Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
A clock is an instrument for measuring and indicating the time. The word
"clock" is derived ultimately (via Dutch, Northern French, and Medieval Latin)
from the Celtic words clagan and clocca meaning "bell". For horologists and
other specialists the term "clock" continues to mean exclusively a device with a
striking mechanism for announcing intervals of time acoustically, by ringing a
bell, a set of chimes, or a gong. A silent instrument lacking such a mechanism
has traditionally been known as a timepiece. In general usage today, however, a
"clock" refers to any device for measuring and displaying the time which, unlike a
watch, is not worn on the person.
In this document we are going see about different types of watches, its
working and mechanism, etc; and we and going to talk about the different brands
and market of watch.
Through this ITP we have implied all the knowledge that we have gained in this
semester.
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Sundial:-
An Egyptian sundial from about 1500 BC provides the earliest evidence of the
division of the day into equal parts. Marks on the dial link the length of the
gnomon's shadow to a standardized unit. The ancient Egyptians also made the
first sundials resembling the round, flat one shown here. Before the division of
the day-night period into 24 equal hours became accepted practice, the number
of hours counted during any period o f daylight was held constant across the
seasons; thus, an hour in summer lasted longer than an hour in winter because
the daylight period itself was longer.
Timepieces were status symbols in ancient Greece and Rome. Donors of public
sundials had their names inscribed on the instruments, and wealthy Romans
during the reign of Augustus Caesar carried pocket sundials just over an inch in
diameter.
Sundials had to be specially made for different latitudes because the Sun's
altitude in the sky decreases at higher latitudes, producing longer shadows than
at lower latitudes. Not everyone in the ancient world realized this. A sundial
brought to Rome (41°54' N) from Catania, Sicily (37°30' N), in 263 BC told
Romans the incorrect time for almost 100 years.
Clepsydra :-
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In the clepsydra shown here, a floating pointer indicates the hour on a drum
marked with lines. Spacing between the lines on the drum varies to represent
seasonal changes in hour length. When the float tank emptied automatically at
midnight each day, the water running out of the tank through a siphon turned a
wheel that set the drum's position correctly for the new day. The float tank was
filled from a reservoir in which a constant pressure was maintained by means of
a steady water supply and a runoff outlet.
A clepsydra could not be used to "find" the time--that is, to identify the hour in
terms of the Earth's rotation. It could only measure predetermined periods, such
as the time allotted for a speech in court, or an hour whose length had been
established with an astrolabe or other "time-finding" tool.
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Astrolabe :-
The astrolabe, or "star grasper," was a very early handheld analog computer, a
great advance in the ability to find and measure time. An astrolabe contains two
models of the celestial sphere, the rete and the tympan, which can be used
together to solve various problems of location and distance, as well as time. The
astrolabe is based on the ingenious map made by the Greek astronomer
Hipparchus about 150 BC. Hipparchus constructed his map by imagining a
perpendicular line connecting each star to a point on a plane corresponding to
the plane of the Earth's equator. The map preserved the angular relationships
among the stars and made it possible to build celestial models like the rete and
tympan. The astrolabe itself never caught on as a popular timepiece, owing in
part to the disapproval of Christian theologians who saw it as an instrument of
the devil.
An astrolabe is a set of movable plates that includes the rete, an openwork map
showing the ecliptic, or path of the sun, and the brightest stars, and the tympan,
an engraving of the principal coordinates of the celestial sphere, such as the
horizon and the meridian. Measurements made in different latitudes required the
use of different tympans. The alidade and rule were used to mark the altitudes of
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stars and to make readings from the scales engraved on the mater
(backplate).First, a bright star's altitude is measured using the alidade and the
altitude scale engraved on the back rim of the mater. Then, the rete is rotated
until the mapped star lines up with the correct altitude marker on the tympan. If
the star used is the Sun, the rete is rotated until the correct date on the ecliptic is
aligned with the altitude marker. The rule is then used to read the time from the
rim of the mater.
Candle Clock :-
(First recorded mention late 9th century AD; probably much older)
Among the earliest human inventions, candles provided another way to tell time
indoors, at night, or on a cloudy day. Like water clocks, candle clocks couldn't be
used to find the time, but the sides of candles could be marked to indicate the
passage of predetermined periods of time.
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King Alfred the Great of England has been credited with inventing graduated
candles in the late 9th century to divide his day into equal periods of study and
prayer, royal duties, and rest. Before candle clocks made an appearance in
Europe, however, it is likely that they were in use in the East, as were sundials
and water clocks.
During the Sung dynasty in China (960-1279), calibrated candles and sticks of
incense measured time. In one 18th- or 19th-century incense clock, six threads
with weights on either end were draped over an incense stick at regular intervals.
As the incense burned, the threads burned one by one and the weights dropped
to a sounding plate below. Sticks of incense with different scents might be used
at different times, so that the hours were marked by a change in fragrance.
A candle clock could be transformed into a timer by sticking a heavy nail into the
candle at the mark indicating the desired interval. When the wax surrounding the
nail melted, the nail clattered onto a plate below.
Sand Glass:-
The sandglass, with its sifting grains, embodies our perception of time's
slipperiness.
Since its invention at some unknown point prior to the 14th century, the
sandglass has worked the same way. Dry particles flow from one cuplike end of
a glass vessel to the other through a tiny passage about ten times wider than any
single particle. Powdered eggshell, marble dust, and sand have served as the
medium.
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From the beginning, sandglasses were used to measure cooking times, as they
are today. In the past, sandglasses also figured prominently in the conduct of
legal, municipal, and intellectual affairs. When public meeting times in European
towns began to be set by clocks near the end of the 14th century, sa ndglasses
were used to assess the punctuality of attendees. Sandglasses determined the
durations of sermons, academic lectures, and even periods of torture.
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(BC. 1270s)
The date of the first mechanical clock, as well as the name of its inventor,
remains a mystery. To pinpoint when and where the weight-driven clock was
invented, scholars have relied on indirect clues, among them an explosion in
European clock construction that began about 1309 with the clock of the Church
of St. Eustorgio in Milan.
The driving weight is suspended from a cord wound around the main gear shaft,
or barrel. As gravity pulls the weight down, the barrel turns, driving the escape
wheel.
The true innovation of the weight-driven clock was the escapement, the system
that mediated the transfer of the energy of the gravitational force acting on the
weights to the clock's counting mechanism. The most common escapement was
the verge-and-foliot.
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The wheel advances until it is caught again by the bottom pallet, and the process
repeats itself. The actions of the escapement stabilize the power of the
gravitational force and are what produce the tick-tock of weight-driven clocks.
Spring-driven clocks brought timekeeping out of the tower and into the home. In
contrast to their weight-driven predecessors, spring-driven clocks were small--
and portable. Their openness to miniaturization led to the development of the first
watches in the late 15th century.
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Despite their advantages, the new timepieces were still prone to considerable
inaccuracy. Because of this, many watches were fitted with a sundial and a
compass as a backup. At fault was the mainspring itself, the source of the clock's
power. The force exerted by the spring slackened as it unwound; as a result, the
clock ran fast when the spring was fully wound but progressively slower as it
released.
Pendulum Clock:-
Clocks counted seconds for the first time in the second half of the 17th century.
Until the invention of the pendulum clock, mechanical clocks were unable to
count even minutes reliably.
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In the early 1580s, Galileo observed that a given pendulum took the same
amount of time to swing completely through a wide arc as it did a small arc.
Recognizing the value of applying this natural periodicity to time measurement,
Galileo began work on a mechanism to keep a pendulum in motion in 1641, the
year before he died. But it was the Dutch mathematician and astronomer
Christiaan Huygens who successfully combined the pendulum and a typical
escapement of the period to produce the first pendulum clock in 1656.
By 1671, a new type of escapement was making even greater accuracy possible
in pendulum clocks. The anchor escapement swung back and forth with the
pendulum, its pallets alternately catching and releasing the escape wheel. With
the clock's movements regulated by the natural period of the pendulum, an even
more accurate count was possible, with a loss of only a few seconds per day.
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Quartz Watch:-
FIG:QUARTZ MECHANISM
Before the invention of the quartz clock, a second had been defined as
1/86,400 of a mean solar day--that is, of the average duration of one rotation of
the Earth. The quartz clock itself did not provide a new definition of the second,
but its precision helped scientists identify irregularities in the Earth's rotation that
showed our planet was not a reliable baseline for timekeeping.
The reason that quartz clocks did not redefine the second is that the oscillations,
or vibrations, of quartz crystals begin to drift over a long period. This drifting can
be due to temperature changes, impurities in the quartz, or the cumulative effects
of the vibrations. The new second would have to wait for the appearance of the
atomic clock.
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fields. Inside a quartz watch, electric current from the battery causes the quartz
crystal to vibrate. A microprocessor divides down the high frequency to a much
slower electrical pulse that is transmitted to the coil. The current pulsing through
the coil activates a tiny magnet, which switches rapidly back and forth in time
with the pulse. As the magnet switches back and forth, it turns a small pinion that
controls the watch's gear train, completing the conversion of the crystal's
vibration to mechanical movement.
(1955,
Britain's
National
Physical
Laboratory)
Inside a cesium clock, cesium-133 atoms are heated to a gas in an oven. Atoms
from the gas leave the oven in a high-velocity beam that travels toward a pair of
magnets. The magnets separate the atoms according to whether they are
available to absorb or release energy.The atoms that can absorb energy are
directed through a microwave cavity where they are exposed to radiation with a
frequency very close to 9,192,631,770 cycles per second, which is the frequency
of the radiation emitted or absorbed by a cesium-133 atom as it shifts from one
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energy state to another. Some of the atoms absorb energy from the microwaves.
These atoms are then pushed by another set of magnets toward a detector. A
servomechanism monitors a feedback loop between the detector and an
oscillator. This feedback tunes the microwave frequency until it exactly matches
the radiation frequency of the cesium atoms, maximizing the number of atoms
that reach the detector. Once the microwave frequency is locked into the cesium
atoms' frequency, it is then divided down to a frequency that can be used to mark
time accurately to a few billionths of a second.The principle underlying the
cesium clock is that all atoms of cesium-133 are identical, and when they absorb
or release energy, the radiation produced by individual atoms has exactly the
same frequency, which makes the atoms perfect timepieces. Whereas seconds
counted by the Earth's rotation are never identical, atomic seconds are--always.
In 1967, the 13th General Conference of Weights and Measures formally
redefined the second as "9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to
the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-
133 atom." Ever more precise timekeeping is not simply a pet project of science.
Without the atomic clock, the vast, complex networks coordinating electrical
power distribution, communications, and transportation throughout the world
would not be possible.
Invention of Clocks:-
In 1656, 'Christian Huygens' (Dutch scientist), made the first 'Pendulum clock',
with a mechanism using a 'natural' period of oscillation.
In 1657 he developed the balance wheel and spring mechanism of the clocks
which is even found in the present clocks and wrist watches.
Eli Terry Sr. was the first person to receive the patent for a shelf clock
mechanism in 1790.
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ANALOG CLOCKS:-
Analog clocks usually indicate time using angles. The most common clock
face uses a fixed numbered dial or dials and
moving hand or hands.
The 10-hour clock was briefly popular during the French Revolution, when
the metric system was applied to time measurement, and an Italian 6 hour clock
was developed in the 18th century, presumably to save power (a clock or watch
chiming 24 times uses more power).
Alarm Clock
The first mechanical clocks were made in the 14th century, and were large
monumental clocks. Household clocks were in use by 1620 and some of them
had alarm mechanisms. The alarm is simple in concept, typically having a cam
that rotates every 12 hours. It has a notch into which a lever can fall, releasing a
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train of gears that drives a hammer, which repeatedly hits a bell until it runs down
or is shut off (many alarms have no shutoff control).
The earliest alarm clock I found reference to is a German iron wall clock
with a bronze bell, probably made in Nuremberg in the 15th century. This clock is
19 inches tall and of open framework construction. It needed to hang high on the
wall to make room for the driving weight to fall. Other alarm clocks from the
1500's are in existence. See “The Clockwork Universe, German Clocks and
Automata 1550 - 1650,” Maurice and Mayr, 1980, Smithsonian, Neale Watson
Academic Publications, New York.
Pendulum Clocks:-
Cuckoo Clocks:-
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A cuckoo clock is a clock, typically pendulum driven, that strikes the hours using
small bellows and pipes that imitate the call of the Common Cuckoo in addition to
striking a wire gong. The mechanism to
produce the cuckoo call was installed in
almost every kind of cuckoo clock since the
middle of the eighteenth century and has
remained almost without variation until the
present.
Talking Clocks:-
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• Astronomical Clocks
• Grandfather Clocks
• Tide Clocks
• Stop Watch
DIGITAL CLOCKS:-
Most digital clocks use an LCD or LED display; many other display technologies
are used as well (cathode ray tubes, nixie tubes, etc.). After a reset, battery
change or power failure, digital clocks without a backup battery or capacitor
either start counting from 00:00, or stay at 00:00, often with blinking digits
indicating that time needs to be set. Some newer clocks will actually reset
themselves based on radio or Internet time servers that are tuned to national
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atomic clocks. Since the release of digital clocks in the mainstream, the use of
analog clocks has dropped dramatically.
Parts Of A Clock
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3. Balance
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4. Escapement
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5. Mainspring Barrel
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8. Dials:-
• Ceramics
• Metals
• Wood
• Glass
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10. Hands:-
Hands include the Minute, Hour and Second hands which shows us the time. X
They are of different types based on the design and nature of clocks.
Numerals or Dots can be found in each and every clocks.They may be atached
with the ring or can be free.They are also of various types based on the design.
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Materials Used
1) PLASTICS-
Advantages
Plastics provide the following advantages for product designers and
manufacturers:
• Stiffness or Ductility
• Low Weight
• High Manufacturing Throughput
• High Reproducibility of Parts
• Electrical Insulation Design Flexibility
• High Strength and Toughness
• Corrosion Resistance
• Reduced Manufacturing Costs
• Almost Any Color or Surface Texture Waterproof
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Property Value
Density (g/cm3) 1.06
Surface Hardness RR107
Tensile Strength (MPa) 42
Flexural Modulus (GPa) 2.4
Notched Izod (kJ/m) 0.4
Linear Expansion (/°C x 10-5) 8
Elongation at Break (%) 8
Strain at Yield (%) 2.5
Max. Operating Temp. (°C) 70
Water Absorption (%) 0.3
Oxygen Index (%) 19
Flammability UL94 HB
Volume Resistivity (log 16
ohm.cm)
Dielectric Strength (MV/m) 20
Dissipation Factor 1kHz 0.008
Dielectric Constant 1kHz 2.7
HDT @ 0.45 MPa (°C) 98
HDT @ 1.80 MPa (°C) 89
Material. Drying hrs @ (°C) 4 @ 90
Melting Temp. Range (°C) 250 - 285
Mould Shrinkage (%) 0.6
Mould Temp. Range (°C) 40 - 80
Advantages
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Disadvantages
Temperature profile and mould surface temperatures need to be
kept higher than for standard ABS grades. This is in order to ensure good
surface finish for subsequent electroplating & also to minimize moulded in
stresses. Mould release agents should not be used as they affect plating
behavior. Regrind should not be used for items to be electroplated
because of possible flaws in surface finish.
Chemical Formula-Cr
Physical Properties
Property Value
Density 8.44 g/cm3
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Chemical properties
Advantages
Plastics provide the following advantages for product designers and
Manufacturers:
• Stiffness or Ductility
• Low Weight
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Modulus of elasticity
200 GPa
in tension
Specific thermal
478 J/kg.K
capacity
Co-efficient of
1-100°C 11.1 ìm/mK
thermal expansion
4. STAINLESS STEEL
Physical properties
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Advantages
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Common Defects:-
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Mechanical Watch
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overcoil design). (6) The alignment pins used to locate the balance cock
accurately on the main plate.
• Winding
FIG
The positioning of the keyless-works parts for winding is shown in the green
numbering. (1) The crown is pushed in, (2) the setting lever swings in, (3) the
opposite end of the setting lever swings out allowing (4) the return lever to (5)
slide the clutch into engagement with the winding pinion.
The red arrows show the power flow from (1) the stem, to (2) and (3) the clutch,
to (4) the winding pinion, and then on to the crown gear and mainspring barrel
(blue arrow).
During hand setting, all parts move in the direction opposite the green arrows.
This brings the clutch into contact with the intermediate wheel, which drives the
minute wheel, cannon pinion, and hour wheel.
The keyless works can be among the most beautiful parts of the mechanical
watch.
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• Working of Click
While the movement itself prevents the mainspring unwinding from the outer
(barrel) end, the ratchet prevents unwinding from the inner (arbor) end.
FIG
The click is thus designed to prevent the ratchet wheel from rotating clockwise
while allowing counter-clockwise movement (for winding).
The click spring maintains tension on the click in the clockwise direction. The
very typical two-toothed click design, illustrated, prevents the click from holding
the mainspring at absolute full tension. When the crown is released after winding,
the click is rocked counter-clockwise (against the click spring) by the large tooth
and the small tooth engages and locks the ratchet wheel. This allows the ratchet
wheel and arbor to rotate slightly clockwise. This action relieves a bit of tension in
the mainspring and prevents excessive tension that might cause the transmission
of too much power to the gear train and, thus, knocking of the balance wheel.
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FIG
The conical pivot (1) requires two jewels for a bearing, a cap jewel (5) and
pierced jewel (6). Unlike the cylindrical pivot, the conical pivot has no "shoulder"
and uses the cap jewel to determine end-shake of the wheel pinion (3). This
arrangement provides lower friction than the single-jewel cylindrical pivot
arrangement. Generally, friction on the conical pivot occurs only at the tip of the
pinion on the lower cap jewel (3) or, in a vertical position of the watch (a
horizontal position of the pinion) on the thin edges of the holes in the two pierced
jewels (6). The conical pivot is usually used on the balance wheel and,
sometimes, on the escape wheel. The balance (and, when provided, escape
wheel) anti-shock assembly uses a conical pivot with cap and pierced jewel.
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The cylindrical pivot (1) has the advantage of simplicity, robustness, and low
cost. The friction of the cylindrical pivot is relatively high compared to the two-
jewel arrangement used with the conical pivot. This friction results from the
relatively thick jewel hole (2) and the pivot shoulder rubbing on the backside of
the jewel (3) on the lower pivot (depending on the position of the watch).
The cylindrical pivot is used for the mainspring barrel and gear train of the watch.
The balance wheel usually uses a conical pivot, as does the escape wheel in
many finer watches.
2. Quartz clock
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In quartz watch the oscillator is a quartz crystal, which has the property
that it vibrates in the presence of an electric field. The high frequency of the
vibrations means that a quartz timekeeper is very accurate – to within about one
minute a year.
FIG
The quartz is used in an electrical circuit, where its rate of oscillation is carefully
regulated. Although the properties of quartz had been discovered towards the
end of the 19th century (and were used, for example, in early radio sets), it was
not until the 1960s that it became possible to manufacture integrated circuits
small enough to be used in wristwatches.
Quartz crystals have been in regular use for many years to give an
accurate frequency for all radio transmitters, radio receivers and computers.
Their accuracy comes from an amazing set of coincidences: Quartz -- which is
silicon dioxide like most sand -- is unaffected by most solvents and remains
crystalline to hundreds of degrees Fahrenheit. The property that makes it an
electronic miracle is the fact that, when compressed or bent, it generates a
charge or voltage on its surface. This is a fairly common phenomenon called the
piezoelectric effect. In the same way, if a voltage is applied, quartz will bend or
change its shape very slightly. If a bell were shaped by grinding a single crystal
of quartz, it would ring for minutes after being tapped. Almost no energy is lost in
the material. A quartz bell -- if shaped in the right direction to the crystalline axis
-- will have an oscillating voltage on its surface, and the rate of oscillation is
unaffected by temperature. If the surface voltage on the crystal is picked off with
plated electrodes and amplified by a transistor or integrated circuit, it can be re-
applied to the bell to keep it ringing.
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A quartz bell could be made, but it is not the best shape because too
much energy is coupled to the air. The best shapes are a straight bar or a disk. A
bar has the advantage of keeping the same frequency provided the ratio of
length to width remains the same. A quartz bar can be tiny and oscillate at a
relatively low frequency -- 32 kilohertz (KHz) is usually chosen for watches not
only for size, but also because the circuits that divide down from the crystal
frequency to the few pulses per second for the display need more power for
higher frequencies. Power was a big problem for early watches, and the Swiss
spent millions trying to bring forward integrated-circuit technology to divide down
from the 1 to 2 MHz the more stable disk crystals generate.
The major difference between good and indifferent time keeping is the initial
frequency accuracy and the precision of the angle of cut of the quartz sheet with
respect to the crystalline axis. The amount of contamination that is allowed to get
through the encapsulation to the crystal surface inside the watch can also affect
the accuracy.
The electronics of the watch initially amplifies noise at the crystal frequency. This
builds or regenerates into oscillation -- it starts the crystal ringing. The output of
the watch crystal oscillator is then converted to pulses suitable for the digital
circuits. These divide the crystal's frequency down and then translate it into the
proper format for the display.
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FIG
• Drill a hole through the material you are working with, attach a hanger and
rubber washer to movement.
• After inserting movement shaft through hole of dial, screw barrel nut on
firmly.
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Causes of Pollution:-
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Market Watch
S. No BRANDS
1 Ajanta
2 Samay
3 Sonam
4 Hmt
5 Alwyn
6 Rochees
7 Q&Q
S.No BRANDS
1 Citizen
2 Chelsea
4 Fossil
5 Swiss Army
6 Movado
7 Howard Miller
8 4D
9 Alessi
Designer Clocks:-
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Brands like FOSSIL and MOVADO also produces fashionable clocks for interior
décor.
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The mainsprings of present-day mechanical clocks are made from metals that
resist breakage and rust. Synthetics have replaced precious stones in jeweled
bearings. Cases have been perfected that seal out both dust and moisture.
Cases have been perfected that seal out both dust and moisture.
The Braille clocks for the blind, which has sturdy hands not covered with a
crystal, and raised dots on the dial to mark the hours. New sources of power,
such as sunlight, body heat, and atomic energy, are being investigated in current
horological research.
• Inspiration Clocks
• Info Clocks
• Image Reminder Clocks
• Shop Clocks
• Mood Clocks
• Digital Wallet Clocks
• Webcam Clocks
• Baby Monitor Clocks
• Landmark Reminder Clock
• Clocks are made from metals that resist breakage and rust .
• Cases have been perfected that seal out both dust and moisture.
• The Braille clocks for the blind, which has sturdy hands not covered with a
crystal, and raised dots on the dial to mark the hours.
• New sources of power, such as sunlight, body heat, and atomic energy,
are being investigated in current horological research.
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• The most recent clock developed is the ATOMIC CLOCKS which help in
maintaining the accurate time up to the micro seconds.
Future Clocks
Scratch Resistance Technology:-
The crystal is the clear covering over the face and hands of the clocks. The
material used in making the crystal determines its scratch resistance. These
types of crystals are generally used in clocks:
These new Eco-Drive clocks will never need to have the battery replaced.
Sunlight and any artificial light are absorbed through the crystal and dial. A solar
cell beneath the dial converts any form of light into electrical energy to power the
watch. With regular exposure to light, Eco-Drive continuously recharges itself for
a lifetime of use. Eco-Drive's revolutionary lithium-ion rechargeable battery stores
enough energy to power the watch for an astonishing six months (even in the
dark.) Since Eco-Drive technology is based on harnessing the power of light - a
truly renewable energy source - and no replacement batteries are ever needed,
Eco-Drive is environmentally friendly. It's the green way to tell time. No batteries
to change.
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Conclusion
From this Integrated Term Project we understood the application of the
different modules we had come across in this semester. Also, we got an
opportunity to do an in-depth study on the wrist watches which helped us in
getting a lot of information about the product.
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Glossary
ANALOG
An analog clock is simply a clock that has "hands". Analog watches may
have a second hand which moves in a continuous motion or no second hand at
all. On some style clocks when the second hand moves at two second intervals
it is a signal that the battery is low and needs to be replaced.
DIGITAL
An "LCD" clock uses a liquid crystal display to display to display the time. The
numbers are usually gray or black on a lighter background.
An "LED" clock uses a light emitting diode to display the time. This style
watch usually has a button that you press to see the time and the numbers are
bright red.
QUARTZ
A quartz clock is the most common watch in the marketplace today, it runs on
a battery. A tiny quartz crystal in the watch vibrates at a very stable frequency
which keeps the time instead of the traditional mechanical movement.
MECHANICAL
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AUTOMATIC
MOON
A moon clock has a second dial that rotates behind the regular dial which has
an opening in it. The rotating dial that changes as the dial rotates showing the
various phases of the moon or the sun during the day and the moon at night.
CHRONOMETER
ANALOG
A timepiece with dial, hands and numbers or markers indicating the 12 hour time
span. The standard clock design.
ANTI- MAGNETIC
BASE METAL
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BEZEL
The ring around the dial of a clock that can hold the crystal in place. In some
watches (e.g., diver's watches) this can be rotated to show elapsed time as other
functions.
CABOCHON CROWN
A rounded semi-precious stone or synthetic material usually black, fitted into the
watch crown as an ornament.
CALENDAR
A clock feature that shows the date and sometimes the day of the week and the
month. It can be displayed through a cut-out window in the dial, as a sub-dial with
small hands indicating the day/ date feature or by digital readout.
CALIBRE
The size and factory number of a particular clock movement. The number
denoting the calibre is displayed on the case back of a Pulsar watch and is the
first four digits before the hyphen in an eight-digit number.
CASE
CHRONOGRAPH
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Another name for stopclock. This feature allows one to record the time of an
event starting from zero, and to stop and start or go back to zero at the push of a
button.
DIAL
The plate set behind the hands and over the movement of a clock designed with
numbers or markers indicating the time divisions.
DIGITAL
Any clock that shows the time in numbers instead of by hands on a dial. The
numbers appear in LCD (liquid crystal display) which shows a continuous reading
or in LED (light-emitting diode) which shows time at the push of a button.
ELECTROPLATING PROCESS
Process of covering metal articles with a film of other metals. The article is
immersed in a chemical solution; electric current (D.C.) flows through the solution
from a piece of metal (anode) to the article (cathode), depositing metal thereon
by electrolysis. Metals which can be used for plating are: 1) gold-a precious
metal generally yellow in color; 2) chrome-can be white or black; 3) palladium-a
precious metal, generally white; 4) ruthenium-also a precious metal but usually
gray.
HANDS
The pointing device anchored at the center and circling around the dial indicating
the hours, minutes, seconds and any other special features of the watch.
Alpha Hands: A slightly tapered hand.
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Wall Clocks
LUMINOUS
QUARTZ
A bezel ring which can turn either one way (counter clockwise) or both ways and
generally clicks into
position.
SAPPHIRE CRYSTAL
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Wall Clocks
A crown which aids water resistance by sealing the crown against the case. The
seal is achieved by the matching of a threaded pipe on the case with the crown's
internal threads and gasketing while twisting the crown to lock it into place.
SELF-WINDING
An automatic clock that winds itself from the motion that occurs when it is worn
on the wrist.
SHOCK RESISTANT
SOLAR
Light is converted into energy by a solar panel. This energy can be stored for up
to six months in a rechargeable battery.
SOLID STATE
A timepiece with no moving parts. All digital watches are 100%solid state. Analog
watches combine solid state circuits with moving parts.
STRAP
A wheel on a clock partially shown through a cut-out window indicating a sun and
moon on a 24-hour basis.
TITANIUM
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Wall Clocks
Titanium is a space age metal that is twice as strong and half as light as stainless
steel. It is also non-allergenic, extremely resistant to salt water and other forms of
corrosion, and able to withstand extreme temperatures.
WATER RESISTANT
A water resistant clock will withstand water pressure up to a depth of 100 feet.
This is the equivalent of three atmospheres. The use of the term "Water Proof" is
expressly forbidden under the F.T.C. guidelines. A term that may be used if a
watch is sufficiently impervious to water or moisture so that at the point of
purchase, that watch could successfully withstand tests as specified by the
Federal Trade Commission
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