Land and sustainable livelihood in Latin Amer! isthe second vo ume of a series on current proc of land tenure change in Latin America, and i intended to clarify the relationship between land and sustainable livelihood in five countries, i.e,, Mexico, Nicaragua, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. The first volume — Current land poliey in Latin America: regutating land tere under neo-liberalism (KIT Publishers, 2000) offers a critical reflection on current land policy and shows how. wader neo-liberalism, there has been shift away from redistributive policles. This second volume presents a complementary view. Its authors he implications of changing land tenure es or land nse (agricultural production environmental sustainability) and the ineome generating ca>acity of farmers (is greater access to land still a way out of poverty2}. Also dealt with are the consequences for the non-material aspects of life, eg sntity social relations, ete. By focusing on the goals and priorities of rural households ~ rather than on policy goals~ the authors attempt to provide an insider's view of rural lie, Irrespective of whether the policy makers’ aim isto liberalize land markets or an a0 nena sus achieve other goals, farmers respond in their own MIM of life, even in thos. crucial role in terms of in | to the changing station, Land Is a necessary clement 3 current changes in rural life farmers are having to cope with mul:tiunetional, and often transnational as well as neo-liberal production environments ‘and neo-liberal land policy ~it is time to make a nceptual update of the land issue, Hopefully thi volume will insaire policy makers to formulate a new land policy -one that does greater justice to the diversity ‘and dynamics of rural life and make them more aware of the maltifunctionality of land and livelihood, aA MAMCCS RUS eM Uy Latteeion et NNY BOPOUE Land and sustainable livelihood in Latin America Zoomers: (eds)Dr, Susan Paulson, Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Latin American Studies at Miami University of Ohio, USA (paulsosa@muohio.edu). ‘Norman Piccioni, senior agricultural economist with the Poverty and Human Resources Division of the Development Research Group of the World Bank, USA (npiecioni@worldbank.org). Dr: Lais Rodriguez, senior lecturer at the School of Agricultural Eeanomies (ESECA) of the National University of Managua, Nicaragua (eseca@sdnnic.org.ni). ‘Dr Ruerd Ruben, Associate Professor of Farm Household Economies at the Development Economics Group of Wageningen University, the Netherlands (Ruerd Ruben@alg.oe.wau.n)). ‘Ute Sehiiren (anthropologist), researcher and lecturer at the Latin American Institute of the Free University of Berlin, Germany (u.schueren@t-ontine.ce). Dr, Beatriz G. de la Tejera Herndndez (agricultural economist and sociologist), researcher at the Centro Regional Occidente of the Autonomous University of Chapingo, Mexico (btejera1999@yahoo.com). Dr. Pieter de Vries, lecturer at the Rural Sociology Development Group of| ‘Wageningen University, the Netherlands (pieter-devries@alg asnw.wau nl). Dr: Annelies Zoomers, Associate Professor in Human Geography at the Center For Latin American Research and Documentation (CEDLA), the Netherlands (roomers@eedia.uva.nl). Table of contents Contributors List of tables, figures and maps Preface 1 Introduction: linking land to livelihood Annelies Zoomers 2 Land and livelihood: what do we know, and what are the issues? Kirsten Appendini Livelihood and multifunctional land-use in a transnational space: international rlgration No land stands alone: social and environmental interdependency in a Bolivian watershed ‘Susan Paulson 4 Rooted migrants: land and rural development in the Vall Cochabamba, Bolivia Genevieve Cortes ‘5 What's in the land? The multiple meanings of land in a transnationalized Mexican village Monique Nuijten 6 Institutional flexibility in a transnational community: managing collective natural resourees in Mexico Kirsten Appendini, Raul Garcia Barrios, and Beatriz C. de la Tejera Debating property: property relations and the cultural construction of ‘community in Usibamba, Central Andes of Peru Pieter de Vries and José Manuel Gilvonio Livelihood and land-use in a context of land privatization 8 Land reform and technology in Puno, Pers Arthur Morris 9 Conflict over natural resources and conservation in the indigenous community of Cuzalapa, Western Mexico Peter RW. Gerritsen and Nancy R. Forster 10 Land reform, rural organization, and agrarian incomes in Nicaragua Ruerd Ruben, Luis Rodriguez and Orlando Cortez a 13 23 39 59 n 93 107 128 139 48711 Income generation strategies among Nicaraguan agricultural producers Benjamin Davis, Calogero Carletto, and Norman Piccioni Livelihood and land-use ina global competitive sphere 12 Globalization and survival of the smallholder producer: a case study of land-use change in Tingambato, Mexico Laura Paulson 13 Beonomie strategies of rural producers: a comparison of ejido and ‘Mennonite agriculture in Mexico Ute Schatren 14 Agro-export production and agricultural communities: land tenure and, soeial change in the Guatulame Valley, Chile Anna Bee Final reflections 15 Land and sustainable livelihood: issues for debate “Armelies Zoomers 169 at 209 229 24s List of tables ‘Table 41 Example of agricultural investment 6s, ‘Table 9.1 Land distribution among comuneros in the late 1990s us Table 92 Cattle distribution among Cuzalapecattle-raisers 18 ‘Table 10.1. Nicaragua: land reform and tenancy structure 19 Table 10.2. Resoutees and membership of cooperatives in the Pacific region 161 ‘Tale 10.3 Member and group characteristics 163 ‘able 10.4 Income levels and income composition 164 Table 105 OLS regression: income elasticities for different farm types 166 ‘table 1.1 Household typology based on farm size v2 Table 112 Household income by farm sie (1996 Cérdobas) 1% Table 11.3 Demographic characteristics and labor activities, by farm size 178 Table 114 Comparison of poor and non-poor households 7 Table 11.5 Determinants of income 181 Table 116 Marginal effects of land on income 12 ‘able 12.1 Average cost of avocade production (pesos per hectare) 201 ‘Table 12.1. Mennonite com production with rainfed agriculture 19941997214 Tuble 132 Mennonite watermelon production on irrigated fields 19941997214 Table 13.3 Access to mechanized land in Xcuplleacab 216 Table 124 Com yields per hectare on mechanized land in Xcupileacab 217 Table 135 Mitpa and mechanized agriculture in Xewpilcacad 218 Table 136 Mifpa area planted in Xeupileacab (roca and canada) 218 Table 137 Com yields per hectare on milpa plots in Xeupileacab 29 Table 13.8 Commercalization of corn in Keupiteacab mi Table 139 Com available per eapita for household consumption in Xeuplleacab aa. Table (L1 Agricultural communities of the 1V Region 232 Table 15. Livelihood strategies in response t increasing levels of prosperity snd family development cycle 231 List of figures Figure 31. Gender organization of labor and resources surrounding weat production 2 Pigure 4.1. Functions ofthe land 66 Figure 11. Structure of income, by farm size vs igure 11.2 Total land owned and in pastures, by income deciles 178