Assumptions in the ANOVA

ANOVA is valid only when the following assumptions

Presentation Title
Data Goes Here
Transformation are met:
…presentation subtitle.
• Additive Effects
• Independence of errors
Leilani Nora
Assistant Scientist - Assured by proper randomization
Crop Research Informatics Laboratory
International Rice Research Institute • Homogeneity of variance
• Normal distribution

2 :: color, composition, and layout

Assumptions in the ANOVA Data Transformation

Most common violation in the ANOVA is the homogeneity of

variances. If this assumption is not met, most often the Commonly used transformations
normality and additive assumptions are also violated.

Transforming the data often homogenizes the variances and • Logarithmic Transformation
consequently solves the problem of non-additive effect and • Square-root Transformation
non-normality of variances.
• Arc Sine Transformation

3 :: color, composition, and layout 4 :: color, composition, and layout

 Variable (Y) Transformation Example Variable (Y) Transformation Example
Yield and yield No transformation Tiller no. Small whole numbers No. of infested plants
components 100 grain weight per plot
Percent filled grains No. of insects caught
Panicle number in traps
No. of weeds per plot
Percentage data % whiteheads
% survival All obs. > 10 Sqrt (Y)
Some obs. < 10 Sqrt (Y+.5)
0 – 20 Sqrt(Y)
Whole numbers that No. of insects per plot
80 – 100 Sqrt(100-Y) cover a wide range No. of egg masses per
30 – 70 No transformation plant
Other ranges Arcsin(sqrt(y/100)) All obs. > 10 Log(Y)
For obs = 0% Replace with 25/n Some obs. < 10 Log(Y+1)
For obs = 100% Replace with 100-25/n
5 :: color, composition, and layout 6 :: color, composition, and layout

PLOT OF LS RESIDUALS AGAINST FITTED VALUES

..............................................................
: :
: :
: * :
: * :
8. -: * :
: :
: * * :
: 2 * * * * :
: 2 * * :
0. -: * * * ** :
: * * * * * :
: ** * * ** :
: * * :
: * :
-8. -: * :
: :
: :
: :
: * :
-16. -: :
:............................................................:
: : : : : :
-5. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20.

7 :: color, composition, and layout 8 :: color, composition, and layout

 A pattern or trend in the
distribution of points in the
residual plot may be
encountered indicating
transformation is needed.

A satisfactory residual plot should give this overall impression

9 :: color, composition, and layout 10 :: color, composition, and layout

before transformation after transformation

PLOT OF LS RESIDUALS AGAINST FITTED VALUES PLOT OF LS RESIDUALS AGAINST FITTED VALUES
.............................................................. ..............................................................
: : : * :
: : : * :
: * : : * :
: * : : ** :
8. -: * : 6. -: * * *:
: : : * * * * :
: * * : : * * * :
: 2 * * * * : : * * * * * * :
: 2 * * : : * * * :
0. -: * * * ** : 0. -: * * * :
: * * * * * : : * * :
: ** * * ** : : * * 2 :
: * * : : * * :
: * : : * * * :
-8. -: * : -6. -: * * :
: : : * * * * * :
: : : * :
: : : * :
: * : : * :
-16. -: : -12. -: :
:............................................................: :............................................................:
: : : : : : : : : : : :
-5. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 72.5
11 :: color, composition, and layout 12 :: color, composition, and layout