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Wall Clocks

INTRODUCTION

A clock is an instrument for measuring and indicating the time. The word
"clock" is derived ultimately (via Dutch, Northern French, and Medieval Latin)
from the Celtic words clagan and clocca meaning "bell". For horologists and
other specialists the term "clock" continues to mean exclusively a device with a
striking mechanism for announcing intervals of time acoustically, by ringing a
bell, a set of chimes, or a gong. A silent instrument lacking such a mechanism
has traditionally been known as a timepiece. In general usage today, however, a
"clock" refers to any device for measuring and displaying the time which, unlike a
watch, is not worn on the person.

In this document we are going see about different types of watches, its
working and mechanism, etc; and we and going to talk about the different brands
and market of watch.

Through this ITP we have implied all the knowledge that we have gained in this
semester.

Important though accuracy is to us today, it was not always so. For


several centuries, watches were extremely expensive and were status symbols
for the wealthy. The wristwatch is a 20th century invention; before then they were
worn in different ways, often as items of jewellery, and decorated accordingly.

The watch making industry has been one of constant innovation,


demanding ingenuity, dexterity, design skill, patience and good business sense –
all qualities on which the Swiss pride themselves.

The challenges continue: how to balance smallness of size with


complexity of function, or low cost with high accuracy and reliability, and how to
face up to competition from all over the world.Through this ITP we were able to
learn all the small aspects of a clock which we didn’t knew.

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History & Evolution of Clocks

Sundial:-

(16th century BC or earlier, Egypt)

In times when people's activities were limited to daylight, shadow-casting


instruments called gnomons were used to distinguish broad divisions in the
daytime. Gnomons were eventually combined with scales to produce sundials,
which allowed people to tell time by measuring the length direction of the
shadow cast by the Sun.

An Egyptian sundial from about 1500 BC provides the earliest evidence of the
division of the day into equal parts. Marks on the dial link the length of the
gnomon's shadow to a standardized unit. The ancient Egyptians also made the
first sundials resembling the round, flat one shown here. Before the division of
the day-night period into 24 equal hours became accepted practice, the number
of hours counted during any period o f daylight was held constant across the
seasons; thus, an hour in summer lasted longer than an hour in winter because
the daylight period itself was longer.

Timepieces were status symbols in ancient Greece and Rome. Donors of public
sundials had their names inscribed on the instruments, and wealthy Romans
during the reign of Augustus Caesar carried pocket sundials just over an inch in
diameter.

Sundials had to be specially made for different latitudes because the Sun's
altitude in the sky decreases at higher latitudes, producing longer shadows than
at lower latitudes. Not everyone in the ancient world realized this. A sundial
brought to Rome (41°54' N) from Catania, Sicily (37°30' N), in 263 BC told
Romans the incorrect time for almost 100 years.

Clepsydra :-

(At least 15th century BC, probably earlier)

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The drip-drip of a clepsydra was an ancient precursor of the tick-tock of modern


clocks. Clepsydras were water clocks that relied on a steadily rising or falling
water level in a container to indicate the elapse of predetermined periods of time.
Unlike sundials, clepsydras worked in cloudy weather and in the dark. But, as
with many sundials, a clepsydra's hours varied according to seasonal changes in
the period of daylight, with longer hours during summer days and winter nights.

In the clepsydra shown here, a floating pointer indicates the hour on a drum
marked with lines. Spacing between the lines on the drum varies to represent
seasonal changes in hour length. When the float tank emptied automatically at
midnight each day, the water running out of the tank through a siphon turned a
wheel that set the drum's position correctly for the new day. The float tank was
filled from a reservoir in which a constant pressure was maintained by means of
a steady water supply and a runoff outlet.

A clepsydra could not be used to "find" the time--that is, to identify the hour in
terms of the Earth's rotation. It could only measure predetermined periods, such
as the time allotted for a speech in court, or an hour whose length had been
established with an astrolabe or other "time-finding" tool.

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Astrolabe :-

(2nd century AD)

The astrolabe, or "star grasper," was a very early handheld analog computer, a
great advance in the ability to find and measure time. An astrolabe contains two
models of the celestial sphere, the rete and the tympan, which can be used
together to solve various problems of location and distance, as well as time. The
astrolabe is based on the ingenious map made by the Greek astronomer
Hipparchus about 150 BC. Hipparchus constructed his map by imagining a
perpendicular line connecting each star to a point on a plane corresponding to
the plane of the Earth's equator. The map preserved the angular relationships
among the stars and made it possible to build celestial models like the rete and
tympan. The astrolabe itself never caught on as a popular timepiece, owing in
part to the disapproval of Christian theologians who saw it as an instrument of
the devil.

An astrolabe is a set of movable plates that includes the rete, an openwork map
showing the ecliptic, or path of the sun, and the brightest stars, and the tympan,
an engraving of the principal coordinates of the celestial sphere, such as the
horizon and the meridian. Measurements made in different latitudes required the
use of different tympans. The alidade and rule were used to mark the altitudes of

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stars and to make readings from the scales engraved on the mater
(backplate).First, a bright star's altitude is measured using the alidade and the
altitude scale engraved on the back rim of the mater. Then, the rete is rotated
until the mapped star lines up with the correct altitude marker on the tympan. If
the star used is the Sun, the rete is rotated until the correct date on the ecliptic is
aligned with the altitude marker. The rule is then used to read the time from the
rim of the mater.

Candle Clock :-

(First recorded mention late 9th century AD; probably much older)

Among the earliest human inventions, candles provided another way to tell time
indoors, at night, or on a cloudy day. Like water clocks, candle clocks couldn't be
used to find the time, but the sides of candles could be marked to indicate the
passage of predetermined periods of time.

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King Alfred the Great of England has been credited with inventing graduated
candles in the late 9th century to divide his day into equal periods of study and
prayer, royal duties, and rest. Before candle clocks made an appearance in
Europe, however, it is likely that they were in use in the East, as were sundials
and water clocks.

During the Sung dynasty in China (960-1279), calibrated candles and sticks of
incense measured time. In one 18th- or 19th-century incense clock, six threads
with weights on either end were draped over an incense stick at regular intervals.
As the incense burned, the threads burned one by one and the weights dropped
to a sounding plate below. Sticks of incense with different scents might be used
at different times, so that the hours were marked by a change in fragrance.

A candle clock could be transformed into a timer by sticking a heavy nail into the
candle at the mark indicating the desired interval. When the wax surrounding the
nail melted, the nail clattered onto a plate below.

Sand Glass:-

(Before the 14th century, probably Europe)

The sandglass, with its sifting grains, embodies our perception of time's
slipperiness.

Since its invention at some unknown point prior to the 14th century, the
sandglass has worked the same way. Dry particles flow from one cuplike end of
a glass vessel to the other through a tiny passage about ten times wider than any
single particle. Powdered eggshell, marble dust, and sand have served as the
medium.

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FIG:1.1: A SAND GLASS

From the beginning, sandglasses were used to measure cooking times, as they
are today. In the past, sandglasses also figured prominently in the conduct of
legal, municipal, and intellectual affairs. When public meeting times in European
towns began to be set by clocks near the end of the 14th century, sa ndglasses
were used to assess the punctuality of attendees. Sandglasses determined the
durations of sermons, academic lectures, and even periods of torture.

Sailors used sandglasses to calculate speeds at sea. A piece of wood attached


to a rope knotted at regular intervals was thrown from the back of a moving ship.
Speed was calculated by counting the number of knots that were pulled
overboard before the sandglass ran out. With a rope knotted at intervals of 47 1/4
feet and a 28-second sandglass, a ship's speed was calculated at one nautical
mile per hour, or one knot, if the first knot in the rope appeared as the sand ran
out.

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Weight Driven Clock:-

(BC. 1270s)

The date of the first mechanical clock, as well as the name of its inventor,
remains a mystery. To pinpoint when and where the weight-driven clock was
invented, scholars have relied on indirect clues, among them an explosion in
European clock construction that began about 1309 with the clock of the Church
of St. Eustorgio in Milan.

The driving weight is suspended from a cord wound around the main gear shaft,
or barrel. As gravity pulls the weight down, the barrel turns, driving the escape
wheel.

The true innovation of the weight-driven clock was the escapement, the system
that mediated the transfer of the energy of the gravitational force acting on the
weights to the clock's counting mechanism. The most common escapement was
the verge-and-foliot.

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In a typical verge-and-foliot escapement, the weighted rope unwinds from the


barrel, turning the toothed escape wheel. Controlling the movement of the wheel
is the verge, a vertical rod with pallets at each end. When the wheel turns, the
top pallet stops it and causes the foliot, with its regulating weights, to oscillate.
This oscillation turns the verge and releases the top pallet.

The wheel advances until it is caught again by the bottom pallet, and the process
repeats itself. The actions of the escapement stabilize the power of the
gravitational force and are what produce the tick-tock of weight-driven clocks.

Spring Driven Clock:-

(Early 15th century, probably Europe)

Spring-driven clocks brought timekeeping out of the tower and into the home. In
contrast to their weight-driven predecessors, spring-driven clocks were small--
and portable. Their openness to miniaturization led to the development of the first
watches in the late 15th century.

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Despite their advantages, the new timepieces were still prone to considerable
inaccuracy. Because of this, many watches were fitted with a sundial and a
compass as a backup. At fault was the mainspring itself, the source of the clock's
power. The force exerted by the spring slackened as it unwound; as a result, the
clock ran fast when the spring was fully wound but progressively slower as it
released.

In 1674-75, the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens developed a means of


controlling the release of energy from the mainspring--the spiral balance spring.
Other means had been devised for this purpose, but the advantage of the
balance spring, or hairspring, was that it performed similarly to a pendulum in a
pendulum clock. Like a pendulum's swing, the balance spring's coiling and
uncoiling has a natural periodicity that ensures the even release of energy from
the mainspring. In a modern spring-driven watch, the spring is mounted on a
balance wheel, which turns back and forth in sync with the spring's oscillations,
simultaneously rocking the pallet from side to side. The pallet controls the turning
of the gears connected to the clock's face and thereby maintains a steady
transfer of power from the mainspring to the clock's counting mechanism. While
the mainspring is being wound, a ratchet and click keep the winding action from
disturbing the watch's main gear train.

Pendulum Clock:-

(1656, Dutch astronomer Christian Huygens)

Clocks counted seconds for the first time in the second half of the 17th century.
Until the invention of the pendulum clock, mechanical clocks were unable to
count even minutes reliably.

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In the early 1580s, Galileo observed that a given pendulum took the same
amount of time to swing completely through a wide arc as it did a small arc.
Recognizing the value of applying this natural periodicity to time measurement,
Galileo began work on a mechanism to keep a pendulum in motion in 1641, the
year before he died. But it was the Dutch mathematician and astronomer
Christiaan Huygens who successfully combined the pendulum and a typical
escapement of the period to produce the first pendulum clock in 1656.

By 1671, a new type of escapement was making even greater accuracy possible
in pendulum clocks. The anchor escapement swung back and forth with the
pendulum, its pallets alternately catching and releasing the escape wheel. With
the clock's movements regulated by the natural period of the pendulum, an even
more accurate count was possible, with a loss of only a few seconds per day.

The first pendulum clocks were weight-driven. Later versions of Huygens's


invention were powered by springs, and finally, in 1906, the first pendulum clock
driven by a self-contained electric battery started ticking.

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Quartz Watch:-

(1927, W.A. Marrison and J.W. Horton)

The original quartz clock, the


invention of J.W. Horton and Warren A.
Marrison, took up the better part of a
small room. Today, quartz clocks are
built into calculators and personal
computers, and quartz watches are
everywhere. They are by far the most
popular timekeepers. Depending on
the size, shape, and vibration
frequency of its crystal, a quartz
timepiece can keep time accurately to
about one second every ten years.

FIG:QUARTZ MECHANISM

Before the invention of the quartz clock, a second had been defined as
1/86,400 of a mean solar day--that is, of the average duration of one rotation of
the Earth. The quartz clock itself did not provide a new definition of the second,
but its precision helped scientists identify irregularities in the Earth's rotation that
showed our planet was not a reliable baseline for timekeeping.

The reason that quartz clocks did not redefine the second is that the oscillations,
or vibrations, of quartz crystals begin to drift over a long period. This drifting can
be due to temperature changes, impurities in the quartz, or the cumulative effects
of the vibrations. The new second would have to wait for the appearance of the
atomic clock.

Quartz mechanisms are highly accurate because a quartz crystal vibrates


thousands or millions of times a second when exposed to alternating electric

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fields. Inside a quartz watch, electric current from the battery causes the quartz
crystal to vibrate. A microprocessor divides down the high frequency to a much
slower electrical pulse that is transmitted to the coil. The current pulsing through
the coil activates a tiny magnet, which switches rapidly back and forth in time
with the pulse. As the magnet switches back and forth, it turns a small pinion that
controls the watch's gear train, completing the conversion of the crystal's
vibration to mechanical movement.

Cesium Atomic Clock:-

(1955,
Britain's
National
Physical

Laboratory)

Inside a cesium clock, cesium-133 atoms are heated to a gas in an oven. Atoms
from the gas leave the oven in a high-velocity beam that travels toward a pair of
magnets. The magnets separate the atoms according to whether they are
available to absorb or release energy.The atoms that can absorb energy are
directed through a microwave cavity where they are exposed to radiation with a
frequency very close to 9,192,631,770 cycles per second, which is the frequency
of the radiation emitted or absorbed by a cesium-133 atom as it shifts from one

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energy state to another. Some of the atoms absorb energy from the microwaves.
These atoms are then pushed by another set of magnets toward a detector. A
servomechanism monitors a feedback loop between the detector and an
oscillator. This feedback tunes the microwave frequency until it exactly matches
the radiation frequency of the cesium atoms, maximizing the number of atoms
that reach the detector. Once the microwave frequency is locked into the cesium
atoms' frequency, it is then divided down to a frequency that can be used to mark
time accurately to a few billionths of a second.The principle underlying the
cesium clock is that all atoms of cesium-133 are identical, and when they absorb
or release energy, the radiation produced by individual atoms has exactly the
same frequency, which makes the atoms perfect timepieces. Whereas seconds
counted by the Earth's rotation are never identical, atomic seconds are--always.
In 1967, the 13th General Conference of Weights and Measures formally
redefined the second as "9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to
the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-
133 atom." Ever more precise timekeeping is not simply a pet project of science.
Without the atomic clock, the vast, complex networks coordinating electrical
power distribution, communications, and transportation throughout the world
would not be possible.

Invention of Clocks:-

In 1656, 'Christian Huygens' (Dutch scientist), made the first 'Pendulum clock',
with a mechanism using a 'natural' period of oscillation.

In 1657 he developed the balance wheel and spring mechanism of the clocks
which is even found in the present clocks and wrist watches.

Eli Terry Sr. was the first person to receive the patent for a shelf clock
mechanism in 1790.

He introduced the mass production of mechanical clocks affordable for a


common man.

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Different types of Clocks

ANALOG CLOCKS:-

Analog clocks usually indicate time using angles. The most common clock
face uses a fixed numbered dial or dials and
moving hand or hands.

It usually has a circular scale of 12


hours, which can also serve as a scale of 60
minutes, and often also as a scale of 60
seconds—though many other styles and
designs have been used throughout the years,
including dials divided into 6, 8, 10, and 24
hours. Of these alternative versions, the 24
hour analog dial is the main type in use today.

FIG: AN ANALOG CLOCK

The 10-hour clock was briefly popular during the French Revolution, when
the metric system was applied to time measurement, and an Italian 6 hour clock
was developed in the 18th century, presumably to save power (a clock or watch
chiming 24 times uses more power).

Types of Analog Clocks

Alarm Clock

The first mechanical clocks were made in the 14th century, and were large
monumental clocks. Household clocks were in use by 1620 and some of them
had alarm mechanisms. The alarm is simple in concept, typically having a cam
that rotates every 12 hours. It has a notch into which a lever can fall, releasing a

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train of gears that drives a hammer, which repeatedly hits a bell until it runs down
or is shut off (many alarms have no shutoff control).

The earliest alarm clock I found reference to is a German iron wall clock
with a bronze bell, probably made in Nuremberg in the 15th century. This clock is
19 inches tall and of open framework construction. It needed to hang high on the
wall to make room for the driving weight to fall. Other alarm clocks from the
1500's are in existence. See “The Clockwork Universe, German Clocks and
Automata 1550 - 1650,” Maurice and Mayr, 1980, Smithsonian, Neale Watson
Academic Publications, New York.

Pendulum Clocks:-

From its invention in 1656 by Christiaan Huygens


until the 1930s, the pendulum clock was the
world's most accurate timekeeper, accounting for
its widespread use. Pendulum clocks cannot
operate in vehicles; the motion and accelerations
of the vehicle will affect the motion of the
pendulum, causing inaccuracies. They are now
kept mostly for their decorative and antique value.

The pendulum clock was invented and


patented by Christiaan Huygens in 1656, inspired
by the investigations of pendulums by Galileo
Galilei. Galileo had the idea for a pendulum clock in 1637, partly constructed by
his son in 1649, but they didn't live to finish it. The introduction of the pendulum
increased the accuracy of clocks by a factor of 100, leading to their rapid spread
as existing clocks were retrofitted with pendulums.

Cuckoo Clocks:-

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A cuckoo clock is a clock, typically pendulum driven, that strikes the hours using
small bellows and pipes that imitate the call of the Common Cuckoo in addition to
striking a wire gong. The mechanism to
produce the cuckoo call was installed in
almost every kind of cuckoo clock since the
middle of the eighteenth century and has
remained almost without variation until the
present.

Cuckoo clocks are almost always


weight driven; a very few are spring driven.
The weights are made of cast iron in a pine
cone shape. The "cuc-koo" sound of a
cuckoo clock is created by two tiny gedackt
(pipes) in the clock, with bellows attached to their bottoms. The clock's
mechanism activates the bellows to send a puff of air into each pipe alternately
when the clock strikes.

In recent years, quartz battery-powered cuckoo clocks have been


available.

Talking Clocks:-

A talking clock (also known as a "speaking clock" or "auditory clock") is a


timekeeping device that presents the time as sounds. It may present the time
solely as sounds, such as a phone-based time service (see Speaking clock) or a
clock for the hearing impaired, or may have a sound feature in addition to an
analog or digital face.

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Talking clocks have found a natural home as an assistive technology for


the visually impaired. There are over 150 tabletop clocks and 50 types of
watches which include an auditory function. However, their aid is somewhat
limited, as most of them tend to announce the time only at the top of the hour or
the press of a button. Nevertheless, to press the button, one must be able to find
the clock. To address these limitations, one manufacturer produced a clock that
would announce the time upon detecting a user's whistling signal, but it is no
longer manufactured.

Other Types of Analog Clocks:-

• Astronomical Clocks
• Grandfather Clocks
• Tide Clocks
• Stop Watch

DIGITAL CLOCKS:-

Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time. Two numeric display


formats are commonly used on digital clocks:

• the 24-hour notation with hours ranging 00–23;


• the 12-hour notation with AM/PM indicator, with hours indicated as 12AM,
followed by 1AM–11AM, followed by 12PM, followed by 1PM–11PM (a
notation mostly used in the United States).

Most digital clocks use an LCD or LED display; many other display technologies
are used as well (cathode ray tubes, nixie tubes, etc.). After a reset, battery
change or power failure, digital clocks without a backup battery or capacitor
either start counting from 00:00, or stay at 00:00, often with blinking digits
indicating that time needs to be set. Some newer clocks will actually reset
themselves based on radio or Internet time servers that are tuned to national

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atomic clocks. Since the release of digital clocks in the mainstream, the use of
analog clocks has dropped dramatically.

Parts Of A Clock

1. Winding and Hand-Setting

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2. The Hour, Minute and Second Hands’ motion parts

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3. Balance

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4. Escapement

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5. Mainspring Barrel

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6. The Wheel Train

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7. Wheels and Pinions

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8. Dials:-

Dials are basically the base of the


clocks on which the numbers are
written and the movement hands
rotate over it.

Dials can be of any shape and types


based on materials used:-

• Ceramics

• Metals

• Wood

• Glass

9. Bezels and Rings:-

Bezels and Rings are used for the


better look of the clock in the interior
as well as exterior part of it.

These also vary in shape, size and


the materials used.

They are mainly used for the design


purpose of the clock.

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10. Hands:-

Hands include the Minute, Hour and Second hands which shows us the time. X

They are of different types based on the design and nature of clocks.

11. Numerals and Dots:-

Numerals or Dots can be found in each and every clocks.They may be atached
with the ring or can be free.They are also of various types based on the design.

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Materials Used

1) PLASTICS-

The extraordinary combination of


performance and processing flexibility allows
plastics to be used in numerous applications
ranging from inexpensive disposable items to
expensive components.

The electrical insulation, color, strength and


high speed molding qualities Resistance
to chemicals makes polymers the perfect
container for cleaning products and other
caustic substances are some of the
properties of plastics.

Advantages
Plastics provide the following advantages for product designers and
manufacturers:

• Stiffness or Ductility
• Low Weight
• High Manufacturing Throughput
• High Reproducibility of Parts
• Electrical Insulation Design Flexibility
• High Strength and Toughness
• Corrosion Resistance
• Reduced Manufacturing Costs
• Almost Any Color or Surface Texture Waterproof

2) Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene - ABS Platin

Polymer Type- Thermoplastic

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Property Value
Density (g/cm3) 1.06
Surface Hardness RR107
Tensile Strength (MPa) 42
Flexural Modulus (GPa) 2.4
Notched Izod (kJ/m) 0.4
Linear Expansion (/°C x 10-5) 8
Elongation at Break (%) 8
Strain at Yield (%) 2.5
Max. Operating Temp. (°C) 70
Water Absorption (%) 0.3
Oxygen Index (%) 19
Flammability UL94 HB
Volume Resistivity (log 16
ohm.cm)
Dielectric Strength (MV/m) 20
Dissipation Factor 1kHz 0.008
Dielectric Constant 1kHz 2.7
HDT @ 0.45 MPa (°C) 98
HDT @ 1.80 MPa (°C) 89
Material. Drying hrs @ (°C) 4 @ 90
Melting Temp. Range (°C) 250 - 285
Mould Shrinkage (%) 0.6
Mould Temp. Range (°C) 40 - 80

Advantages

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Can be electroplated to give parts with the more decorative finish of


metals such as Chrome Gold, Silver and Brass. The plating can increase
the rigidity of a molding as well as scratch resistance. The metal layer
screens radio waves and conducts electricity

Disadvantages
Temperature profile and mould surface temperatures need to be
kept higher than for standard ABS grades. This is in order to ensure good
surface finish for subsequent electroplating & also to minimize moulded in
stresses. Mould release agents should not be used as they affect plating
behavior. Regrind should not be used for items to be electroplated
because of possible flaws in surface finish.

3) CHROMIUM PLATED WITH GOLD

Chemical Formula-Cr
Physical Properties

Property Value
Density 8.44 g/cm3

Melting Point 916°C

Modulus of Elasticity 103.4 GPa

Thermal Conductivity 116 W / m.K at 20°C

Thermal Expansion 20.5x10-6 /°C at 20-300°C

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Chemical properties

Modulus of elasticity in tension 200 GPa

Poisson's ratio 0.32

Thermal conductivity 100°C 30.0 W/m.K

500°C 40.0 W/m.K

Electrical resistivity 678 nÙm

Specific thermal capacity 478 J/kg.K

Co-efficient of thermal expansion 1-100°C 11.1 ìm/mK

0-300°C 11.7 ìm/mK

0-500°C 12.3 ìm/mK

Melting range 1430-1510°C

Relative permeability Ferromagnetic

Advantages
Plastics provide the following advantages for product designers and
Manufacturers:

• Stiffness or Ductility

• Low Weight

• High Manufacturing Throughput


• High Reproducibility of Parts

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• Electrical Insulation Design Flexibility


• Corrosion Resistance
• Reduced Manufacturing Costs Almost Any Color or Surface Texture
Waterproof.

Density 7740 kg/m3

Modulus of elasticity
200 GPa
in tension

Poisson's ratio 0.32

Thermal conductivity 100°C 30.0 W/m.K

500°C 40.0 W/m.K

Electrical resistivity 678 nÙm

Specific thermal
478 J/kg.K
capacity

Co-efficient of
1-100°C 11.1 ìm/mK
thermal expansion

0-300°C 11.7 ìm/mK

0-500°C 12.3 ìm/mK

Melting range 1430-1510°C

Relative permeability Ferromagnetic

4. STAINLESS STEEL

Physical properties

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Advantages

• Atmospheric corrosion resistance


• Cutting
• Forming
• Machining
• Weld ability
• Coating and Painting

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Common Defects:-

1. Normal wear and tear


2. Damage to watch glass and strap / bracelet.
3. Gold plating and other metal finishes damaged due to exposure to
chemical solvents, commercial cleaners, detergents etc.
4. Plating damage due to scratches, dents or any other physical damage.
5. Moisture entry off on the underside of the metal strap or bracelet
6. Failure of power cells

Handling and care of your watch:-

1. Protect your watch from moisture and extreme heat.


2. Get the watch serviced periodically.
3. Avoid exposure to strong magnetic fields and voltage stabilizers.
4. If you are not using your quartz watch for a long time then pull the crown
to the utmost to prevent the consumption of battery.
5. Don’t open the watch unnecessarily

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How does a Clock work?

Mechanical Watch

• Working of the Cannon Pinion, Hour Wheel, Minute Wheel and


Wheel Pinions

The illustration above shows the motion works of a center-


seconds watch. (1) The fourth wheel pinion, which carries
the seconds hand. (2) The center wheel pinion, which
carries the cannon pinion. (3) The cannon pinion, which
carries the minutes hand. (4) the hour wheel, which carries
the hour hand.

The second illustration diagrams the power flow from


movement to hands. (A) The movement plate. (B) The
center wheel. (C) The fourth wheel. (D) The cannon pinion.
(E) The hour wheel. (F) The minute wheel. You can follow
the power flow with the red numbers, 1 through 8.

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• Working of the Balance Cock and Balance Assembly

The entire balance cock


and balance assembly is
illustrated. (1) The
balance cock. (2) The
anti-shock unit for the
upper balance pivot. (3)
The regulator to control
rate. (4) The balance spring. (5) The balance wheel. (6) The hairspring
stud, which is held in the stud holder of the balance cock with the small set
screw. (7) The balance staff.

• Working of the Balance Wheel

The screws around the rim of the


balance wheel are used to adjust
the poise ("balance") of the
balance wheel, and, in split
balances with steel balance
springs, the temperature
compensation. Such a split
balance is made of layered steel
and brass and is cut at two points
near the balance arms. (1) The
impulse roller. (2) The safety roller. (3) The lower balance pivot . (4) The
impulse jewel (or impulse pin). (5) The balance spring (in this case an

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overcoil design). (6) The alignment pins used to locate the balance cock
accurately on the main plate.

• Winding

FIG

The positioning of the keyless-works parts for winding is shown in the green
numbering. (1) The crown is pushed in, (2) the setting lever swings in, (3) the
opposite end of the setting lever swings out allowing (4) the return lever to (5)
slide the clutch into engagement with the winding pinion.

The red arrows show the power flow from (1) the stem, to (2) and (3) the clutch,
to (4) the winding pinion, and then on to the crown gear and mainspring barrel
(blue arrow).

During hand setting, all parts move in the direction opposite the green arrows.
This brings the clutch into contact with the intermediate wheel, which drives the
minute wheel, cannon pinion, and hour wheel.

The keyless works can be among the most beautiful parts of the mechanical
watch.

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• Working of Click

During winding, the mainspring barrel is


stationary and the ratchet wheel winds
the inner end of the mainspring counter-
clockwise around the arbor in the center
of the barrel. When the movement is
running, the ratchet wheel is stationary
and the outer end of the spring rotates
the barrel clockwise. The barrel (and
integral main wheel) drives the center
wheel pinion gear.

While the movement itself prevents the mainspring unwinding from the outer
(barrel) end, the ratchet prevents unwinding from the inner (arbor) end.

FIG

The click is thus designed to prevent the ratchet wheel from rotating clockwise
while allowing counter-clockwise movement (for winding).

The click spring maintains tension on the click in the clockwise direction. The
very typical two-toothed click design, illustrated, prevents the click from holding
the mainspring at absolute full tension. When the crown is released after winding,
the click is rocked counter-clockwise (against the click spring) by the large tooth
and the small tooth engages and locks the ratchet wheel. This allows the ratchet
wheel and arbor to rotate slightly clockwise. This action relieves a bit of tension in
the mainspring and prevents excessive tension that might cause the transmission
of too much power to the gear train and, thus, knocking of the balance wheel.

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Wall Clocks

• Working of the Conical Pivot and Jewel

FIG

The conical pivot (1) requires two jewels for a bearing, a cap jewel (5) and
pierced jewel (6). Unlike the cylindrical pivot, the conical pivot has no "shoulder"
and uses the cap jewel to determine end-shake of the wheel pinion (3). This
arrangement provides lower friction than the single-jewel cylindrical pivot
arrangement. Generally, friction on the conical pivot occurs only at the tip of the
pinion on the lower cap jewel (3) or, in a vertical position of the watch (a
horizontal position of the pinion) on the thin edges of the holes in the two pierced
jewels (6). The conical pivot is usually used on the balance wheel and,
sometimes, on the escape wheel. The balance (and, when provided, escape
wheel) anti-shock assembly uses a conical pivot with cap and pierced jewel.

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Wall Clocks

• Working of the Cylindrical Pivot and Jewel

The cylindrical pivot (1) has the advantage of simplicity, robustness, and low
cost. The friction of the cylindrical pivot is relatively high compared to the two-
jewel arrangement used with the conical pivot. This friction results from the
relatively thick jewel hole (2) and the pivot shoulder rubbing on the backside of
the jewel (3) on the lower pivot (depending on the position of the watch).

The cylindrical pivot is used for the mainspring barrel and gear train of the watch.
The balance wheel usually uses a conical pivot, as does the escape wheel in
many finer watches.

2. Quartz clock

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Wall Clocks

In quartz watch the oscillator is a quartz crystal, which has the property
that it vibrates in the presence of an electric field. The high frequency of the
vibrations means that a quartz timekeeper is very accurate – to within about one
minute a year.

FIG

The quartz is used in an electrical circuit, where its rate of oscillation is carefully
regulated. Although the properties of quartz had been discovered towards the
end of the 19th century (and were used, for example, in early radio sets), it was
not until the 1960s that it became possible to manufacture integrated circuits
small enough to be used in wristwatches.

Where the source of energy in a mechanical watch is the spring, in a quartz


watch it is a miniature battery, which lasts for several years.

Quartz crystals have been in regular use for many years to give an
accurate frequency for all radio transmitters, radio receivers and computers.
Their accuracy comes from an amazing set of coincidences: Quartz -- which is
silicon dioxide like most sand -- is unaffected by most solvents and remains
crystalline to hundreds of degrees Fahrenheit. The property that makes it an
electronic miracle is the fact that, when compressed or bent, it generates a
charge or voltage on its surface. This is a fairly common phenomenon called the
piezoelectric effect. In the same way, if a voltage is applied, quartz will bend or
change its shape very slightly. If a bell were shaped by grinding a single crystal
of quartz, it would ring for minutes after being tapped. Almost no energy is lost in
the material. A quartz bell -- if shaped in the right direction to the crystalline axis
-- will have an oscillating voltage on its surface, and the rate of oscillation is
unaffected by temperature. If the surface voltage on the crystal is picked off with
plated electrodes and amplified by a transistor or integrated circuit, it can be re-
applied to the bell to keep it ringing.

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Wall Clocks

A quartz bell could be made, but it is not the best shape because too
much energy is coupled to the air. The best shapes are a straight bar or a disk. A
bar has the advantage of keeping the same frequency provided the ratio of
length to width remains the same. A quartz bar can be tiny and oscillate at a
relatively low frequency -- 32 kilohertz (KHz) is usually chosen for watches not
only for size, but also because the circuits that divide down from the crystal
frequency to the few pulses per second for the display need more power for
higher frequencies. Power was a big problem for early watches, and the Swiss
spent millions trying to bring forward integrated-circuit technology to divide down
from the 1 to 2 MHz the more stable disk crystals generate.

The major difference between good and indifferent time keeping is the initial
frequency accuracy and the precision of the angle of cut of the quartz sheet with
respect to the crystalline axis. The amount of contamination that is allowed to get
through the encapsulation to the crystal surface inside the watch can also affect
the accuracy.

The electronics of the watch initially amplifies noise at the crystal frequency. This
builds or regenerates into oscillation -- it starts the crystal ringing. The output of
the watch crystal oscillator is then converted to pulses suitable for the digital
circuits. These divide the crystal's frequency down and then translate it into the
proper format for the display.

How to Assemble Different Parts Of A Clock

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Wall Clocks

FIG

• Drill a hole through the material you are working with, attach a hanger and
rubber washer to movement.

• After inserting movement shaft through hole of dial, screw barrel nut on
firmly.

• Gently press minute hand onto shaft 12:00 position.

• Gently press minute hand onto shaft also at 12:00 position.

• Press second hand gently onto pin inside movement shaft.

• Set correct time by turning wheel on back of movement.

• Insert correct size battery.

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Wall Clocks

Pollution & Environmental Concern

Causes of Pollution:-

• Parts are non-recyclable.


• Radium in dial before inserting
requires licking which causes
radiation exposure.
• Batteries used
• Waste thrown by manufacturing
units

Developments made to stop Pollution:-

• Recyclable parts being made.


• Self winding and Eco-Drive watches being used.
• Manufacturing units installing waste management units.

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Wall Clocks

Market Watch

MOST PREFFERED CLOCK BRANDS IN INDIA

S. No BRANDS

1 Ajanta

2 Samay

3 Sonam

4 Hmt

5 Alwyn

6 Rochees

7 Q&Q

Most preferred Foreign Brands:-

S.No BRANDS

1 Citizen

2 Chelsea

3 Jonathon Knowles & Co

4 Fossil

5 Swiss Army

6 Movado

7 Howard Miller

8 4D

9 Alessi

Designer Clocks:-

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Wall Clocks

Designers like FURNI are famous for their unique designs.

Brands like FOSSIL and MOVADO also produces fashionable clocks for interior
décor.

Most Preferred Brands:-

• For Lower class : Non-Branded Clocks (Produced locally)

• For Middle class : Brands like Ajanta, Samay etc.

Price Range: Rs. 300- Rs 3000.

• For Higher class : Brands like Chelsea, Fossil, Movado etc.

Price Range: More than Rs. 6000.

Research and developments

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Wall Clocks

The mainsprings of present-day mechanical clocks are made from metals that
resist breakage and rust. Synthetics have replaced precious stones in jeweled
bearings. Cases have been perfected that seal out both dust and moisture.
Cases have been perfected that seal out both dust and moisture.

The Braille clocks for the blind, which has sturdy hands not covered with a
crystal, and raised dots on the dial to mark the hours. New sources of power,
such as sunlight, body heat, and atomic energy, are being investigated in current
horological research.

Newly Invented Watches:-

• Inspiration Clocks
• Info Clocks
• Image Reminder Clocks
• Shop Clocks
• Mood Clocks
• Digital Wallet Clocks
• Webcam Clocks
• Baby Monitor Clocks
• Landmark Reminder Clock

• Clocks are made from metals that resist breakage and rust .

• Cases have been perfected that seal out both dust and moisture.

• The Braille clocks for the blind, which has sturdy hands not covered with a
crystal, and raised dots on the dial to mark the hours.

• New sources of power, such as sunlight, body heat, and atomic energy,
are being investigated in current horological research.

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Wall Clocks

• The most recent clock developed is the ATOMIC CLOCKS which help in
maintaining the accurate time up to the micro seconds.

Future Clocks
Scratch Resistance Technology:-

The crystal is the clear covering over the face and hands of the clocks. The
material used in making the crystal determines its scratch resistance. These
types of crystals are generally used in clocks:

• An acrylic plastic crystal is the least scratch-resistant, although shallow


scratches can be polished out.
• A mineral crystal is made up of several mineral elements that are
manufactured and treated by heat procedures to create a hardness
that helps in resisting scratches.
• A sapphire crystal is the most durable and scratch-resistant crystal. It
is approximately 3 times harder than a mineral crystal and 20 times
harder than acrylic plastic crystals.

We recommend that, at a minimum, the clock should have a mineral crystal.

Eco Drive Clocks:-

These new Eco-Drive clocks will never need to have the battery replaced.
Sunlight and any artificial light are absorbed through the crystal and dial. A solar
cell beneath the dial converts any form of light into electrical energy to power the
watch. With regular exposure to light, Eco-Drive continuously recharges itself for
a lifetime of use. Eco-Drive's revolutionary lithium-ion rechargeable battery stores
enough energy to power the watch for an astonishing six months (even in the
dark.) Since Eco-Drive technology is based on harnessing the power of light - a
truly renewable energy source - and no replacement batteries are ever needed,
Eco-Drive is environmentally friendly. It's the green way to tell time. No batteries
to change.

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Wall Clocks

Water Resistance Technology:-

Most clocks have some sort of water-resistance. If you want to protect


your clock from water, basic water-resistance is probably enough. For intensive
contact with water, such as taking a shower, bathing, or swimming, a water-
resistance of 50 feet or more is recommended. For athletic water activity such as
diving or snorkelling, our experts suggest a water-resistance of 100 feet or more,
preferably with a screw-down crown. A screw-down crown seals the internal case
of the watch and prevents air and moisture from penetrating the watch through
the crown and stem housing (usually located at the 3 o'clock position). A clock
bearing the inscription 'water-resistant' on its case back can handle light
moisture, such as a light rainstorm or hand washing, but should not be worn for
swimming or diving. If the watch can be submerged in water, it must state at what
depth it maintains its water-resistance, i.e. 50 meters (165 feet) or more on most
sport watches. Below 200 meters, the watch may be used for skin diving and
even scuba diving depending upon the indicated depths. Sometimes water-
resistance is measured in atmospheres (ATM). An ATM is equal to 10 meters of
water pressure (some European-made watches use the term 'bar' instead).
Straps other than metal bracelets may not be water-resistant. New water-
resistant versions of nylon, rubber, and other synthetics are a trend in sport
watches.

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Wall Clocks

Conclusion
From this Integrated Term Project we understood the application of the
different modules we had come across in this semester. Also, we got an
opportunity to do an in-depth study on the wrist watches which helped us in
getting a lot of information about the product.

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Wall Clocks

Glossary

ANALOG

An analog clock is simply a clock that has "hands". Analog watches may
have a second hand which moves in a continuous motion or no second hand at
all. On some style clocks when the second hand moves at two second intervals
it is a signal that the battery is low and needs to be replaced.

DIGITAL

A digital clocks is one in which the time is displayed in numbers

An "LCD" clock uses a liquid crystal display to display to display the time. The
numbers are usually gray or black on a lighter background.

An "LED" clock uses a light emitting diode to display the time. This style
watch usually has a button that you press to see the time and the numbers are
bright red.

QUARTZ

A quartz clock is the most common watch in the marketplace today, it runs on
a battery. A tiny quartz crystal in the watch vibrates at a very stable frequency
which keeps the time instead of the traditional mechanical movement.

MECHANICAL

A mechanical clock operates using a series of gears. A spring in the watch is


wound to power the gears. A jeweled watch uses gems such as rubies at points

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Wall Clocks

of friction inside the "movement." A watch containing 17 jewels is considered a


fine watch.

AUTOMATIC

An automatic clock is a self winding watch. The watch is designed so the


motion of your wrist continually winds the watch when you wear it.

MOON

A moon clock has a second dial that rotates behind the regular dial which has
an opening in it. The rotating dial that changes as the dial rotates showing the
various phases of the moon or the sun during the day and the moon at night.

CHRONOMETER

A watch that conforms to strict standards of accuracy set by an official


institute COSC Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres in Switzerland. Not to
be confused with chronograph.

SOME COMMON WATCH TERMS:

ANALOG

A timepiece with dial, hands and numbers or markers indicating the 12 hour time
span. The standard clock design.

ANTI- MAGNETIC

A clock which is designed to resist magnetic fields such as those caused by


electric motors.

BASE METAL

Any non-precious metal.

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Wall Clocks

BEZEL

The ring around the dial of a clock that can hold the crystal in place. In some
watches (e.g., diver's watches) this can be rotated to show elapsed time as other
functions.

CABOCHON CROWN

A rounded semi-precious stone or synthetic material usually black, fitted into the
watch crown as an ornament.

CALENDAR

A clock feature that shows the date and sometimes the day of the week and the
month. It can be displayed through a cut-out window in the dial, as a sub-dial with
small hands indicating the day/ date feature or by digital readout.

CALIBRE

The size and factory number of a particular clock movement. The number
denoting the calibre is displayed on the case back of a Pulsar watch and is the
first four digits before the hyphen in an eight-digit number.

CASE

This is the protective covering surrounding a clock movement. Primarily it is


made from base metal, stainless steel, gold, etc. and includes a bezel, back and
crystal. The quality of the material dictates the appearance and the value of the
clock.

CHRONOGRAPH

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Wall Clocks

Another name for stopclock. This feature allows one to record the time of an
event starting from zero, and to stop and start or go back to zero at the push of a
button.

DIAL

The plate set behind the hands and over the movement of a clock designed with
numbers or markers indicating the time divisions.

DIGITAL

Any clock that shows the time in numbers instead of by hands on a dial. The
numbers appear in LCD (liquid crystal display) which shows a continuous reading
or in LED (light-emitting diode) which shows time at the push of a button.

DUAL TIME INDICATOR

Displays time in two different time zones.

ELECTROPLATING PROCESS

Process of covering metal articles with a film of other metals. The article is
immersed in a chemical solution; electric current (D.C.) flows through the solution
from a piece of metal (anode) to the article (cathode), depositing metal thereon
by electrolysis. Metals which can be used for plating are: 1) gold-a precious
metal generally yellow in color; 2) chrome-can be white or black; 3) palladium-a
precious metal, generally white; 4) ruthenium-also a precious metal but usually
gray.

HANDS

The pointing device anchored at the center and circling around the dial indicating
the hours, minutes, seconds and any other special features of the watch.
Alpha Hands: A slightly tapered hand.

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Baton Hands: A narrow hand sometimes referred to as a stick hand.


Dauphine Hands: A wide, tapered hand with a facet at the center running the
length of the hand.
Luminous Hands: Hands made of skeleton form with the opening filled by a
luminous material.
Skeleton Hands: Cut-out hands showing only the frame.

LUMINOUS

Self illuminating paint used on hands and markers.

QUARTZ

A natural or commercially synthesized silicon dioxide crystal. Used in "quartz


analog" or solid state digital watches. When activated by a battery or solar power,
the thin silver of crystal very predictably vibrates at an extremely high frequency
(32,768 times per second) thus providing very accurate time keeping. The main
components are: an Electronic Circuit Block (Quartz Oscillator and CMOS-IC)
and the Mechanical Block (step motor, gear train, hands) and a battery.

RATCHET BEZEL RING

A bezel ring which can turn either one way (counter clockwise) or both ways and
generally clicks into
position.

SAPPHIRE CRYSTAL

Scratch resistant crystal.

SCREW DOWN LOCKING CROWN

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Wall Clocks

A crown which aids water resistance by sealing the crown against the case. The
seal is achieved by the matching of a threaded pipe on the case with the crown's
internal threads and gasketing while twisting the crown to lock it into place.

SELF-WINDING

An automatic clock that winds itself from the motion that occurs when it is worn
on the wrist.

SHOCK RESISTANT

For a clock to be called shock resistant it must be able to be dropped 39 inches


onto a hard wood floor without any significant effect on the operation of the
watch.

SOLAR

Light is converted into energy by a solar panel. This energy can be stored for up
to six months in a rechargeable battery.

SOLID STATE

A timepiece with no moving parts. All digital watches are 100%solid state. Analog
watches combine solid state circuits with moving parts.

STRAP

A clock band made of leather, plastic or fabric.

SUN/ MOON INDICATOR

A wheel on a clock partially shown through a cut-out window indicating a sun and
moon on a 24-hour basis.

TITANIUM

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Wall Clocks

Titanium is a space age metal that is twice as strong and half as light as stainless
steel. It is also non-allergenic, extremely resistant to salt water and other forms of
corrosion, and able to withstand extreme temperatures.

WATER RESISTANT

A water resistant clock will withstand water pressure up to a depth of 100 feet.
This is the equivalent of three atmospheres. The use of the term "Water Proof" is
expressly forbidden under the F.T.C. guidelines. A term that may be used if a
watch is sufficiently impervious to water or moisture so that at the point of
purchase, that watch could successfully withstand tests as specified by the
Federal Trade Commission

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