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Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

Analysis
Analysis
Design
Design
&&
Applications
Applications
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Op-Amps
For a certain application an input signal of frequency 100Hz must be
amplified without distortion. The amplified signal is to be fed to a load of
resistance 100kΩ.

Design an inverting amplifier for the above case with the following additional
characteristics:
1. Voltage gain Av = 12
2. Maximum input current Ii = 250 micro A RMS
3. Frequency range f = 20Hz – 2.5kHz
4. Load Resistance Rl = 100 kΩ
5. Maximum input voltage Vi = 500 mV RMS.

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Backward Engineering
What must be done to implement the system?
Determine:

1. The type of op-amp component (open-loop circuit),


2. The necessary resistors for the close-loop circuit.

What must be done to determine the type of op-amp


required?

Determine:

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Backward Engineering
What must be done to determine the type of op-amp
required?
Determine:
1. The parameters of the op-amp that is required.

Which type of op-amp is

needed ?

What specifications are What is an op-amp and what are

needed ? its parameters?


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Forward Engineering - Op-Amp
basics
+V+
What is an op-amp?
7
inverting input
2
− 6
output
non-inverting input +
3 4

-V−

Electronic device:
• which amplifies the differential input signal
• Has a high gain
• Has high input impedance
• Has a low output impedance.

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Op-Amp basics
1. Differential Voltage Gain.

The voltage gain is the amount of amplification given to the difference in


voltage appearing between the input terminals.
Vo
Av
Vi− − Vi
Vo
Vi+ +
Vi Viplus − Viminus

 Vo   Io   Po 
A v 20⋅ log   A i 20⋅ log  A P 10⋅ log  
Vi
   Ii  Pi
 
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Op-Amp basics
2. Input and Output Impedance

i(-) _
Inverting
RO
Vi Output
Ri
~ VO = AvVi
Noninverting
i(+) +

Ri – high input impedance to decrease the input current


Ro – almost zero output impedance such that all the output voltage is
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across the load.
Op-Amp basics
3. Slew Rate (SR) given in V/s

The Slew rate determines the highest sine wave frequency, fSR, that can be
amplified without waveform distortion or the maximum rate at which the input
must change to avoid distortion.

SR
fSR Vomax – maximum peak to peak voltage
π ⋅ Vomax swing
SR – slew rate of the device given in V/s
SR fSR⋅ π ⋅ Vomax

 

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Op-Amp basics
4. Frequency response and Bandwidth

Open-Loop frequency response


The frequency response
describes how the amplification
varies with changes in the input
frequency.

Bandwidth is the range of


fu fuG frequencies that can be amplified
by a close loop op-amp such
that the power gain is more than
Close-Loop frequency twice.
response Bandwidth BW Fu − Fl
fuG – unity gain frequency, Av(dB) = 0
Fu – upper limit of frequency
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Analysis of Op-Amps
Feedback for Op-Amps

Positive feedback – Generally creates saturation of Op-Amp


Negative feedback – Provides more stability in the output.

Configuration of inverting and non-inverting amplifier


Rf Rf

R1 R1
Vin − −
Vout Vout
+ Vin +

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Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
iF RF

i1 R1
-

+ + +
vin ~ vO
_ RB RL -

The inverting amplifier, under normal operation, amplifies and inverts the
input signal that appears in the inverting input of the op-amp.
RB – compensation resistor, which compensate for errors caused by the
some bias current flow.
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Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
During analysis of a close-loop inverting op-amp, the following parameters must
be determined:
iF RF

i1 R1
-
1. Voltage gain, Av
+ + +
vin ~ vO
2. Input impedance, Zi, and input current, Ii _ RB RL -

3. Maximum input and output voltage swing


4. Slew rate limiting frequency, fSR
5. Output impedance, ro, and output current, Io
6. Bandwidth, BW

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Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
Analyse the close loop inverting op-amp for which: RF
iF
RB = R1 = 2.7kΩ, Rf =33 kΩ and RL = 47 kΩ,
i1 R1
The dc supply Vcc = ±15V and SR = 0.5V/µs -

FUG = 1MHz and Vi = 500mV peak, f=1kHz + + +


vin ~ vO
_ RB RL -

1. Determine the Voltage gain, Av.


Vi Vo
+ 0
R1 Rf  33⋅ 103 
Vi − Vo A v −  = ⋅ −12.2
 2.7⋅ 103 
2.7⋅ 10 
R1 Rf  
Vo − Rf  33⋅ 103 
Av A vdB := 20⋅ log  = 21.743
Vi R1  3
 2.7⋅ 10  13
Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
2. Input impedance, Zi – impedance seen by the source Vi
iF RF

i1 R1
-

Zi R1 2.7kΩ +
vin ~
+ +
vO
_ RB RL -

3. Input current, Ii – current supplied by the voltage source

Vi 500 mV
Ii 185.2 µA
R1 27 kΩ

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Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
4. Maximum output voltage swing – determined by the saturation voltage (~Vcc)

Vomax (
Vsat − −Vsat )
Vsat Vcc − 2 Vomax ( 15 − 2) − ( −15 + 2) 26V

5. Maximum input voltage swing – determined by the output voltage swing and
the gain v

Vomax 26 13V
Vimax 2.13 V
Av 12.2
t

-13V
Maximum peak to peak input
voltage.
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Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
6. Slew rate limiting frequency fSR

SR 0.5
fSR 6.12 kHz
π ⋅ Vomax π ⋅ 26

For all input sinusoidal signals with frequency f > fSR, the output signal will be
non sinusoidal

v
desired output
waveform

actual output

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Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
7. Output impedance, ro
For ideal op-amps the output impedance is zero, but for real devices the output
impedance is non-zero. It is defined by the open loop gain and the open loop
impedance and the close loop resistances.

(R1 + Rf )⋅ rol ro
( 2.7 k + 33 k ) ⋅ 75
0.99 Ω
ro rol – open loop 1000 ⋅ 2.7
A ol ⋅ R 1 impedance given
in datasheets, 75Ω
Aol – open loop gain which is defined by the unity gain frequency and the
input signal frequency.
ol
fUG fUG – parameter of ol 1
A ol component, fUG 1MHz
A ol 1000
f available in f 1kHz
datasheet
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Analysis of Inverting Op-Amps
7. Bandwidth – BW is restricted in practical circuits due to the close-
loop resistors.
f UG ⋅ R 1 1 MHz ⋅ 2.7 k
BW 75.6 kHz
R1 + R f 2.7 k + 33 k

Av = 12.2

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Design of inverting
Op-Amp circuits.
iF RF

i1 R1
-
+ + +
vin ~ vO
_ RB RL -

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Design of close loop circuit

Design an inverting amplifier for the above case with the following additional
characteristics: R iF F

1. Voltage gain Av = 12 R1
i1
-
2. Maximum input current Ii = 250 micro A RMS
+ + +
3. Frequency range f = 20Hz – 2.5kHz vin ~ vO
_ RB RL -

4. Load Resistance Rl = 100 kΩ


5. Maximum input voltage Vi = 500 mV RMS.

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Design Procedures
During design process, the unknown
parameters should be identified.
In our case the following parameters
must be determined: Given parameters
1.The input resistance, R1 • Voltage gain Av
2.The feedback resistance, RF • Maximum input current Ii
3.The supply voltage, Vcc • Frequency range f
4.The compensation resistor value, RB • Load Resistance Rl
5.The slew rate, SR • Maximum input voltage Vi
6.The unity gain frequency, FUG

Necessary to identify the type of


component required 21
Design of Inverting Op-Amps
1. Input resistance, R1
The input resistance is determined by the input voltage Vi and the
RF
input current. iF
f
i1 R1
Vi 500 ⋅ mV -
R1 2 ⋅ kΩ + +
250 ⋅ µA
+
Ii vin ~ vO
_ R
B RL -

2. The feedback resistance, RF


The feedback resistance is determined by the gain and the input resistance.
−RF
Gain Av
R1

RF A v ⋅ R1 12⋅ 2⋅ kΩ 24⋅ kΩ 22
Design of Inverting Op-Amps
3. Supply voltage, Vcc
The supply voltage
F v is 1determined from the maximum output voltage swing.
iF RF
Vout
i1 R1
Av -
Vin
+ + +
vin ~ vO
Vout Vi⋅ A v 500mV⋅ 12 6⋅ V⋅ ( RMS) _ RB RL -

Vout 6V⋅ ( RMS) 2⋅ 6 8.5⋅ Vpeak

The supply must always be greater Vcc > Vout


than the maximum output voltage
swing by at least 2V, therefore
Vcc 12⋅ V
Vcc = ± 12V 23
Design of Inverting Op-Amps
4. The compensation resistor.
The compensation resistor reduces errors in the output due to voltage drop in the
input caused by the dc supply. Its value is obtained using the given formula:

iF RF
RF ⋅ R1
i1 R1
RB
RF + R1 -

+ + +
vin ~ vO
24k ⋅ 2 k _ RB RL -
RB 1.8kΩ
24k + 2k

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Design of Inverting Op-Amps
5. The Slew rate.
The slew rate is affected by the highest frequency and the maximum output
voltage.

SR π ⋅ fmax⋅ Vomax

Vomax (
Vout − −Vout ) 2⋅ 8.5 17V
Amplified output voltage
fU 2.5kHz at maximum frequency

V
SR π ⋅ 2.5kHz⋅ 17V 0.13
µs

Note: The slew rate of the component must be greater than the calculated slew rate.
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Design of Inverting Op-Amps
6. The unity gain frequency, fUG

The unity gain frequency generally determines the bandwidth of a close loop
circuit.

BW FU − FL 2.5kHz − 20Hz 2.5kHz

(
BW ⋅ R1 + RF )
F UG
R1

2.5kHz⋅ ( 2k + 24k)
F UG 32.5kHz
2k

Note: The unity gain frequency of the component must be greater than the
calculated one.

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Design of Inverting Op-Amps
Rf 24kΩ
iF RF
R1 2kΩ
i1 R1
-
RB 1.8kΩ
+ + +
vin ~ vO
_ RB RL - Vcc 12V

Vcc −12V

RL 100kΩ 27
Analysis and Design
of Non-Inverting
Amplifier

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Non-Inverting Op-Amp basics
Inverting Op-Amp Non-Inverting Op-Amp

iF RF iF RF

i1 R1 i1 R1
- -
+ + + + +
vin ~ vO + vO
_ RB RL - vin ~ RB RL -
_

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Analysis of Non-Inverting Op-Amp
basics
For the non-inverting op-amp only two characteristics are different compared
to the inverting op-amp.

1. Voltage gain, Av. 2. Input impedance, Zi – impedance


seen by the source

 R1 
Rf Zi ROL⋅ A OL⋅  
Av 1+  R1 + Rf 
R1
ROL – open loop input
impedance
AOL – open loop gain
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Design of Non-Inverting Op-Amp
basics
Design principle is similar to inverting amplifier.

Slight difference in design!

There are endless combinations of RF and R1 that will produce the desired
circuit voltage gain.

Generally one resistor is fixed and the second one is computed using the
gain and the fixed resistance. (R1 ~ 1-10kΩ)

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Tutorial

Design an inverting amplifier for the above case with the following additional
characteristics:
1. Voltage gain Av = 20
2. Maximum input current Ii = 300 micro A RMS
3. Frequency range f = DC – 2.5kHz
4. Load Resistance RL = 50 kΩ
5. Maximum input voltage Vi = 500 mV peak.

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Tutorial

Design an non-inverting amplifier for the above case with the following
additional characteristics:
1. Voltage gain Av = 15
2. Frequency range f = DC – 2.5kHz
3. Load Resistance RL = 100 kΩ
4. Maximum input voltage Vi = 500 mV peak.

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