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Operational Amplifiers
Analysis
Analysis
Design
Design
&&
Applications
Applications
1
Op-Amps
For a certain application an input signal of frequency 100Hz must be
amplified without distortion. The amplified signal is to be fed to a load of
resistance 100kΩ.
Design an inverting amplifier for the above case with the following additional
characteristics:
1. Voltage gain Av = 12
2. Maximum input current Ii = 250 micro A RMS
3. Frequency range f = 20Hz – 2.5kHz
4. Load Resistance Rl = 100 kΩ
5. Maximum input voltage Vi = 500 mV RMS.
2
Backward Engineering
What must be done to implement the system?
Determine:
Determine:
3
Backward Engineering
What must be done to determine the type of op-amp
required?
Determine:
1. The parameters of the op-amp that is required.
needed ?
-V−
Electronic device:
• which amplifies the differential input signal
• Has a high gain
• Has high input impedance
• Has a low output impedance.
5
Op-Amp basics
1. Differential Voltage Gain.
Vo Io Po
A v 20⋅ log A i 20⋅ log A P 10⋅ log
Vi
Ii Pi
6
Op-Amp basics
2. Input and Output Impedance
i(-) _
Inverting
RO
Vi Output
Ri
~ VO = AvVi
Noninverting
i(+) +
The Slew rate determines the highest sine wave frequency, fSR, that can be
amplified without waveform distortion or the maximum rate at which the input
must change to avoid distortion.
SR
fSR Vomax – maximum peak to peak voltage
π ⋅ Vomax swing
SR – slew rate of the device given in V/s
SR fSR⋅ π ⋅ Vomax
8
Op-Amp basics
4. Frequency response and Bandwidth
R1 R1
Vin − −
Vout Vout
+ Vin +
10
Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
iF RF
i1 R1
-
+ + +
vin ~ vO
_ RB RL -
The inverting amplifier, under normal operation, amplifies and inverts the
input signal that appears in the inverting input of the op-amp.
RB – compensation resistor, which compensate for errors caused by the
some bias current flow.
11
Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
During analysis of a close-loop inverting op-amp, the following parameters must
be determined:
iF RF
i1 R1
-
1. Voltage gain, Av
+ + +
vin ~ vO
2. Input impedance, Zi, and input current, Ii _ RB RL -
12
Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
Analyse the close loop inverting op-amp for which: RF
iF
RB = R1 = 2.7kΩ, Rf =33 kΩ and RL = 47 kΩ,
i1 R1
The dc supply Vcc = ±15V and SR = 0.5V/µs -
i1 R1
-
Zi R1 2.7kΩ +
vin ~
+ +
vO
_ RB RL -
Vi 500 mV
Ii 185.2 µA
R1 27 kΩ
14
Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
4. Maximum output voltage swing – determined by the saturation voltage (~Vcc)
Vomax (
Vsat − −Vsat )
Vsat Vcc − 2 Vomax ( 15 − 2) − ( −15 + 2) 26V
5. Maximum input voltage swing – determined by the output voltage swing and
the gain v
Vomax 26 13V
Vimax 2.13 V
Av 12.2
t
-13V
Maximum peak to peak input
voltage.
15
Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
6. Slew rate limiting frequency fSR
SR 0.5
fSR 6.12 kHz
π ⋅ Vomax π ⋅ 26
For all input sinusoidal signals with frequency f > fSR, the output signal will be
non sinusoidal
v
desired output
waveform
actual output
16
Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
7. Output impedance, ro
For ideal op-amps the output impedance is zero, but for real devices the output
impedance is non-zero. It is defined by the open loop gain and the open loop
impedance and the close loop resistances.
(R1 + Rf )⋅ rol ro
( 2.7 k + 33 k ) ⋅ 75
0.99 Ω
ro rol – open loop 1000 ⋅ 2.7
A ol ⋅ R 1 impedance given
in datasheets, 75Ω
Aol – open loop gain which is defined by the unity gain frequency and the
input signal frequency.
ol
fUG fUG – parameter of ol 1
A ol component, fUG 1MHz
A ol 1000
f available in f 1kHz
datasheet
17
Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
7. Bandwidth – BW is restricted in practical circuits due to the close-
loop resistors.
f UG ⋅ R 1 1 MHz ⋅ 2.7 k
BW 75.6 kHz
R1 + R f 2.7 k + 33 k
Av = 12.2
18
Design of inverting
Op-Amp circuits.
iF RF
i1 R1
-
+ + +
vin ~ vO
_ RB RL -
19
Design of close loop circuit
Design an inverting amplifier for the above case with the following additional
characteristics: R iF F
1. Voltage gain Av = 12 R1
i1
-
2. Maximum input current Ii = 250 micro A RMS
+ + +
3. Frequency range f = 20Hz – 2.5kHz vin ~ vO
_ RB RL -
20
Design Procedures
During design process, the unknown
parameters should be identified.
In our case the following parameters
must be determined: Given parameters
1.The input resistance, R1 • Voltage gain Av
2.The feedback resistance, RF • Maximum input current Ii
3.The supply voltage, Vcc • Frequency range f
4.The compensation resistor value, RB • Load Resistance Rl
5.The slew rate, SR • Maximum input voltage Vi
6.The unity gain frequency, FUG
RF A v ⋅ R1 12⋅ 2⋅ kΩ 24⋅ kΩ 22
Design of Inverting Op-Amps
3. Supply voltage, Vcc
The supply voltage
F v is 1determined from the maximum output voltage swing.
iF RF
Vout
i1 R1
Av -
Vin
+ + +
vin ~ vO
Vout Vi⋅ A v 500mV⋅ 12 6⋅ V⋅ ( RMS) _ RB RL -
iF RF
RF ⋅ R1
i1 R1
RB
RF + R1 -
+ + +
vin ~ vO
24k ⋅ 2 k _ RB RL -
RB 1.8kΩ
24k + 2k
24
Design of Inverting Op-Amps
5. The Slew rate.
The slew rate is affected by the highest frequency and the maximum output
voltage.
SR π ⋅ fmax⋅ Vomax
Vomax (
Vout − −Vout ) 2⋅ 8.5 17V
Amplified output voltage
fU 2.5kHz at maximum frequency
V
SR π ⋅ 2.5kHz⋅ 17V 0.13
µs
Note: The slew rate of the component must be greater than the calculated slew rate.
25
Design of Inverting Op-Amps
6. The unity gain frequency, fUG
The unity gain frequency generally determines the bandwidth of a close loop
circuit.
(
BW ⋅ R1 + RF )
F UG
R1
2.5kHz⋅ ( 2k + 24k)
F UG 32.5kHz
2k
Note: The unity gain frequency of the component must be greater than the
calculated one.
26
Design of Inverting Op-Amps
Rf 24kΩ
iF RF
R1 2kΩ
i1 R1
-
RB 1.8kΩ
+ + +
vin ~ vO
_ RB RL - Vcc 12V
Vcc −12V
RL 100kΩ 27
Analysis and Design
of Non-Inverting
Amplifier
28
Non-Inverting Op-Amp basics
Inverting Op-Amp Non-Inverting Op-Amp
iF RF iF RF
i1 R1 i1 R1
- -
+ + + + +
vin ~ vO + vO
_ RB RL - vin ~ RB RL -
_
29
Analysis of Non-Inverting Op-Amp
basics
For the non-inverting op-amp only two characteristics are different compared
to the inverting op-amp.
R1
Rf Zi ROL⋅ A OL⋅
Av 1+ R1 + Rf
R1
ROL – open loop input
impedance
AOL – open loop gain
30
Design of Non-Inverting Op-Amp
basics
Design principle is similar to inverting amplifier.
There are endless combinations of RF and R1 that will produce the desired
circuit voltage gain.
Generally one resistor is fixed and the second one is computed using the
gain and the fixed resistance. (R1 ~ 1-10kΩ)
31
Tutorial
Design an inverting amplifier for the above case with the following additional
characteristics:
1. Voltage gain Av = 20
2. Maximum input current Ii = 300 micro A RMS
3. Frequency range f = DC – 2.5kHz
4. Load Resistance RL = 50 kΩ
5. Maximum input voltage Vi = 500 mV peak.
32
Tutorial
Design an non-inverting amplifier for the above case with the following
additional characteristics:
1. Voltage gain Av = 15
2. Frequency range f = DC – 2.5kHz
3. Load Resistance RL = 100 kΩ
4. Maximum input voltage Vi = 500 mV peak.
33