Unit Guide

Penal Theory, Policy and

Practice

PCR- 2-205

BSc in Criminology

Faculty of Arts and Human

Sciences

2010/2011

1
Unit Number PCR –2-205
Unit Title Penal Theory, Policy and Practice
Unit Value 1
Courses: Criminology field; BSc in Criminology
Unit Co-ordinator Prof. Roger Matthews
mattherd@lsbu.ac.uk
Extn. 5706.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AIMS OF THE UNIT

LEARNING OUTCOMES
RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
FORMAL ASSESSMENT
SYLLABUS AND WEEKLY TEACHING PROGRAMME
Overview

Week One: Introduction to the Issues

Week Two: The Birth of the Modern Prison
Week Three; Order and Control in Prisons
Week Four: The Political Economy of Imprisonment
Week Five: The Politics and Culture of Imprisonment
Week Six: Women’s Imprisonment
Week Seven: Race and Imprisonment
Week Eight: The Crisis of Imprisonment
Week Nine: Alternatives to Custody
Week Ten: Privatising Prisons
Week Eleven: The Future of Imprisonment
Week Twelve: Review and Revision

Aims of the Unit

2
This unit examines penal theory and practice in a theoretical, comparative and
historical way, and engages critically with the theoretical justifications and policy
proposals for punishment. The first part of this unit examines the philosophical
and historical bases of punishment in general and the prison in particular. The
unit focuses strongly on the growth of the prison population and how the term
‘crisis’ has increasingly come to be associated with the penal system. In
particular the course examines the significance of gender and race in relation to
the use of imprisonment. The course critically evaluates the future promise of the
penal system through an examination of the issues of decarceration and the
privatisation of punishment.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the semester you will be able to:

• Critically appreciate some of the limitations of the major theories and

justifications of punishment;
• Demonstrate where relevant, how such theories have informed penal policy
and practice;
• Critically appreciate the crisis of control within modern penal systems;
• Critically appreciate the social and institutional contexts within which prison
populations expand;
• Demonstrate a thorough and critical knowledge of the structure and character
of the contemporary penal system in England & Wales

Equality and Diversity

The course curriculum itself considers a broad range of equality and diversity
issues. It encourages students to engage critically with issues of gender, race,
sexuality and mental health. This is further reflected in their assessment tasks.
Students are also encouraged, through seminar sessions to see the potential of
the diversity of experiences within the class for learning on this topic.

3
Recommended Core Textbooks

The main textbook for this course is:

• Matthews, R (2009) Doing Time: An Introduction to the Sociology of
Imprisonment: Palgrave. Second Edition.

You may wish to purchase one or more of the following books.

• Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish; the birth of the Prison:

Harmondsworth, Penguin.

• Rusche, G and Kirchheimer, O. (2005) Punishment and Social Structure.

Transaction.
• Carlen, P. & Worrall, A. (2004) Analysing Women’s Imprisonment. Devon:
Willan Publishing.

• Hudson,B. (2004) Understanding Justice: An Introduction into Ideas,

Perspectives and Controversies in Modern Penal Theory. Milton Keynes:
Open University Press. .

• Matthews, R. & Francis, P. (eds) (1996) Prisons 2000: An International

Perspective on the Current State and Future of Imprisonment, London:
Macmillan.

• Matthews R. (2001) Imprisonment. Aldershot: Ashgate.

• King,R & Maguire,M (1994) Prisons in Context, Oxford University Press

• Jewkes, Y. & Johnston, H (Eds) (2006) Prison Readings: A Critical

Introduction to Prisons and Imprisonment Willan Publishing

• Liebling, A & Maruna, S (Eds) (2005) The Effects of Imprisonment Willan

Publishing

• Morris, N. & Rothman, D. (1995) The Oxford History of the Prison Oxford
University Press

ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDED READING

There is a mass of literature available that examines penal theory, policy and
practice. You will need to be pro-active in searching out these sources, many of
which do not necessarily fall into criminology. Be sure to consult as wide a

4
literature base as possible, including, Criminology, Sociology, Psychology, and
Philosophy. As well as books, ensure that you consult the journals. Below is a
list of journals that you may find useful. Although the Perry Library may not have
all the books and journals you seek you are surrounded by many other sources
of information including; other university libraries, and the internet. Ensure that
you tap into the resources offered by institutions such as the Home Office, the
Centre for Crime & Justice Studies, the Howard League for Penal Reform and
NACRO (National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders). All
of these provide wonderful sources of information, especially in detailing current
issues and many of their publications are free or inexpensive.

Journals include:

Howard Journal of Penal Reform

Probation Journal
Crime & Delinquency
Prison Journal
British Journal of Criminology
Punishment and Society – the International Journal of Penology
Prison Service Journal
Criminology
Crime & Social Justice
Canadian Journal of Criminology

5
Assessment

The assessment for this course takes the form of a 3,000 word essay.

Marking Criteria
At all levels, five areas of assessment objective can be recognised:

1. Knowledge of the topic - ideas, concepts and institutions

2. Analysis of issues and an awareness of different viewpoints
3. Evaluation of competing explanations or theories applied to a problem
4. Ability to identify relevant sources of evidence, both empirical and
theoretical, and to use these to produce an informative referencing system
5. Skill in the presentation of an answer with accuracy, clarity and
coherence.

0-30% Badly misunderstands the question; contains factual

Fail errors; none of basic objectives are achieved

30-35% Some knowledge of topic and examples, but objectives 2-

5 not met
35-39% Exhibits some knowledge of topic, but essentially
descriptive; cannot identify alternative viewpoints;
objective 1 is present but 2-5 poorly met
Third 40-49% Demonstrates limited basic knowledge of the topic, but
essentially descriptive; displays an attempt at evaluation
of material, but low on clarity and coherence; limited
achievement of objectives 1,2,3,4,; low on objective 5
2:ii 50-59% Exhibits good knowledge of the topic; can distinguish
different approaches or viewpoints, and some ability of
evaluation is present, but may to some extent lack clarity
and coherence; reasonable attempt at referencing; very
good on objective 1, weaker on 2-5
2:i 60-69% Very good knowledge of basic ideas, concepts and
institutions with good analysis of issues and evaluation;
good uses of sources and references; meets objectives
1,2,4,5, weaker on 3
70-79% Excellent knowledge of the topic, with high level analysis
of a balanced nature. Strong on critical evaluation,
First clarity, coherence. All assessment objectives covered
80% + Same as the range 70-79% but adds a deeper
understanding and evaluation of the issues and can

6
 “impose oneself on the subject”

Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of taking the words or ideas of others and passing them off
as your own. In many cases plagiarism takes the form of copying from books and
articles without full and accurate acknowledgement of sources. This can happen
unintentionally when you use notes taken from a book/journal article and put
them directly into your essay without properly attributing the source. Whether
intentional or not, plagiarism is not acceptable in any circumstances. It is
regarded as a form of cheating and there are strict University regulations to deal
with it if it is discovered. You will find a summary of the University regulations &
procedures governing plagiarism in your Student Handbook. You must read this
carefully.

It is vital when taking notes to:

(1) Note the FULL reference of the book/article at the top of the first page of
notes.
(2) Keep a precise note of the page numbers of any quoted material (for example
in the margins of your notes)
(3) Use precise double quote marks at the beginning & end of any quotes in your
notes and check that any quotes/material used in your essay in accurately and
carefully attributed.

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 COURSE PROGRAMME

Week One

Lecture: Introduction to the issues

Seminar: Work allocation, discussion of course expectations – what makes a

good seminar/ library and other resources/ assessment discussion. Please
choose a topic for a seminar presentation.

Week Two

Lecture: The Birth of the Modern Prison

Seminar: Discuss the role of labour discipline, time and space in formation of the
modern prison.

Core reading:

Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, Penguin.
Rusche G and Kirchheimer O. (2003) Punishment and Social Structure.
Transaction.
Rothman D. (1971) The Discovery of the Asylum: Little Brown and Co.
Morris,N & Rothman,D.J (1998) The Oxford History of the Prison, Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Muncie,J. (2001) ‘Prison Histories: Reform, Repression and Rehabilitation’ in
McLaughlin,E & Muncie,J. Controlling Crime,( 2nd edition) London: Sage & The
Open University..
Cohen,S. (1985) Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification,
Cambridge: Polity Press ( chap 1)
Zedner L (1994) Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England. Oxford:
Clarendon.

8
Week Three

Lecture: Order and Control in Prisons

Seminar

Order and control in prisons is maintained not so much through formal coercion
but through more subtle informal processes. Discuss.

Reading

Goffman E. (1968) Asylums. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Bottoms, A (1999) ‘Interpersonal Violence and social Order in Prisons’ in M.
Tonrya nd J. Petersilia (eds) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research Vol. 26:
University of Chicago Press.
Sparks, Bottoms A, and Hay, W. (1996) Prisons and the Problem of Order.
Clarendon Press: Oxford.
King, R. and McDermott, K. (1995) The State of Our Prisons. Clarendon: Oxford.
Leibling, A. (1992) Suicides in Prison. London: Routledge.
Adams, R. 1994) Prison Riots in Britain and the USA. Second Edition: Macmillan.
Player, E and Jenkins, M. (1994) Prisons After Woolf. London: Routledge.
Edgar, K, O’Donnell, I and Martin C. (2003) Prison Violence: The Dynamics of
Conflict, Fear and Power: Willan.

Week Four

Lecture: The Political Economy of Imprisonment

Seminar: Prison is primarily a mechanism for the regulation of labour. Discuss.

Reading

Rusche G and Kirchheimer O. (2005) Punishment and Social Structure:

Transaction.
Box S. (1987) Recession, Crime and Punishment: Macmillan.
Parent C. (1999) Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis:
Verso.
Western B. (2006) Punishment and Inequality in America: Russell Sage
Foundation.
Christie N. (1993) Crime Control as Industry: Routledge
Murray C. (1997) Does Prison Work? Institute of Economic Affairs.
Currie E. (1998) Crime and Punishment in America: Metropolitan books.
Reiman J (2004) The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison (Seventh Edition):
Pearson.

9
Week Five

Lecture: The Politics and Culture of Imprisonment

Seminar: To what extent has the growth of imprisonment been increased by the
shift towards penal populism?

Reading

Pratt J. ( 2007) Penal Populism : Routledge.

Matthews R. (2005) ‘The Myth of Punitiveness’ Theoretical Criminology.
Garland D. ( 2001) The Culture of Control: Oxford University Press.
Pratt J. et al. 2005) The New Punitiveness: Willan.
Caplow T. and Simon J. (1999) ‘Understanding Prison Policy and Population
Trends’ in M. Tonry and J. Petersilia (eds) Prisons: University of Chicago Press.
Feeley M. and Simon J. (1992) ‘ The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging
Strategy of Corrections and its Implications’ Criminology Vol. 39: 449-74.
Tonry M. (2001) Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times: Oxford University Press.
Jacobson M. (2005) Downsizing Prisons: New York University Press.

Week Six

Lecture: Women’s Imprisonment

Seminar: To what extent and in what way should the use of incarceration for
women be significantly different than the way it is used for men?

Core reading:
Carlen, P. (1983) Women’s Imprisonment Routledge
Carlen,P. (1990) Alternatives to Women’s Imprisonment Open University Press.
Carlen, P. (2002) (ed) Women and Punishment. Devon: Willan Publishing
Carlen, P. & Worrall,A. (2004) Analysing Women’s Imprisonment. Devon: Willan
Publishing.
Cavadino,M & Dignan,J. (1992) The Penal System: an Introduction, London:
Sage.
Chigwada,R. (1997) Black Women’s Experiences of Criminal Justice: a
discourse on disadvantage Waterside Press.
Dobash,R. Et al (1985) The Imprisonment of Women, Blackwell.

10
Week Seven

Lecture: Race and imprisonment

Seminar: What evidence is there that the racial disproportionality in prisons is a

direct result of discriminatory practices?

Reading

Tonry, M Malign Neglect: Race Crime and punishment in America: Oxford.

Blumstein, A. (1993) ‘ Racial Disproportionality in the US Prison Population’.
University of Colorado Law Review Vol. 64: 198-207.
Hood, R (1992) Race and Sentencing: Oxford.
Mauer, M (1999) Race to Incarcerate: The Sentencing Project.
Genders, E. and Player,E. (1990) Race Relations in Prisons, Clarendon Press.
Webster, C. (2007) Understanding Race and Crime: Open University Press.

Week Eight

Lecture: The Crisis of Imprisonment

Seminar
How useful is the concept ‘crisis’ in explaining the current situation of
imprisonment?

Reading
Fitzgerald M. and Sim J. (1979) British Prisons. Oxford.
Cavadino and Dignan J. (2003) The Penal System: An Introduction: Sage.
Sparks R. (1994) ‘Can Prisons be Legitimate?’ in R. King and M. Maguire (eds)
Prisons in Context . Oxford.
Rusche G. and Kirchheimer Punishment and Social Structure.
Bottoms. A. and Preston R. (1980) The Coming Penal Crisis. Scottish Academic
Press.
Player E. and Jenkins M. (1994) Prisons After Woolf. Routledge.
King R. and McDermott K. (1989) ‘British Prisons 1970- 19887: The Ever-
Deepening Crisis’ British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 29 No. 2 :107-128.
McConville S. and Hall-Williams (1987) ‘The English Response to the Penal
Crisis’ in S. Gottfredson and S. McConville (eds) Americas Correctional Crisis.
Greenwood Press.

Week Nine

Lecture: Developing Alternatives to Custody.

Seminar: Discuss the claim that introducing new alternatives to custody will

11
inevitably lead to ‘net widening’.

Core Reading

Cohen. S. (1985) Visions of Social Control. Polity.

Garland D. (1985) Punishment and Welfare. Gower.
McMahon M. (1990) ‘Net Widening, Vagaries in the Use of a Concept’ British
Journal of Criminology. Vol. 30 No. 2: 121-150.
Graham J. (1990) ‘Decarceration in the Federal Republic of Germany’ British
Journal of Criminology Vol. 30 No. 2: 150-171.
Carlen P (1990) Alternatives to Women’s Imprisonment. Open University Press.
Scull (1984) Decarceration: Community Treatment and the Deviant (2nd edition)
Polity.
Cohen,S. (1985) Visions of Social Control. Polity.
Lowman,J et al (1987) Transcarceration: Essays in the Sociology of Social
Control. Gower.
Brownlee,I. (1998) Community Punishments: A Critical Introduction. Longman.
Worrall,A. (1997) Punishment in the Community Longman.
Byrne,J et al (1992) Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate
Sanctions. Sage.

Week Ten

Lecture: The Privatisation of Prisons

Seminar: To what extent has prison privatisation reduced the cost and increased
the effectiveness of incarceration?

Reading:
Harding R. (1997) Private Prisons and Public Accountability: Open University
Press.
Erikson,R et al (1987) ‘Punishing for Profit: Reflection on the Revival of
Privatisation in Corrections’ Canadian Journal of Criminology 29/4.
Farrell,M. (ed) (1989) Punishment for Profit? London: Institute for the Study and
Treatment of Delinquency.
Feeley,S & Simon,J. (1992) ‘The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy
of Corrections and its Implications’ Criminology 30/4: 452-74.
James et al (1997) Privatizing Prisons: Rhetoric and Reality. Sage.
Lilly,J. & Knepper,P. (1992) ‘ An International Perspective on the Privatisation of
Corrections’ The Howard Journal 31,3: 174-91.
Logan,C. (1992) Private Prisons: Cons and Pros Oxford University Press.
Matthews,R. (ed) (1989) Privatizing Criminal Justice Sage.
Newman,J & Clarke,J. (1994) ‘The Managerialisation of Public Services’ in
Clarke,J. Cochrane,A & McLaughlin,E. (eds) Managing Social Policy London:
Sage.

12
Ryan,M & Ward,T. (1989) Privatisation and the Penal System Open University
Press.
Schichor D (1999) ‘Privatising Correctional Institutions; An Organisational
Perspective’ Prison Journal . Vol. 79 No.2. 226- 249.

Week Eleven

Lecture: The Future of Imprisonment

Seminar: As we move into postmodernity the nature of imprisonment will be

transformed. Discuss.

Reading

Garland, D. (1995) ‘ Penal Modernism and Postmodernism’ in T. Blomberg and

S. Cohen (eds) Punishment and Social Control.: de Gruyter
Cohen, S. (1985) Visions of Social Control: Polity.
Boyne, R. (2000) ‘Post-Panopticism’ Economy and Society. Vol. 29 No. 7:285-
307.
Lucken, K. (1998) ‘Contemporary Penal trends: Modern or Postmodern?’ British
Journal of Criminology. Vol 38. No.1: 106-123.
Miller, A. (2001) ‘ Looking for {Postmodernism in all the Wrong Places:
Implementing a New Penology’ British Journal of Criminology Vol. 41:168-184.
Parienti, C. (1999) Lockdown America: Verso.
Pratt, J. et al.(2005) The New Punitiveness: Trends Theories, Perspectives:
Willan.
Deleuze, G. (1995) Negotiations: Columbia University Press.

Week twelve

Lecture. Unit Review.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

There is a mass of literature available that examines penal theory, policy and
practice. You will need to be pro-active in searching out these sources, many of
which do not necessarily fall into criminology. Be sure to consult as wide a
literature base as possible, including, Criminology, Sociology, Psychology, and
Philosophy. As well as books, ensure that you consult the journals. Below is a
list of journals that you may find useful. Although the Perry Library may not have
all the books and journals you seek you are surrounded by many other sources
of information including; other university libraries, and the internet. Ensure that
you tap into the resources offered by institutions such as the Home Office, the

13
Centre for Crime & Justice Studies, the Howard League for Penal Reform and
NACRO (National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders). All
of these provide wonderful sources of information, especially in detailing current
issues and many of their publications are free or inexpensive.

Journals include:

Howard Journal of Penal Reform

Probation Journal
Crime & Delinquency
Prison Journal
British Journal of Criminology
Punishment and Society – the International Journal of Penology
Prison Service Journal
Criminology
Crime & Social Justice
Canadian Journal of Criminology

Further References

Ashworth,A. (1983) Sentencing and Penal Policy Weidenfield & Nicholson.

Blumstein,A. (1988) ‘Prison populations: a system out of control?’ in Tonry,M &

Morris,N. (eds) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.

Bottoms,A and Preston,R. (1980) The Coming Penal Crisis Scottish Academic
Press.

Bottoms,A. & Light,R. (1987) (eds) Problems of Long-term Imprisonment, Gower

Press.

Bosworth, M. (1990) Engendering Resistance: Agency & Power in Women’s

Prisons Dartmouth: Ashgate.

Bottoms,A & Preston,R. (1980) The Coming Penal Crisis Scottish Academic
Press.

Bottoms,A. (1987) ‘ Limiting prison use’ Howard Journal of Criminal Justice vol
26/3: 177-202.

Bottoms,A. (1990) ‘ The aims of Imprisonment’ in Garland,D. (ed) Justice, Guilt &
Forgivingness in the Penal System Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh.

Braithwaite,J. (1989) Crime, Shame & Reintegration Cambridge University Press.

14
Brownlee,I. (1998) ‘ New Labour- New Penology? Punitive rhetoric and the limits
of managerialsm in criminal justice policy’ Journal of Law and Society vol 25, no.
3: 313-35.

Caddle,D. (1998) Research Findings, No. 80 Age Limits for Babies in Prison-
some lessons from abroad, Home Office.

Carlen, P. (1983) Women’s Imprisonment Routledge.

Carlen,P. (1990) Alternatives to Women’s Imprisonment Open University Press.

Carlen,P & Cook,D. (1989) Paying for Crime Open University Press.

Carlen,P. (1998) Sledgehammer: Women’s Imprisonment at the Millennium,

London: Macmillan.

Carlen, P. (2002) (ed) Women and Punishment. Devon: Willan Publishing

Carlen, P. & Worrall,A. (2004) Analysing Women’s Imprisonment. Devon: Willan

Publishing.

Cavadino,M & Dignan,J. (1992) The Penal System: an Introduction, London:

Sage.

Chigwada,R. (1997) Black Women’s Experiences of Criminal Justice: a

discourse on disadvantage Waterside Press.

Cohen,S. (1985) Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification,

Cambridge: Polity Press

Cohen,S & Taylor,L. (1972) Psychological Survival, Penguin.

Cooke,D. (1989) ‘Containing violent prisoners: analysis of the Barlinnie Special

Unit’ British Journal of Criminology 29:129-43.

Cooke,D. (1991) ‘Violence in Prisons: the influence of regime factors’ Howard

Journal of Criminal Justice 30/2.

Coyle,A. (1987) ‘The management of dangerous and difficult prisoners’ Howard

Journal of Criminal Justice, 26:139-52.

Clarke,D. (1997) ‘Therapeutic communities for drug misusers’ Prison Service

Journal, No. 111:78-96.

15
Cullen,E. (1994) ‘Grendon: the therapeutic community that works’ Therapeutic
Communities 15/4.

Cullen,E. (1997) ‘ Can a prison be a therapeutic community?: the Grendon

template’ in Cullen,E. Jones,L & Woodward,R. (eds) Therapeutic Communities
for Offenders Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

Currie. E (1998) Crime and Punishment in America: Metropolitan Books.

Ditchfield,J. (1990) Control in prisons: A Review of the Literature, HO Research

Study 118.

Dobash,R. et al (1985) The Imprisonment of Women, Blackwell.

Downes,D. (1982) ‘ The origins and consequences of Dutch penal policy since
1945’ British Journal of Criminology 22/4: 325-50.

Downes,D. (1998) ‘ The buckling of the shields: Dutch penal policy 1985-95’ in
Weiss,R.P. & South,N. (eds) Comparing Prison Systems, Amsterdam, Gordon &
Breach.

Dunbar,I & Langdon,A. (1998) Tough Justice: Sentencing and Penal Policies in
the 1990s London, Blackstone Press.

Duff,A. & Garland,D. (1994) A Reader on Punishment OUP Press.

Eaton,M. (1986) Justice for Women Open University Press.

Eaton,M. (1993) Women After Prison, Open University Press.

Erikson,R et al (1987) ‘ Punishing for profit: reflection on the revival of

privatisation in corrections’ Canadian Journal of Criminology 29/4.

Farrell,M. (ed) (1989) Punishment for Profit? London: Institute for the Study and
Treatment of Delinquency.

Fitzgerald,M. & Sim,J. (1979) British Prisons Blackwell.

Feeley,S & Simon,J. (1992) ‘The new penology: notes on the merging strategy of
corrections and its implications’ Criminology 30/4: 452-74.

Flynn,N. (1998) Introduction to Prisons and Imprisonment, Winchester:

Waterside Press.

Foucault,M. (1977) Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison ,Penguin
Books.

16
Flanagan,T. (1995) Long Term Imprisonment Sage.

Garland,D (1985) Punishment & Welfare: A history of penal strategies, Gower

Press.

Garland,D. (1990) Punishment and Modern Society Clarendon Press.

Garland,D (1995) ‘Penal Modernism and Postmodernism’ in T. Blomberg and S.

Garland D (2001) The Culture of Control. Oxford University Press.

Genders,E. & Player,E. (1990) Race Relations in Prisons, Clarendon Press.

Genders,E & Player,E. (1995) Grendon: A study of a Therapeutic Prison, Oxford:

Clarendon Press.

Goffman,E.(1961) Asylums Pelican Books.

Graham,J. (1990) ‘The declining prison population in the Federal Republic of

Germany’, British Journal of Criminology, 30:150-70.

Hay,W & Sparks,R. (1990) Control Problems and the Long-term prisoner HMSO.

Hedderman,C. & Sugg,D. (1996) Does Treating sex offenders reduce offending?’
in Research Findings, no. 45 Home Office.

Home Office (1991) Custody, Care and Justice: The Way Ahead for the Prison
Medical Service in England & Wales, Cm 1647,HMSO.

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons (1996) Patient or Prisoner? Home Office.

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons (1997) Women in Prisons: A Thematic Review:

Home Office/ The Stationary Office.

HM Prison Service (1998) Tackling Drugs in Prison: The Prison Service Drug
Strategy, HMSO.

HM Inspectorate of Prisons (1999) Suicide is Everyone’s Concern: A Thematic

Review of HM Chef Inspector of Prisons for England & Wales, Home Office.

Hood,R. (1992) Race and Sentencing Oxford.

Howard League (1989) Black People and the Criminal Justice System

17
Hudson,B. (1993) Penal Policy & Social Justice London: Macmillan.

Ignatieff,M (1978) A Just Measure of Pain U.P.

Irwin,J. (1982) The Pains of Imprisonment London, Sage.

Jacobson M. (2005) Downsizing Prisons: NYU Press.

King,R. ‘Maximum security custody in Britain and the USA: a study of Gartree
and Oak Park Heights, British Journal of Criminology, 31.

King,R & Maguire,M (1994) Prisons in Context, Oxford University Press.

Learmont,Gen.Sir.J. (1995) Review of Prison Service Security in England &

Wales and the Escape from Parkhurst Prison on Tuesday 3rd January (1995) The
Learmont Inquiry, Cm 3020,HMSO.

Liebling,A. (1992) Suicide in Prison London, Routledge.

Liebling,A. (1995) ‘Vulnerability and prison suicide’ British Journal of

Criminology 35/2.

Liebling,A. (1997) Security, Justice and Order in Prison: Developing

Perspectives, University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology.

Lilly,J. & Knepper,P. (1992) ‘ An international perspective on the privatisation of

corrections’ The Howard Journal 31,3: 174-91.

Lloyd,C. (1990) Suicide and self-injury in prison: a review of the literature, Home
Office research study 115.

Lifers: A Joint Thematic Review by HM Inspectorate of Prison and Probation,

Home Office: The Stationary Office.

Logan,C. (1992) Private Prisons: Cons and Pros Oxford University Press.

Marshall,P. (1997) ‘ A reconviction study of HMP Grendon therapeutic

community’, Research Findings, No. 53, Home Office.

Matthews,R. (ed) (1989) Privatizing Criminal Justice Sage.

Matthews,R. (1999) Doing Time: an introduction to the Sociology of

Imprisonment, London : Macmillan.

Mathieson,T. (1974) The Politics of Abolition Martin Robertson.

18
May,T. (1995) Probation, Politics and Practice, Milton Keynes: Open University
Press.

McLaughlin,E & Muncie,J. (2001) Controlling Crime,( 2nd edition) London: Sage
& The Open University.

Melossi,D & Pavarini,M. (1981) Creation of the Modern Prison Sage.

Morgan,R & Jones,H. (1991) ‘Prison Discipline: the case for implementing Woolf’
British Journal of Criminology 31/3.

Morgan,R. (1997) ‘Imprisonment: current trends and a brief history since 1945’ in
Maguire,M. Morgan,R & Reiner,R. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford:
Clarendon Press.

Morgan,R & Evans,M (1994) ‘Inspecting Prisons: the view from Strasbourg ‘ in
King,R. & Maguire,M. (eds) Prisons in Context: Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Morris,N & Rothman,D.J (1998) The Oxford History of the Prison, Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

Muncie,J. (1996) ‘Prison Histories: Reform, Repression and Rehabilitation’ in

McLaughlin,E & Muncie,J. OUP.

Newman,J & Clarke,J. (1994) ‘The managerialisation of public services’ in

Clarke,J. Cochrane,A & McLaughlin,E. (eds) Managing Social Policy London:
Sage.

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 Are you interested in penal issues ?

Those of you who are particularly interested in penal issues should consider
joining the:

Howard League for Penal Reform

1 Ardleigh Road,
London N1 4HS
Tel: 020 7249 7373
Email: howardleague@ukonline.co.uk
Website: www.howardleague.org

The Howard League is an independent charity which receives no government

funds and relies entirely upon membership fees and donations for all financial
support. Membership costs £18 per year and in return you will receive a copy of
their quarterly journal The Howard Journal as well as a copy of the Howard
League Magazine four times a year which details current issues in penal affairs,
including lists of publications and conferences.

Volunteering possibilities

There is a wide range of opportunities for volunteers interested in working in the

criminal justice system. The following provides a broad introduction to some of
the penal related agencies. If you are interested in volunteering or want further
information contact the agency directly.

The Howard League is an independent charity that campaigns for humane

reform of the penal system. The Howard League recruits volunteers to work in
the office or on the Citizenship and Crime Project. Office volunteers work in
research and/ or administration depending on an individual’s experience and the
type of skills they what to develop. The Citizenship and Crime Project provides
young people with information about the criminal justice system through
interactive workshops in school. The Howard League plays daily expense for
lunch and travel.
Contact the Howard League on 0202 7249 7373.

The Bourne Trust provides support services for prisoners and their families. At
the present time volunteers are involved in work in the following settings- Visitors
Centres at Wormwood Scrubs and Belmarsh; a play area within the prison visits
area at Wormwood Scrubs; visiting isolated prisoners in Holloway, Wakefiled and
Channings Wood.
Contact the Bourne Trust on 020 7582 1313.

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The New Bridge is an independent voluntary organisation which recruits
volunteers to write and visit prisoners who have o other contact outside of the
prison.
Contact The New Bridge on 020 7976 0779.

Partners of Prisoners and Families Support Group (POPS) provide a variety

of support services to anyone who has a link with someone in prison, It is the
main service provider to prisoner families in the north of England. POPS runs the
national black prisoners support group. POPS also recruits volunteers to work at
the visitor centre at HMP Hindley.
Contact POPS on 0161 740 8600.

Prison Visitors visit and provide support and friendship to lonely and isolated
prisoners. Although officially appointed, prison visitors are independent of the
Prison Service and visit prisoners on an informal and open basis.
Contact the National Association of Prison Visitors on 01234 359763 or write to
the governor of the prison.

The Prisoners’ Families and Friends Service provides advice, information

support and friendship to the family and friends of anyone sentenced to
imprisonment or remanded in custody. Befriender volunteers visit families in their
own homes to offer on-going support; court volunteers work in the London Crown
Courts providing information. Volunteers can also work in the PF&FS office or the
Family Centre.
Contact PF&FS on 020 7403 4091/9359.

NACRO runs a wide range of community based projects which offer practical
services and resources to individuals caught up in the criminal justice process, to
those at risk of offending and to communities suffering the affects of crime.
NACRO does not recruit volunteers centrally for local services, so either look in
the local telephone directory or call the NACRO publications department for and
address list - -20 7582 6500.

SOVA ( Society of Voluntary Associates) works at all points of the criminal

justice system form arrest to referral and bail support through the courts, to work
in custodial institutions and to the provision of post- release support. The precise
nature of the work undertaken by volunteers depends upon the type of project in
which they are involved. Some examples of the kinds of project SOVA run
include leisure programmes for young people, visiting prisoners, and providing
employment and training advice to ex-offenders. SOVA also recruits \and trains
volunteers on behalf of some probation service areas.
Contact SOVA on 020 7793 0404.

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