedy
their situation, as in an era of
intense competition UCBs must
explore new ways of increasing
incomes and survive to keep
supporting the poor or semi-poor
urban populace.
A recent ‘Working Group
on Umbrella Organization and
Constitution of Revival Fund
for Urban Cooperative’ of the
RBI was formed in 2008. It
recommends the formation of an
umbrella organization to provide
the services of fund management,
investment banking, management
consultancy, ATM networks,
capacity building services etc. An
emergency Fund Facility Scheme
and a Revival Fund has also been
put forth.
The present case study from
Karnataka is based on first-hand
qualitative and quantitative data
from the UCBs, secondary data
from RBI Offsite Surveillance
System, Bank’s Balance Sheets &
RBI Inspection reports. A survey
of the selected UCBs in June 2009
yielded meaningful insights.
A questionnaire was designed
based on the Central Bank
guidelines and the Memorandum
of Understanding for UCBs.
Previous findings in available
literature and the aspects of capital
42 YOJANA September 2010
adequacy, asset quality, liquidity,
management, and earnings were
assessed. Based on the study,
recommendations are made on the
future and scope for the UCBs.
8 UCBs in Bangalore City were
selected for the purpose of study.
Profitability in terms of Returns
on Assets (RoA) rose for 5 out of
8 banks with the highest growth
of 3.7%. However, it has risen
only by a very small percentage
which indicates that the banks
should attempt to make better
use of available funds. Operating
Efficiency had fallen for 5 out of 8
banks. Cost of funds fell for 6 out
of 8 banks and Return on Equity
fell for 7 out of 8 banks.
Thus profitability had fallen
in terms of ability of the banks
to generate adequate returns.
The Banks should therefore
attempt to improve returns. It
can be concluded that for the
banks chosen as a case study in
Bangalore, performance in terms
of Returns on Assets & Returns
on Equity has been far from
satisfactory. On the other hand
progress in terms of reduction in
cost of funds has been good but
efficiency in operation was low.
Thus, the banks must attempt
efforts to improve profitability by
corrective steps.
A particular Grade-1 UCB,
Mahila Co-op bank in Karnataka,
from its very inception catered
to women of weaker sections of
society and took rapid strides
in terms of profitability. Its
Profits rose by 8% from 2003-
2007 with a high current rate of
Returns on Assets at 1.92%. The
bank attributed this progress to
successful deployment of funds
for loans, the progress in terms of
recovery by constituting recovery
teams that made daily visits. It
had formulated various kinds of
deposit schemes such as Recurring
Deposit Schemes, Mahila Nidhi
etc to suit its customers. A recent
initiative was the Daily Deposit
Scheme introduced in April-09 in
order to further attract deposits.
The Board consisted of 11 members
including 2 professional directors
who define policies for the bank.
The future course of action of the
bank was in terms of framing new
deposits & loan schemes & be able
to sustain & augment profitability
further. This was the perfect case
of a well functioning UCB. In
general most Mahila Cooperative
Banks were performing well
in Karnataka. A Grade-2 Bank,
Kalidasa Co-op bank had shown
remarkable progress under RBI
directives since 2005-06. Since
then the bank made a turnaround
with better recovery efforts &
improved deployment of surplus
funds. There is an increase in
deployment of funds towards
advances that earn more interest
& investment portfolio has come
down. Operating profits have
shown an increase. The bank
attributes its increase in profits
to profitable use of surplus
funds. Importance is given to
NPA Recovery with setting up
of recovery teams & recovery
camps every week. Unproductive
expenditures have been avoided
& the bank is in a position to
declare dividends. A Grade-3
bank, Anjaneya Co-op bank had
accumulated losses to the tune of
117.43 Crores with a net NPA of
16%. The bank attributed this to
poor recovery efforts. Verification
& post-sanction supervision had
not been up to the mark. The bank
was as a result unsuccessful in
attracting new depositors. In the
future the bank expects to meet
the losses over a period of 3 years.
One of the Grade–4 banks, which
does not wish to be named, was
facing repercussions of an earlier
fraud and was under huge losses
as a result. However it had well-
designed policies on all fronts
in terms of deposit Mobilization
Campaigns, loans & investments,
training etc. This particular bank
has the capability of becoming
a grade 1 bank once it meets its
losses. The proposed Umbrella
Organization can facilitate the
grade-3 and grade-4 banks in this
direction in future.
In Mysore district in terms
profits, from 2004 – 2008, the
% growth was large & positive
for most of the banks among the
10 UCBs. The performance of
Mysore UCBs can be seen in Table
1. The highest % growth in profit
was at 373% from 4 lakhs in 2005
to 19.3 lakhs in 2007. Assessed
CRAR was 29.8%, much above
the regulatory requirement of 9%
as on March 2007. It has moved
from a grade-3 (2005) to a grade-1
bank (2007) and continues as a
grade-1 bank on account of net
NPAs at 8%. Aggregating the
profits of all the Mysore UCBs &
observing them over time shows
a continuous increase from 2004
to 2008. There been an increase of
80% in operating profits for all the
10 Mysore UCBs together.
As per March 2008 reports, for
the 17 UCBs in Bijapur district,
the profits rose by 218.66 %. The
performance of Bijapur UCBs can
be seen in Table 1. A Grade-3 bank
is the most profitable bank with a
gross profit of Rs 641.68 lakhs. It
has moved from a grade-4 (June-
04) to a grade-3 bank (Mar-07)
and continues as a grade-3 bank on
account of net NPAs above 15%.
The Net Profit stood at Rs 155.33
lakhs on March 2008. Gross &

TABLE-1: PERFORMANCE OF MYSORE & BIJAPUR UCBs

MYSORE BIJAPUR
Interest Total Interest Total
Year Profits Year Profits
Incomes Assets Incomes Assets
2004 2806.52 27211 570.28 2004 6,332.74 51511.8 303.8

2005 2931.28 28068.8 635.849 2005 2,389.90 50613.6 209.67

2006 3036.01 30175.2 831.07 2006 5018.19 54562.1 288.41

2007 2977.31 33771.8 888.58 2007 5694.78 50377.4 317.74

2008 3772.82 39637.1 1026.58 2008 5882.02 54422.9 968.08

%GROWTH 34.43 45.67 80.01 %GROWTH -7.12 5.65 218.66

Source - Compiled from OSS and Reports from RBI and UCBs.

YOJANA September 2010 43

Net NPAs were high & stood
at 44.1% & 25.1 respectively.
The Bank had been superseded
by RCS Karnataka. With a net
worth of Rs 2031.87 lakhs the
bank had adequate assets to meet
its liabilities as on March 2009.
However the bank did not have
adequate CRAR. The operating
Profit rose by 95.2% from 2002-
2008. Income fell by 28.9% from
2002-2008 and Expenditure also
decreased by 94.3% .Thus, this
bank has been performing well
in spite of inadequate capital
adequacy. Its Operating profits
have risen by means of rising
spread & falling expenses. It has
thus moved from Grade – 4 to
Grade-3.
Therefore, from the
performace of the UCBs in
Bangalore , Mysore and Bijapur
in Karnataka we can reinstate
the fact that an increasingly
transforming socio-economic
milieu and shifting socio-
economic paradigms necessitate
the Urban Cooperatives to
become constant innovators.
Introduction of new schemes
at attracting deposits have met
with considerable success in the
districts of Mysore and Bijapur.
It was observed that a major
reason for the good performance
of the grade-1 & grade-2 banks
in Karnataka was the profitable
44 YOJANA September 2010
fund deployment & successful
recovery efforts. It can be said
that improving interest & non-
interest incomes by exploring new
business opportunities should be a
constant endeavour for improving
profits.
An Urban Cooperative Bank
must strive to ensure financial
stability. Sound Fund Deployment
Strategy is the first and most
essential step to maintain profits.
Better & improved recovery efforts
to keep NPA levels under control
and certain innovative schemes
such as recovery camps are a
fruitful step in this direction.
Operational Costs must be
kept within limits by following
budgeted policies and strict budget
control. Efficient & personalized
customer services and products
suitable to local needs must
be undertaken. Appropriate
& affordable technology by
assessing the in-house capabilities
for provision of IT products &
services should be combined with
competent policies for recruitment
& training of staff.
Issue of Demand Drafts
& Telegraphic Transfers and
remittance of funds through tie-
ups with commercial banks may
also be explored. Collection
and payment of utility bills like
telephone, corporation taxes etc
on behalf of customers are a good
source of income and would
generate goodwill. Insurance
business could be taken up on
referral basis (not bear risk).
Conduct of foreign exchange
business is allowed on fulfilment
of certain conditions and can be
a profitable proposition. RBI has
now allowed UCBs that have
signed MOUs and registered under
Multi-State Co-operative Societies
Act to enter into agreements with
Mutual funds for marketing units.
This may be undertaken by the
bank to improve incomes.
Demat Services after duly
applying to SEBI and fulfilling
certain criteria is a good opportunity
for increasing incomes provided
the bank possesses the requisite
expertise & technology. Issue
of Bank Guarantees & Letters
of credit (intermediate between
buyers & sellers) may also be used
to earn incomes.Making lending
rules more responsive to current
profits and projections of future
profits may be a way to both target
better and guard against potential
NPAs.
The future of UCBs is
challenging, and depends on
transparency in control and
operation, governance, customer-
centric policies, technology-
upgradation and efficiency. q
(E-mail : amrita.sa3188@gmail.com)
North east diary
MG-NREGA empowers rural arunachal

P
rior to the last two-three years, the rural population in this hilly Northeastern State of Arunachal
were very much inclined to migrate to the towns in search of their daily bread and butter because of
negligible industrial growth, rampant poverty and the apathy of the administration. But now they are,
to some extent, reasonably effervescent and can make both ends meet, including their kids' education and
health needs.
This is thanks to the UPA Government's populist job guarantee programme, MG-NREGA. It is significantly
contributing to their gradual, but steady, social and economic empowerment. The hilly State of Arunachal
Pradesh had started implementing the MG-NREGA in three phases-first in February 2006 covering the
district of Upper Subansiri, in second phase two districts- Lohit and Changlang (April 2007) and remaining
13 districts from the year 2008.
Altogether, 86,893 rural households were provided employment till March 2010 with this issuance of
1,64,464 job cards and the number of households demanding wage employment is 1,32,298 during the last
financial year. so much so that these work-force, especially women in this male-dominated tribal society,
now open and manage their accounts in banks or post offices, and some of them are in the process of gaining
a rudimentary education.
The womenfolk, who remained oppressed so far, have now become economically independent-earning
their own living and also deciding how to spend it, unlike earlier, when the men would take all decisions. In
fact, even their children's health is improving given that they can now choose to spend their money where it
is needed.
The Centre's job guarantee scheme had pushed women to step out of the four walls to do manual works
being taken up by the authorities in their locality. q

Cooperative Ventures on Upswing

C
ooperative Movement was launched in the State way back in 1904, but the movement has
seen rapid growth only after Meghalaya attained statehood in 1972. In recent times, the Co-
operative Movement has taken a new direction after the Government introduced several programmes
and schemes to support it. In Meghalaya, there are 1339 Cooperative societies, of which 179 are Primary
Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS) and the number is further expected to increase in the coming
days.
Meghalaya still needs to achieve a lot for the successful functioning of different Cooperative societies.
Coopetative Society in the state has done well as they have started their own consumer stores and their
turn-over is around Rs 2 crore annually.
To further boost the societies whose prime activities are piggery, the Government has recently
launched a Japanese technology "Vokshi" as a pilot project which besides reducing the foul smell also
increases the size of pigs to 80 kgs in 7-8 months. The technology has been introduced in one piggery
unit in Upper Shillong and two piggery units in Ri-Bhoi District.
Another success story is the formation of the Mawkyndeng Women's Group which has been the catalyst
for the formation of about 200 Self Help Groups (SHGs). Their products consists of exquisite bamboo crafts
which find a market in different parts of the country including Bangalore. q

YOJANA September 2010 45

shodh yatra
Auto Stopper for LPG gas stove
magine your mother
I is alone at home and
is away in the garden
waterin g t h e p l a n t s .
She has kept a dish in
the pressure cooker on the gas
requiring one whistle. But the
whistle sound does not reach
the garden. The dish gets over
cooked and the gas is being burnt
unnecessarily. To solve these
problems, Davalsab, a twenty
The principle year old student with multiple
consists of talents, has come up with an auto
stopper, which senses the whistles
modifying the and at preset numbers,gives an
alarm and turns off the knob of
driving actions so
the gas-stove.
that the controls Childhood achievements
are transferred Davalsab Ladammanavar,
to hand by use of was a good student in his school
days. he was also a very talented
leverage, wires child, an accomplished painter
and linkage and a state level swimmer. Born
with a scientific temperament
mechanism and abundant creativity, he never
46 YOJANA September 2010
missed any chance to take part
in science exhibitions. When
he was in class five,he made a
boat model that was different
from the commonly used boats
in the state. This was published
in local newspapers and his
interview was also aired on the
All India Radio. Next he made a
customized model of a truck for
an exhibition in class nine. He
wanted to put the truck model
in the science exhibition but the
teachers did not allow him as they
did not find it worthy enough for
presentation. He took this insult
as a challenge and thought of
coming up with a good exhibit
for the next function. He used to
watch Discovery and National
Geographic channels very keenly
and happened to participate in one
of the competitions which invited
entries regarding innovative
designs of planes. The reward
was a chance to visit the NASA,
USA. He participated but did not
win the competition.

In class ten he designed the

model for of the auto stopper
for gas. The idea for this came
when he noticed the losses in
LPG at his home when mistakenly
or carelessly, the gas regulator
remained open even after the
required time for cooking. His
school teachers, S. Gaonkar,
Hullur, Prakash & Hadli supported
him and motivated him His friend,
Manjunath, was his partner in
the first exhibition. Though
This device prevents food from being over-cooked,
in the exhibition, they did not
saving fuel, time, energy and money.
win any award but many media
person, both print and electronic, preset time is over. This device to work towards achieving it. He
interviewed them. will also give alarm signal when wants to develop modern rifles
Auto Stopper for LPG Gas the gas stove is switched off. This and certain other equipments for
Stove device prevents food from being the defence forces utilizing the
over-cooked, saving fuel, time, knowledge gained during the
It is an electrical device with energy and money. NCC days. On the other hand,
timer controller to stop the gas
he also wants to come up with
flow according to the preset time. There are different devices
other innovations to address the
The timer switches off the gas available in literature that cut
problems of the teeming millions
regulator after cooking. It has off the gas supply but they are
like proper drinking water and
digital display system for cookers stand alone devices. However, the
present innovation is a retrofitting ways of filtering hard water,
to count the number of whistles
device that can be attached to energy related issues, automatic
too.The cooking time for different
existing gas stoves. In addition,it brakes when the vehicle runs out
varieties of rice or different dishes
has the option to provide an alarm of control and an ambulance,
can be preset with the clock and
and also to count and display the which can run fast even in
this system will automatically
number of whistles while using bad and dumpy roads. He is
switch off the gas once the cooking
pressure cooker. A patent (73/ hopeful that his mechanical
is done. This system also gives
CHE/2009)has been filed by NIF engineering education would be
an alarm when the gas stove is
in his name. able to provide him necessary
switched off.It consists of two
technical knowledge to
DC motors powered by a 12 volt Till now he has done about make his dreams for the country
battery with an analog clock. The six experiments and plans to do come true. q
timer is connected to the knob of a lot many in future. He feels
the stove with thread. The timer strongly for Dr A P J Abdul (E-mail : campaign@nifindia.
will switch off the knob once the Kalam’s 2020 dream and wants org, www.nifindia.org)

YOJANA September 2010 47

 INDIA : MEDAL TALLY OVER THE YEARS
Commonwealth Games
Year Gold Silver Bronze Total Position
1930 - - - - -
1934 0 0 1 1 12
1938 0 0 0 0 -
1950 - - - - -
1954 0 0 0 0 -
1958 2 1 0 3 8
1962 - - - - -
1966 3 4 3 10 8
1970 5 3 4 12 6
1974 4 8 3 15 6
1978 5 5 5 15 6
1982 5 8 3 16 6
1986 - - - -
1990 13 8 11 32 5
1994 6 11 7 24 6
1998 7 10 8 25 7
2002 30 21 17 68 4
2006 22 17 10 49 4
Total 102 97 72 271

Asian Games
Year Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank
1951 15 16 20 51 2
1954 4 4 5 13 5
1958 5 4 4 13 7
1962 12 13 27 52 3
1966 7 4 11 22 5
1970 6 9 10 25 5
1974 4 12 12 28 7
1978 11 11 6 28 6
1982 13 19 25 57 5
1986 5 9 23 37 5
1990 1 8 14 23 12
1994 4 3 15 22 8
1998 7 11 17 35 9
2002 10 12 13 35 8
2006 10 17 26 53 8
Total 114 152 228 494 4

48 YOJANA September 2010

 Olympics
Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank
1900 Paris 0 2 0 2 17
1904 St. Louis did not participate -
1908 London did not participate -
1912 Stockholm did not participate -
1920 Antwerp 0 0 0 0 -
1924 Paris 0 0 0 0 -
1928 Amsterdam 1 0 0 1 24
1932 Los Angeles 1 0 0 1 19
1936 Berlin 1 0 0 1 20
1948 London 1 0 0 1 22
1952 Helsinki 1 0 1 2 26
1956 Melbourne 1 0 0 1 24
1960 Rome 0 1 0 1 32
1964 Tokyo 1 0 0 1 24
1968 Mexico City 0 0 1 1 42
1972 Munich 0 0 1 1 43
1976 Montreal 0 0 0 0 -
1980 Moscow 1 0 0 1 23
1984 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 -
1988 Seoul 0 0 0 0 -
1992 Barcelona 0 0 0 0 -
1996 Atlanta 0 0 1 1 71
2000 Sydney 0 0 1 1 71
2004 Athens 0 1 0 1 65
2008 Beijing 1 0 2 3 50
Total 9 4 7 20

YOJANA September 2010 49

 YE-9/10/4

50 YOJANA September 2010

do you know?
THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES
What is the history of the
Commonwealth Games ?
These Games, formerly
known as the British Empire
Games, were first held in 1930 in
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The
name changed to British Empire
and Commonwealth Games
in 1954, and later to British
Commonwealth Games in 1970.
Since 1978, they are known
as the Commonwealth Games.
The Commonwealth Games are
a unique, world class, multi-
sport event held once every
four years amongst the member
countries and territories of the
Commonwealth.The three core
values of the Commonwealth
Games movement are Humanity,
Equality and Destiny, which
were adopted by the Games
movement in 2001. These values
inspire and unite millions of
people and symbolize the broad
mandate for holding the Games
within the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth Games
Federation (CGF) has 71
member nations and territories
called Commonwealth Games
Associations (CGAs) which
includes India
What are the major highlights
of the XIX Coomonwealth
Games to be held at Delhi from
3rd to 14th October, 2010 ?
The Games will be held in 17 +
1 ( Elite Athletes with Disability)
YOJANA September 2010 51
disciplines. Around 8000 sports
persons will participate. 2000
media persons are likely to attend.
Approximately 100,000 visitors
are expected for the Games. The
entire Games will be covered
in High Definition Television.
Television audience of two billion
people across world will watch
the Commonwealth Games.
New Media Rights such as Pay
TV, Internet and telephony will
ensure the widest possible reach.
These Games will be Green
Games promoting renewable
energy Resources, reduction of
carbon emissions and sustainable
.development
Which are the sports that
will be played in the Delhi
Commonwealth Games ?
Competitions will be held
in seventeen sports –Aquatics,
Archery, Athletics, Badminton,
Boxing, Cycling, Gymnastics,
Hockey, Lawn Bowls, Netball,
Rugby sevens, Shooting, Squash,
Table Tennis, Tennis, Weightlifting
and Wrestling.
What is the significance of
Queen’s Baton Relay ?
Queen’s Baton Relay is a
very important tradition of the
Commonwealth Games. It started
in 1958 in Cardiff, Wales, and has
since then been the curtain raiser
to every Coomonwealth Game,
growing in scale and grandeur
over the years and evolving
to symbolize the unity and
diversity of the Commonwealth
of nations. The relay starts with
a ceremony at Buckingham
Palace where Her Majesty Queen
Elizabeth II hands over the baton
with her message to the players
to the first relay runner. The relay
ends at the opening ceremony of
the games where the Queen’s
message is read out. Initially the
relay would visit only England
and the host country, but since
the Kuala Lumpur Games in
1998, the relay has been moving
through other member countries
as well. The Melbourne 2006
Queen`s Baton Relay was the
world`s longest, most inclusive
relay. It visited all 71 member
countries, travelling a distance
of more than 180,000 km in a
year and a day.
The Queen`s Baton Relay 2010
Delhi started from Buckingham
Palace on 29 October 2009 and
will end 340 days later at the
Opening Ceremony of the XIX
Commonwealth Games 2010
Delhi on 3 October 2010. During
this period the baton will visit
the home of one third of the
world’s population and cover a
distance of more than 190,000
kilometres. This marathon event
will involve travelling for 240
days through the other 70 nations
 of the Commonwealth, before
spending 100 days visiting all the
capital cities in India’s 28 states
and seven union territories.
The Queen’s Baton 2010
Delhi represents a fusion of
handcrafted elements, precision
engineered body, and intricate
hand layered soil pattern. The
shape and design of the baton is
created using a triangular section
of aluminium which has been
twisted in the form of a helix and
then coated with a diverse range
of coloured soils collected from
all corners of India. Culminating
at the pinnacle of the Queen’s
Baton 2010 Delhi is a precious
jewellery box containing the
Queen’s ‘message to the athletes’
engraved onto a miniature 18 carat
gold leaf, representative of the
ancient Indian ‘patras’. Modern
laser technology known as micro
calligraphy has been used for the
first time to reproduce the Queen’s
message. The Baton also has
the ability to capture sound and
images, can record messages and
is fitted with LED lighting and
GPS system.
What do the Delhi Games mascot
and emblem signify ?
The logo of the Delhi
Commonwealth games is inspired
by the chakra, the symbol of
freedom, unity and power. The
upward spiral depicts India’s
growth into a proud and vibrant
nation powered by the coming
together of her over a billion
people. The tagline “Come out
and Play” is an invitation to
all to let go of themselves and
participate in the Games to the
best of their abilities, in the true
sprit of the Games. I It is also a
call to the people of India to play
the perfect hosts to the visitors.
Shera, the Games mascot
represents the modern Indian.
He is an achiever with a positive
attitude, a global citizen but
justifiably proud of his nation’s
ancient heritage, a fierce
competitor but with integrity
and honesty. Shera is also
a ‘large-hearted gentleman’
who loves making friends and
enthusing people to ‘come out
and play’. q

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52 YOJANA September 2010