Institute of Petroleum Studies by 2013 o PDF

INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM STUDIES
OPERATIONAL
DRILLING AND
COMPLETION
PROGRAMME FOR COD
S-E FIELD
BY
2013
CHUKS-EBOKA O.T. IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/187
JUDITH EGBEOCHA IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/188
EKENE ALFRED ENYEKWE IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/189
JONATHAN FRANCIS IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/190
OBIORA NWOSU IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/191

Institute of Petroleum Studies
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The report contains an elaborate and detailed design and specifications for a
vertical well which aims to produce 1,200,000 STm3 of gas per day in the COD
S-E field in the North Sea, Norway. The water depth is 72meters and the rig
proposed and eventually selected as adequate for the purpose is the Maersk
Gallant Jackup Rig.
Formation data was obtained from an exploration well drilled previously in

same field. Pore pressures, Leak-Off pressures and formations to be
encountered are already known. H2S is not present in this location. There is
also no expectation of shallow gas.
The phases designed are a jetted 30” Conductor pipe at 160m MSL, 20”
Surface Casing at 800m MSL, 13 3/8” Intermediate Casing at 1400m MSL, 9
5/8” Intermediate Casing at 2500m MSL and a 7” Production Casing at 3355m
MSL. For each of these phases, the Drillstring design, Casing design, Drilling
Fluid design, Cementing Programme, Cement Design, Logging Programme,
Coring Programme, Well Control and Safety procedure, Equipment Design &
Selection and Rig Power required are all outlined.
The completion procedure is also outlined. An underbalanced Tubing

Conveyed Perforation (TCP) using a temporary completion string is described
as the perforation technique. A 5½” tubing is required to enable the well to
meet the targeted flow rate. Tubing design considerations including thermal
strains and buckling are outlined. The accessories required for the completion
of the well are also detailed. A dry well head is selected.
Proper documentation for the well design is also detailed and

recommendations for further well activity such as work-over interventions and
stimulation jobs are also detailed.
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Well Design Project - Design of An Optimised Well
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The group will like to thank Monsieur Francis Fusier (IFP) for his incredible
patience when dealing with our numerous questions and suggestions, and for
his wonderful class on Well Completions.
We would also love to send our appreciation to Monsieur Didier Brigant (IFP),
who educated us thoroughly on Drillstring Design, Casing Design, Rig
Equipment and other pertinent topics.
To Monsieur Gerald Gachet (IFP), who taught us the basics of blowout

prevention and well control, we must say that we are confident that when we
go out to the field, his words shall go with us.
And to the other teachers who have made an integrated understanding of

drilling and well engineering possible, we can never thank you enough.
To the management of the Institute Of Petroleum Studies, we express our

thanks and gratitude. We strive to be good ambassadors of this great Institute.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................. 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ 8
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................... 10
1 CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL DATA ............................................................................................ 11
1.1 FIELD LOCATION .................................................................................................................... 11

1.2 FIELD DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS ................................................................................................ 11
2 CHAPTER TWO: GEOLOGICAL PROGRAMME .......................................................................... 12
2.1 PURPOSE OF THE WELLS ......................................................................................................... 12

2.2 OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS, HETEROGENEITY AND QUALITY.......................................................... 12
2.3.1 RESULTS OF APPRAISAL WELLS ......................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2 STRATIGRAPHIC PROGNOSIS DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................... 14
2.3.3 PRESSURE PROGNOSIS DATA: FORMATION AND FRACTURE PRESSURE GRADIENT ....................................... 15
2.4 PRESSURE EVOLUTION FOLLOW-UP............................................................................................ 17
3 CHAPTER THREE: DRILLING HAZARDS .................................................................................... 18
3.1 SHALLOW GAS....................................................................................................................... 18

3.2 SURFACE LITHOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 18
3.3 UNDER COMPACTED SHALES ..................................................................................................... 18
3.4 MUD LOSSES ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.5 H2S ................................................................................................................................... 18
4 CHAPTER FOUR: WELL DESIGN .............................................................................................. 19
4.1 CASING DESIGN CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................. 19

4.1.1 WELL COD S-E 1A ARCHITECTURE .................................................................................................. 19
4.1.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................. 19
4.1.3 RECAP OF RULES FOR CASING DESIGN .............................................................................................. 19
4.1.4 CASING CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................................. 20
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4.1.4.1 30" CONDUCTOR CASING ...................................................................................................... 20

4.1.4.2 20" SURFACE CASING ............................................................................................................. 20
4.1.4.2.1 COLLAPSE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 20
4.1.4.2.2 BURST STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.4.2.3 CASING SELECTION ............................................................................................................. 21
4.1.4.3 13-3/8" INTERMEDIATE CASING ............................................................................................ 21
4.1.4.3.1 COLLAPSE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 21
4.1.4.3.2 BURST STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.4.4 9-5/8" INTERMEDIATE CASING .............................................................................................. 23
4.1.4.4.1 COLLAPSE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 23
4.1.4.4.2 BURST STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.4.5 7" PRODUCTION CASING ....................................................................................................... 24
4.1.4.5.1 COLLAPSE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 24
4.1.4.5.2 BURST STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 25
5 CHAPTER FIVE: DRILLING OPERATIONS .................................................................................. 26
5.1 30"CONDUCTOR PIPE (SHOE AT 160M) .................................................................................. 26

5.1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS PHASE ................................................................................................................ 26
5.1.2 OPERATIONS PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................... 26
5.2 26" HOLE, 20" SURFACE CASING PHASE............................................................................... 26
5.2.2 EXPECTED PROBLEMS ..................................................................................................................... 26
5.2.3 BARRIERS ..................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2.4 DRILLING PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.5 DRILL STRING................................................................................................................................ 27
5.2.6 DRILLING BITS ............................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.7 DRILLING PARAMETERS .................................................................................................................. 29
5.2.8 DRILLING FLUID ............................................................................................................................. 29
5.2.9 LOGGING ..................................................................................................................................... 30
5.2.10 CASING AND CASING RUNNING PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 30
5.3 17 1/2" HOLE, 13-3/8" INTERMEDIATE CASING PHASE ......................................................... 31
5.3.3 BARRIERS ..................................................................................................................................... 32
5.3.5 DRILL STRING................................................................................................................................ 32
5.3.6 DRILL BITS .................................................................................................................................... 33
5.3.8 DRILLING FLUID ............................................................................................................................. 35
5.3.9 LOGGING AND CORING .................................................................................................................. 39
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5.3.11 CEMENTING PROCEDURE .............................................................................................................. 40
5.3.12 POWER REQUIREMENT ................................................................................................................. 42
5.4 12-1/4" HOLE, 9-5/8" CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PHASE .............................................. 42
5.4.3 BARRIERS ..................................................................................................................................... 43
5.4.5 DRILL STRING................................................................................................................................ 43
5.4.6 DRILL BIT ..................................................................................................................................... 44
5.4.8 POWER REQUIREMENT ................................................................................................................... 46
5.4.9 DRILLING FLUID ............................................................................................................................. 46
5.4.10 LOGGING ................................................................................................................................... 49
5.5 8" 3/4 HOLE, 7" PRODUCTION CASING PHASE ..................................................................... 51
5.5.3 BARRIERS ..................................................................................................................................... 52
5.5.5 DRILL STRING................................................................................................................................ 52
5.5.6 DRILL BIT ..................................................................................................................................... 53
5.5.8 POWER REQUIREMENT ................................................................................................................... 53
5.5.9 DRILLING FLUID ............................................................................................................................. 54
5.5.10 LOGGING ................................................................................................................................... 56
5.5.13 SETTING THE PACKER ................................................................................................................... 59
6 CHAPTER SIX: WELL COMPLETION ......................................................................................... 60
6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 60

6.2 PERFORATION STRATEGY ................................................................................................... 61
6.3 COMPLETION FLUID AND PACKER FLUID ............................................................................. 65
6.4 WELLHEAD TYPE ................................................................................................................ 68
6.5 COMPLETION DIAGRAM..................................................................................................... 68
6.6 RUNNING AND TESTING PROCEDURE ................................................................................. 71
7 CHAPTER SEVEN: FUTURE INTERVENTIONS............................................................................ 74
7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 74

7.1.1 REPLACEMENT OF ALL OR PART OF COMPLETION EQUIPMENT ABOVE THE PACKER .............. 74
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7.1.2 TECHNIQUES AND OPERATIONAL PHASES ................................................................................ 74

7.2 PACKER OR EQUIPMENT BELOW PACKER ............................................................................ 74
7.2.1 TECHNIQUES AND OPERATIONAL PHASES ................................................................................ 75
7.2.2 BOTTOM HOLE DATA GATHERING: PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE LOGGING................................ 75
7.2.3 POSSIBLE ACID JOB .................................................................................................................... 75
7.2.4 PERFORATIONS PLUGGING OR ISOLATION FOR WATER SHUT OFF ......................................... 75
8 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................ 76
8.1 CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................................. 76

8.1.1 26" HOLE, 20" SURFACE CASING PHASE .................................................................................... 76
8.1.1.1 DRILL STRING CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................ 76
8.1.1.2 POWER CALCULATIONS ......................................................................................................... 76
8.1.2 17 1/2" HOLE, 13-3/8" INTERMEDIATE CASING PHASE ............................................................. 78
8.1.2.1 CASING CALCULATIONS ......................................................................................................... 78
8.1.2.2 DRILL STRING CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................ 80
8.1.2.3 POWER REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................ 82
8.1.3 12-1/4" HOLE, 9-5/8" CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PHASE ................................................. 85
8.1.3.1 CASING CALCULATION ........................................................................................................... 85
8.1.3.2 DRILL STRING CALCULATION.................................................................................................. 86
8.1.3.3 POWER REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................ 88
8.1.4 8" 3/4 HOLE, 7" PRODUCTION CASING PHASE .......................................................................... 91
8.1.4.1 CASING CALCULATION ........................................................................................................... 91
8.1.4.2 DRILL STRING CALCULATION.................................................................................................. 92
8.1.4.3 POWER REQUIREMENT .......................................................................................................... 94
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-3: Leak off Test Result .............................................................................................................. 17
Table 4-2: Casing Selection: .................................................................................................................. 21
Table 4-3: Casing Selection ................................................................................................................... 23
Table 4-4 : Casing Properties ................................................................................................................ 24
Table 4-5: Casing properties ................................................................................................................. 25
Table 5-1String configuration ............................................................................................................... 26
Table 5-2: Drill string summary ............................................................................................................. 27
Table 5-3:Drillstring Tension Study ....................................................................................................... 27
Table 5-5: Drilling parameters .............................................................................................................. 29
Table 5-6: Phase II Drilling fluid (WBM) Properties .............................................................................. 29
Table 5-7: Surface Zone Mud Volume Calculation................................................................................ 29
Table 5-8: Surface phase Mud Composition ......................................................................................... 30
Table 5-9: Drill String summary ............................................................................................................ 32
Table 5-10: Drill String Tension Study ................................................................................................... 33
Table 5-11: Bit Selection ....................................................................................................................... 33
Table 5-12: Summary of drilling parameters ........................................................................................ 34
Table 5-13: Pressure Losses ................................................................................................................. 34
Table 5-14: 17"1/2 Drilling Fluid (WBM) Properties ............................................................................. 35
Table 5-15: Total Circulation Volume ................................................................................................... 36
Table 5-16: Mud Composition .............................................................................................................. 36
Table 5-17: Casing Requirements ......................................................................................................... 40
Table 5-18: Cement Volume Calculation .............................................................................................. 41
Table 5-19: Power Requirements ......................................................................................................... 42
Table 5-20: Drill String Summary .......................................................................................................... 43
Table 5-21: Drill string Tension Study ................................................................................................ 44
Table 5-22: Bit Selection ....................................................................................................................... 44
Table 5-23: Phase IV Drilling Parameters .............................................................................................. 45
Table 5-24: Phase IV Pressure Losses ................................................................................................... 46
Table 5-25: Summary of Power Requirements ..................................................................................... 46
Table 5-26: Drilling Fluid (WBM) Properties ......................................................................................... 47
Table 5-27: Total Circulation volume .................................................................................................... 47
Table 5-28: Phase IV Mud Composition ................................................................................................ 48
Table 5-29: Casing String....................................................................................................................... 50
Table 5-30: Cement volume Calculation ............................................................................................... 50
Table 5-31: Cement Composition: ........................................................................................................ 51
Table 5-32: Drilling summary ................................................................................................................ 52
Table 5-33: Coring summary ................................................................................................................. 53
Table 5-34: Bit selection........................................................................................................................ 53
Table 5-35: Drilling Parameters ............................................................................................................ 53
Table 5-36: Table 5-37: Summary of Power Requirements. ................................................................. 53
Table 5-38: Summary Of The Mud Properties ..................................................................................... 54
Table 5-39: Drill String and Hole Volume Calculations ........................................................................ 54
Table 5-40: Mud Composition .............................................................................................................. 55
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Table 5-41: Casing String Summary ...................................................................................................... 57

Table 5-42: Cement Volume Calculation .............................................................................................. 57
Table 5-43: Cement Composition: ........................................................................................................ 58
Table 6-1: Production Packer................................................................................................................62
Table 6-2: Production tubing Selection................................................................................................65
Table 6-3: List of completion equipment.............................................................................................69
Table 8-1: Drill String calculation ......................................................................................................... 76

Table 8-2: Casing Selection: .................................................................................................................. 79
Table 8-3: Drill string Tension Study ..................................................................................................... 81
Table 8-4: Intermediate Casing Selection ............................................................................................. 86
Table 8-5: Phase IV Drill string Tension Study ...................................................................................... 87
Table 8-6: Casing properties ................................................................................................................ 91
Table 8-8: Drillstring Details ................................................................................................................. 93
Table 8-9: Summary of Pressure Losses and Pump Power ................................................................... 94
Table 8-12: Drill String Weight .............................................................................................................. 95
Table 8-13: Summary of Power Needed For Hoisting And Pumping .................................................... 96
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1:Well Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 2-2: Pressure Prognosis.............................................................................................................. 15
Figure 4-1: Well Architecture: Casing Sizes and Casing Shoe Depths ................................................... 19
Figure 5-4: Bit Selection ........................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 6-1: A sketch of the completion string ...................................................................................... 61
Figure 6-4: A Cameron Christmas Tree. ................................................................................................ 68
Figure 6-5: Completion Diagram ........................................................................................................... 71
Figure 8-7: Schematic of the Drill string. Depths are given in MSL. Recall MSL + 55m = RKB .............. 93
Figure 8-11a: Hoisting & Drawworks system ........................................................................................ 95
Figure 8-11b: Top Drive and Kelly Bushing system ............................................................................... 95
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1 CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL DATA

1.1 Field Location
The Cod field is situated in the Norwegian side of the North Sea, at 150 km South West of Stavanger
(Norway). Water depth is 72 meters. The reservoir situated in the late Palaeocene Forties Fan
System. Gas and Condensate are already been produced from the Cod Field.
1.2 Field Development Concepts

The COD S-E extension will be developed using a Steel Jacket of 8 conductor pipes for an initial
programme of 6 gas producers. Each producing well will be designed for a flow rate of 1,200,000
STm3/D The Jacket will include only Wellheads, as the gas production will be piped to the COD
central production station (12 kms away). The Jack-up rig will be a cantilever type positioned on top
of the wellhead jacket.
The proposed Jack-up is the “Maerskk Gallant”
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2 CHAPTER TWO: GEOLOGICAL PROGRAMME

2.1 Purpose Of The Wells
2.2 Objectives
The appraisal wells drilled to analyse the COD S-E Field and determine the
 Reservoir extent
2.3 Reservoir Characteristics, Heterogeneity And Quality

 Reservoir interval and thickness
 Reservoir structure
 Recover reservoir fluids for analysis
2.3.1 Results of appraisal wells

Appraisal well 10/30-6 encountered the top of the Forties reservoir sands at 2 890 m MSL and drilled
85 m of gross sand thickness. After RFT measurements, the well was found gas bearing (fluid
gradient of 0.35 g/cc) down to the base of the reservoir at 2957 m and no hydrocarbon to water
contact was observed.
Two DST were performed and DST 2 flowed at a rate of 1.500 000 Sm3/d of gas associated with 153
Sm3/d of condensate through a 40/64" choke. The reservoir pressure is 376 bars at 2 912 m MSL,
giving a gradient of 1.30 EMW. This gradient is considered constant on all the structure.
The reservoir consists of thin sand bodies (1 to 3 m) inter-bedded with thin shale stringers (0,5 to 1
m). Some of the reservoir layers are stacked and constitute more massive sandy units (up to 12 m).
Electrical logging shows that the so-called "thin beds" effect is influencing the reading of the tools,
particularly for the resistivity measurement. Those sands are fine to medium grained, and well
sorted. Core descriptions and electrical log patterns, where typical fining upward Bouma sequences
can be seen, clearly indicate that the reservoir bodies have been deposited as distal lobes of a
turbiditic system. The petrophysical characteristics show relatively low average porosity (16 %) and
permeability (20 to 30 mD) associated with a 50 % net/gross. Both N/G and porosity are in the range
of what is usually found in very distal turbidites. This is consistent with the location of the well close
to the pinch-out area where the reservoir starts.
The well COD S-E 1A is a vertical well to produce gas from the forties formation. It should be
optimized to produce 1,200,000 stm3/D of gas. The Basic PVT parameters obtained include, Gas
Gravity: 0.74, Reservoir temperature: 98 degC, Estimated top of reservoir: 3080 m MSL , Estimated
reservoir thickness: 115 m (Gross)
From the results of the site survey performed by Britsurvey, shallow gas accumulations have not
been interpreted from the seismic data at the proposed location. However high concentrations of
background gas may be present in the uppermost 1 000 – 1 200 m sediments. The sand units in the
section between 600 and 800 m MSL may form potential layers for this gas. Caution must therefore
be shown while drilling the uppermost section of the well to the setting depth of the 13"3/8 at
approximately 1 200 / 1 400 m RKB.
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Coarser material coarse sand-grave may be expected at the base of the Intra Pleistocene channel at
approximately 533 m RKB.
Under-compacted shales in the Hordaland group
Expected undercompacted shale section between approximately 1 410 m and 2 410 m. The
expected pressure gradient range will be 1.45 – 1.6 g/cc EMW.
High gas readings can be expected when entering the Fortie Formation. Reservoir. However,
problems related to gain / losses are not expected at this point. A maximum pressure gradient of
1.31 g/cc EMW is expected at the top of the reservoir.
H2S have not been encountered during exploration and appraisal. C02 level is expected to be very
low (Less than 0.2% vol).
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2.3.2 Stratigraphic Prognosis Description
Figure 2-1:Well Stratigraphy
Page | 14
2.3.3 Pressure prognosis data: Formation and fracture pressure gradient
Pressure bars
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0
500
LOT
1000
1500
Depth MSL
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Figure 2-2: Pressure Prognosis
Depths are from MSL
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The proposed lithology is based on data from wells in the surrounding area.
The lithological prognosis for the shallow part of the wells will be adjusted / corrected in accordance
with the results of the site survey.
Cuttings will be sampled as soon as return is established.
The prognosis is based on results from the discovery well 10/30-6. The prognosed gradients are
quoted in SG units of EMW. Reference level is Mean Sea Level.
Nordland Group (72- 1 615 m)MSL
Soft silty clay overlain by thin sand layer of less than 1 meter; Fine sand interbedded with stiff to firm
clay; Stiff clay; Consolidated stiff clay with minor sand layers. Possible coarser material at the base of
the unit (base of channel); Hard sandy clay with layers of sand and silt; Sandy clay with interbeds of
sand; Claystone with minor sand interbeds;Clay, silty-sandy; Claystone, greenish, slightly silty, thin
stringers of limestones, traces of pyrite.
From seabed down to approximately 1420 m normal pressure conditions are expected. The lower
part of Nordland Group, from approx. 1420 – 1615 m is most likely representing the upper part of an
approximately 1 000 m thick undercompacted zone. The pressure gradient at base Nordland is
prognosed to be 1.40 g.cc EMW.
Hordaland Group (1615 - 3010 m)
Claystone, brown-greyish, moderate silty, stringers of limestones; Claystone/siltstone, light grey –

brown moderate silty, sand, very fine-fine; Claystone, light-dark brown, moderate silty, stringers of
dolomite, limestones and sand, traces of mica, organic material, pyrite and microfossils.
The undercompacted zone, starting at approximately 1 466 m in Nordland Group, extends down to
about 2424 m. Maximum of undercompaction is expected between 1760 and 1860 m. In this
interval, the pressure gradient is prognosed to be in the range 1.50 – 1.55 g/cc EMW (maximum
pressure gradient: 1.60 g/cc EMW, minimum pressure gradient: 1.45 g/cc EMW).
From 1860 m down to base Hordaland, the pressure gradient should gradually drop to 1.30 – 1.35
g/cc EMW.
Rogaland Group (3010- 3310 m)
Balder Formation. Claystone, varicoloured, dominantly medium – dark grey greenish and brownish,
silty, traces of tuff; Sele Formation. Claystone, grey - greenish grey, stringers of limestone, traces of
sandstone; Forties Formation. Sandstone, light grey – light brown, very fine-fine, subangular, well
sorted, thin beds/stringers of shale, light grey, silty, sandy traces of lignite; Lista Formation.
Claystone, grey – becoming green - greenish grey, occasionally brick red, stringers of sandstone; Vâle
Formation. Interbedded limestone, muddy, chalky, locally silty, claystone, grey, very calcareous and
marl grey.
Maximum pressure gradient at the top of the Forties reservoir should be 1.30 g/cc EMW (1.33 g/cc
EMW subsea), assuming a water gradient through the reservoir. Minimum pressure gradient at top
reservoir should be 1.30 g/cc EMW (1.31 g/cc EMW subsea) assuming the same gas-condensate
gradient as in well 10/30-6; 0.038 bar/m.
At base Rogaland Group, the pressure gradient is expected to be in the range 1.29 –
1.32 g/cc EMW.
Page | 16
Shetland Group (3310 – 3355 m)
Ekofisk Formation. Limestone, chalky-mudstone, off-white-cream, silty, argillaceous.
Pressure gradient is expected to be same as for base of Rogaland Group: 1.29 – 1.30 g/cc EM
2.4 Pressure Evolution Follow-Up

The following LOT were made during appraisal phase
Table 2-3: Leak off Test Result
Depth: (MSL) LOT (EMW)

920 m 1.63
1550 m 1.72
2298 m 1.87
2850 m 1.97
3040 m 1.91
3120 m 1.88
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3 CHAPTER THREE: DRILLING HAZARDS

3.1 Shallow gas
From the results of the site survey performed by Britsurvey, shallow gas accumulations have not
been interpreted from the seismic data at the proposed location. However high concentrations of
background gas may be present in the uppermost 1 000 – 1 200 m sediments. The sand units in the
section between 600 and 800 m MSL may form potential layers for this gas. Caution is to be ensured
while drilling the uppermost section of the well to the setting depth of the 13"3/8 at approximately
1 200 / 1 400 m RKB.
3.2 Surface Lithology

Coarser material coarse sand-grave may be expected at the base of the Intra Pleistocene channel at
approximately 533 m RKB.
3.3 Under compacted Shales

There are under-compacted shales in the Hordaland group. Expected undercompacted shale section
between approximately 1 410 m and 2 410 m. The expected pressure gradient range will be 1.45 –
1.6 g/cc EMW.
3.4 Mud Losses

High gas readings can be expected when entering the Fortie Formation. Reservoir. However,
problems related to gain / losses are not expected at this point. A maximum pressure gradient of
1.31 g/cc EMW is expected at the top of the reservoir.
3.5 H2S
H2S have not been encountered during exploration and appraisal. C02 level is expected to be very
low (Less than 0.2% vol).
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4 CHAPTER FOUR: WELL DESIGN

4.1 Casing Design Calculations
4.1.1 Well COD S-E 1A Architecture
The well COD S-E 1A is a vertical well to produce oil from the forties formation. Based on the
production rate target of 1,200,000 stm3/D of gas production tubing size of 4-3/4” was chosen.
Using the pressure profile and the stratigraphic prognosis of the formation and taking into account
the size of tubing required to achieve the target production rate, starting from bottom to top, the
proposed well architecture (casing shoe depth) is shown in the diagram below:
Figure 4-1: Well Architecture: Casing Sizes and Casing Shoe Depths
4.1.2 General considerations

 The casing program has to be designed with regards to best leak off test at casing shoe.
 The mud program includes water based mud and possible oil based mud. If OBM is selected
( not for surface casing), the rig and cutting requirements are to be indicated.
 For the platform wells, the conductor pipe would be jetted in while installing the jacket.
 It is very important to control the verticality of the conductor casing.
4.1.3 Recap of Rules For Casing Design

Rule 1: Surface casing shall protect shallow fresh water levels and shall be cemented up to surface or
mud line.
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Surface casing shall be set before entering the first shallow hydrocarbon structure which requires a
blow-out-preventer (BOP); in such case, surface casing shall be designed like a technical casing.
Rule 2: With the exception of deep water wells, the casing point on intermediate casings shall be
designed for the following assumptions:
Well full of Gas
 On exploration/appraisal wells as fluid, pressures, and formation weak points are not well
known.
 on development gas wells which can be temporarily abandoned with possible alteration of
hydraulic barrier ( for example, subsea wells or wells drilled from jack-up of platform rigs
with possible crew evacuation due to hurricanes): over time, fluid could replace mud in the
hole leading to a cross flow situation.
 On shallow development gas wells: open hole volumes are small and no more compatible
with standard admissible kick volume.
Limited kick
 On all development wells except those mentioned above
Rule 3: Minimum limited lick to be considered for casing design shall be 10m 3 on fixed intallations
and 15 m3 on floating rigs; these minimum values should be increased in the event of downgraded
conditions or in sensitive areas.
Rule 4: With respect to the above, the burst and collapse design factor is set at 1.2 while the tension
safety factor is set at 1.6.
Rule 5:The collapse design factor is set at 1.2.
Rule 6: The tension safety factor is set at 1.6.
4.1.4 Casing Calculations

For casing selection for the different phases, a casing design study on burst, collapse and tension
carried out considering the worst case scenario in each study.
4.1.4.1 30" CONDUCTOR CASING

This is a 30" casing at a shoe depth of 160m
Calculations and selection for this casing were not done because this casing was placed by Civil
works.
4.1.4.2 20" SURFACE CASING

This casing is to be run to 800m MSL. The Mud weight to be used for drilling is of 1.5SG.
4.1.4.2.1 COLLAPSE STUDY

Collapse pressure due to cementing:
Fracture Pressure at casing shoe,Pe= 134 bar (based on leak off test)
Minimum pore pressure, Pi=110bar
Pe - Pi = 132.1 - 110 = 24.4bar=2.44MPa
Using safety factor of 1.2,
Page | 20
Collapse pressure=2.44 x 1.2= 2.93MPa
4.1.4.2.2 BURST STUDY

Pi=
Pe at casing shoe =110bar
Pi - Pe =121.6-110=11.6bar=1.16MPa
Using safety factor of 1.2,
Burst pressure=1.16 x 1.2= 1.39 MPa
4.1.4.2.3 CASING SELECTION

Based on the burst and collapse studies a k55,20",94Lb/ft casing is to be selected.
Maximum casing burst=3.6Mpa
Maximum Collapse burst = 14.5MPa
Maximum Tension = 659 KdaN
Table 4-2: Casing Selection:
Casing Weight ID Burst Collapse Tension Coupling

Grade (Ib/ft) (‘’) (MPa) (MPa) (KdaN)
K55 94 19.124 3.6 14.5 659 API LTC
4.1.4.3 13-3/8" INTERMEDIATE CASING

The worst collapse scenario for the intermediate casing is loss of mud to a low pressure
13 3/8’’ Intermediate Casing with the Shoe @1400m
Water Depth = 72 meters
Estimated Distance MSL-RKB = 55 meters
Maximum Pore Pressure (@2500m) = 200bar
EMW of PP @ 3355m = 10.2*200/1400 = 1.45
Trip Margin = 0.1
Mud Weight = EMW + Trip Margin

= 1.45 + 0.1
=1.55
Collapse = Max. PE – Min. Pi
Page | 21
For this collapse study a mud loss to low pressure zone (EMD = 1.0) at the end of the next phase
is considered.
Empty depth = 1400-903.22 = 496.77m
@ 496.77m: Min. Pi = 0 bar

Max. Pe (PP) = 64bar
Collapse = 64 – 0
= 64bar = 6.4 MPa
Applying safety factor of 1.2,

Collapse = 6.4 * 1.2 = 7.68 MPa

Well full of gas and bull heading (35bars) is the worst burst condition for the intermediate
casing. The gas comes from a depth of 3195m at specific gravity of 0.25. Pore pressure of gas is
410 bar.
13 3/8’’ Intermediate Casing @ 1400m
Burst = Max. Pi – Min. Pe
PP of gas from 3195m = 410bar
Pi = PP – HP gas + Bullhead
Pi = 366.69bar
Pe @ Surface = 0 bar
Burst = 366.69 – 0
= 366.69 bar = 36.669 MPa
Applying safety factor of 1.2

Burst = 36.370 *1.2 = 44 MPa
Page | 22

Table 4-3: Casing Selection
Casing Weight ID Burst Collapse Tension Couplin

Grade (Ib/ft) (‘’) (MPa) (MPa) (KdaN) g
P110 68 12.415 47.6 16.1 951 VAM
TOP
4.1.4.4 9-5/8" INTERMEDIATE CASING

9 5/8’’ Intermediate Casing at 2500m MSL

The worst collapse scenario for the intermediate casing is loss of mud to a low pressure formation
while drilling the next phase.
Maxmum. Pore Pressure (@2500m) = 340bar
EMW of PP @ 3355m = 10.2*340/2500 = 1.3872
Trip Margin = 0.1

= 1.3872 + 0.1
=1.4872
For this collapse study a mud loss to low pressure zone (EMD = 1.0) at the end of the next phase is
considered.
Empty depth = 2500 – 1681 = 819m
@ 819m: Min. Pi = 0 bar

Collapse = 110 – 0
= 110bar = 11 MPa

Collapse = 11 * 1.2 = 13.2 MPa

Well full of gas and bull heading (35bars) is the worst burst condition for the intermediate casing.
Page | 23
Pi = 366.69bar
Burst = 366.69 – 0
= 366.69 bar = 36.669 MPa

Burst = 36.670 *1.2 = 44 MPa

Table 4-4 : Casing Properties
Casing Grade Weight ID Burst Collapse Tension Coupling

(Ib/ft) (‘’) (MPa) (MPa) (KdaN)
P110 36 8.921 48.5 17.1 502 NEW
VAM
4.1.4.5 7" PRODUCTION CASING

The casing programme is designed to ensure integrity of the well during drilling and for the
producing life of the well. The casing shoe for this phase will be set at 3410m RKB and will run up to
surface particularly because this is a gas well. For the 7½in production casing, the worst case of
collapse would be when the well is empty. The worst burst case will be when the well is full of gas
and bullheading is done at the surface.

Collapse Calculation Pc
Worst Case: Well Empty
Inside Pressure Pi = 0 bar
External Pressure Pe = Pore Pressure at TVD (largest external pressure)
From pore pressure data, Pe = 430 Bars
Page | 24
ΔP = Pe - Pi
ΔP = 430 – 0
= 430 Bar
PC = 43 MPa

Burst Calculation Pb
Worst Case: Well full of Gas and Bullheading at surface
Pi = Ppore - Phgas + bullheading
Where Ppore is taken at reservoir bottom 3195m MSl as 410 bars
Pi = 410 - (0.25*3195)/10.2 + 35
= 367 Bar
Pe = 0 at surface level
ΔP = Pi - Pe
ΔP = 367 - 0
= 367 Bar
Pb = 36.7 MPa

The casing choice properties are tabulated in table 10 below
Table 4-5: Casing properties
Casing Pc [MPa] Pc s.f Pb [MPa] Pb s.f Tensile Yield Tensile

[103daN] s.f
7in 29 ib/ft P110 58.8 1.36 77.4 2.1 413 3.48
Casing
Coupling Coupling Eff. Make-up Coupling Shoe Depth

Torque Drift [mm] MSL [m]
[daN.m]
VAM TOP 1.02 1566 153.9 3355
All safety factors exceed the minimum acceptable values. The tensile safety factor is calculated using
a buoyancy factor of 0.821, particular to the mud weight of 1.41 SG used for this phase.
Since this is a gas well, a tight sealing is preferred for the connections. We have then selected a VAM
Top coupling with 1566dan.M make-up torque and a drift of 153.9mm. The efficiency of this
coupling is 102% meaning that it can withstand a bit more tensile stress than the casing string and
thus a 3.54 safety factor in tension.
Page | 25
5 CHAPTER FIVE: DRILLING OPERATIONS

5.1 30"CONDUCTOR PIPE (Shoe at 160m)
5.1.1 Purpose of This Phase
The conductor pipe will jetted in by civil works before rig positioning. The shoe depth is to fixed at
160m by the drilling Department probably in order not to fracture the shoe of the next phase.
Table 5-1String configuration
Number/Length Type OD/Steel ID/B Weight/Thread

160 Joints 30"/B 28.75" 310.2 lbs/ft
5.1.2 Operations Procedure

 Jet 30" with conductor casing before the rig is positioned.
 Set 36" landing ring on 30". Welded and pressure tested through tested to less than 80% of
maximum Casing collapse pressure.
 Nipple up 36" riser on landing housing and lock it
 Nipple up a diverter.
5.2 26" HOLE, 20" SURFACE CASING PHASE

 Interval: 0m to 800m MSL
 Maximum expected BHP: 1.4m MSL
 Mud weight: 1.50 SG Sea water based
 Expected Lot: 1.59 SG at 160m MSL

 To drill a 26" surface hole for 0-800MSL
 To case and fully cement the hole
 To protect and seal off surface water from contamination, while providing support for the
BOP and other casing strings. And to allow for the drilling of subsequent phases.
5.2.2 Expected Problems

 Loss of mud due to unconsolidated formation.
 Also issues of wellbore stability might be experienced.
 Presence of stiff clays and coarse material which might result in differential sticking during
drilling.
5.2.3 Barriers
 Inside: Float valve, Drilling mud
 Annulus: Drilling mud and Diverter
 BOP not needed.
Page | 26
5.2.4 Drilling Procedure

Drill directly with a 26" string to TD of 800m with reduced drilling parameters ( ROP < 15m/hr).
Inclination to be maintained below 1 degree.
5.2.5 Drill String

Assumptions
 For soft formation, Weight on Bit (WOB) is one ton per inch of bit.
 100 % of the drill collar weight will be used to apply weight on bit
 Not more than 90% of the maximum tension will be applied
 Length of HWDP is roughly similar to the length of DC
Table 5-2: Drill string summary
Element Grade NB OD max OD Body ID Body Length Cum. Length

(‘’)
(‘’) (‘’) (m RKB) (m RKB)
Bit - 1 26 26 - - -
Bit Sub - 1 - - - - -
Float Valve - 1 - - - - -
Stabilizer - 3 - - - - -
Jar - 1 - - - - -
DC - 14 9½ 9½ 3 124.30 124.3
HWDP Range 14 5 5 3 124.30 248.6

II
DP G105 61 5 5 4.276 606.4 855.00
Stabilizers will be incorporated according to drilling service company recommendations.
DRILLSTRING TENSION STUDY
Table 5-3:Drillstring Tension Study
Linear Weight Length Buoyancy Total Weight (kg) Total Weight (T)
(Kg/m) (m) Factor
Drill Collar 323.18 99 0.809 25883.8 25.9
HWDP 73.4 99 0.809 5878.7 5.9
Drill Pipe 42.08 602 0.809 20493.7 20.5
Page | 27
TOTAL DRILLSTEM WEIGHT 52.3
MARGIN OF OVERPULL
MOP = Maximum Tension on DP – weight of Drill String
Weight of Drill String in mud = (DC weight + HWDP weight + DP weight) * buoyancy factor
Total Drillstem Weight =52.3T
Tensile Yield Strength on DP = 193.8kdaN
Safety factor,FS=0.9
Maximum tension on DP
Margin of Overpull, MOP = 158.7T
5.2.6 Drilling Bits
Nozzle Combination = 19-19-20
Figure 5-4: Bit Selection
Type Roller Cone Bit

Diameter (") 26
Code IADC S141
Nozzles 19-19-20
Page | 28
5.2.7 Drilling Parameters

To be adjusted to obtain a best penetration rate.
Table 5-5: Drilling parameters
WOB (tons) 26
RPM 150
FLOW RATE (L/min) 4000
SPP (Bars) 305
Inclination will be maintained below 1 degree up to 800m. This will be done by carrying out survey
every single stand until magnetic interference is not negligible after which MWD survey every stand
drilled.
5.2.8 Drilling Fluid

The drilling fluid used for this phase is sea water (brine).
Table 5-6: Phase II Drilling fluid (WBM) Properties
TYPE WATER BASED MUD (SEA WATER)
Beginning of Phase End of Phase Before Cementation
Density, g/cc 1.5 1.5 1.5
Mash Viscosity, s 100 100 60
Plastic Viscosity, cp 15 15 12
Yield Point, lb/100ft2 15 15 10
Fluid loss, ml - 20% -
Solids Content, %
pH 8 8 8
Table 5-7: Surface Zone Mud Volume Calculation
Capacity (l/m) Length(m) Volume(l)
Drill String Volume
DP volume 9.05 602m 5448.1
HWDP volume 4.61 99 456.39
DC Volume 4.56 99 451.44
Page | 29
Total Drill String Volume 6355.93
Annular Volume
DP – CASING 394.5 160 63120
DP – OPEN HOLE 329.2 442 145506.4
HWDP - OPEN HOLE 329.2 99 32590.8
DC – OPEN HOLE 296.8 99 29383.2
Total Annular Volume (l) 270600.4
Total mud volume (l) 276956.33
Total Mud Volume (m3) 276
Volume of Mud = 276m3 = 1736.02 bbls
Allowance for mud losses e.g resulting from swabbing, etc = 20%
Total Mud Volume = 276 m3 * 1.2 = 331.2 m3
Table 5-8: Surface phase Mud Composition
Components Specific Density Density Quantity Sacks Volume Conc.

Gravity (ppg) (lbs/bbl) (lbs) (1sx=100lbs) (bbls) (ppb)
Sea Water 1.02 8.5 357 702129.75 N/A 1966.75
Barite 4.2 35 1470 97710.9 977 66.47
Attapulgite 2.89 24.1 1012.2 50610 506 50
5.2.9 Logging
No logging will be performed on this interval during drilling. But CBL or CET will be run to check
cement integrity.
5.2.10 Casing and Casing Running Procedure

Operations procedure after the drilling phase
 Run 20" casing.

 Open annulus valve and perform 20" casing cement job.
 Disconnect 36" riser.
 Hang off 20" casing with slips a=hanger, enter casing and land it.
Page | 30
 Cut casing above landing ring.

 Make up 20" casing head and running too. Land 20" casing head on 36" landing ring. inject
plastic through tests ports and pressure test to 80% of maximum collapse of 20" casing.
Bleed off.
 Unscrew running tool and retrieve it.
 Run and install 26" spacer housing top of 20" casing head.
 install 26"3/4 BOP
 Pressure test BOP
 Install wear bushing
Casing String
Elements Max. OD Drift Diameter

(“) (“)
Guide Shoe 20 18.1
Joints 20 18.81
Coupling 21 18.81
Landing Collar 20 18.1
Scratcher - -
Centralizer - -
Joints - -
Casing with
Hanger
Running string
DP/HWDP
 2 centralizers per joint on last 3 joints

 1 Centralizer every three joints
The last joint 0f 13'3/8 casing will be equiped with hanger and RIH with a running
5.3 17 1/2" HOLE, 13-3/8" INTERMEDIATE CASING PHASE

 Interval: 800m to 1400m MSL
 Pore Pressure: 1.45 SG at 1400m MSL
 Mud weight: 1.55 SG Sea Water Based mud
 Expected Lot: 1.785 SG at 800m MSL

 To drill a 17-1/2” surface hole safely from 800-1400 MSL
 To case off the hole and cement up to Top of Cement (TOC)

 Possible bit wear and tear due to increasing hardness of formation as we drill deeper
 Hole cleaning challenges due to the presence coarse sediments
Page | 31
 Possibility of mechanical sticking due to presence of claystones

 Possibility of gas kick.
5.3.3 Barriers
 Drilling mud
 Cameron 15,000psi 18 3/4" Bop stack
 Hydril 10,000 psi 18 3/4" Annular BOP
 I-Bop
 Float Valve
 Gray Valve and DICV on RF

 The minimum acceptable mud weight for the 17 "1/2 phase is 1.78 SG 800m.
 After drilling the 20" casing shoe and the cement parker and some meters of formation,
circular to have homogenous mud for the LOT.
 LOT procedure: Pump at a low and constant flow rate until the evolution of pressure starts
to decrease. Pull up string so that that the bit is inside casing.
5.3.5 Drill String

Assumptions
 Only 80% of the drill collar weight will be used to apply weight on bit
Table 5-9: Drill String summary

(‘’) (‘’) (‘’) (m) (m)
Bit 1117 ( 1 17.50 17.50 - - -
Roller cone
Bit)
Bit Sub 1
Shock 1 - - - 1.22 1.22
Absorber
Float Valve 1
Stabilizer - 3 17.5 17.5 9.5 - -
Jar 2 - - - 18.29 19.51
NMDC 7 5/8 REG 3 9 .5 9 .5 3 26.73 46.24
DC Spiral 7 5/8 REG 6 9 .5 9.5 3 53.47 99.71
9.5”x3”
DC Spiral 7 5/8 REG 2 6.5 6.5 2 .8125 18.29 118
6.5” x2.81”
Page | 32
HWDP NC50 11 6.5 5 3 98.2 216.2

(4 ½ IF)
DP IEU S135 130 6.625 5 4.276 1183.5 1400
Table 5-10: Drill String Tension Study
Linear Length Buoyancy Total Total

Weight (m) Factor Weight In Weight in
(Kg/m) air (kg) mud (T)
Drill Collar 9.5”x 3” 310.25 80.2 0.8025 24882.10 21.81
6.5”x 129.77 18.3 0.8025 2374.79
2.8125”
HWDP 73.4 98.49 0.8025 7229.166 5.80
Drill Pipe 33.57 1183.5 0.8025 39730.10 31.88
Total Drill stem Weight = 59.5T
DP Tensile Yield Strength, YS = 249 KdaN =254 t, Safety Factor, FS = 0.9
Maximum Tension = 228.60T
Margin of Overpull, MOP
The MOP = 120 ton for safety.
5.3.6 Drill Bits

Table 5-11: Bit Selection
Type Roller Cone Bit

Diameter (") 17-1/2
Code IADC 1117
Nozzles 18-18-19
Q = 3500 l/m
V (Nozzle Velocity) = 120 m/s
Page | 33
TFA

The parameters are to be adjusted for best performance.
Weight on Bit =17.5 tons
Rate of Penetration =5 m/hour
Rotational Speed = 120 rpm
Flow Rate = 3500 l/m
To drill from 800m to 1400 m, the length drilled is 600m.
Number of days required is
=5 days
Table 5-12: Summary of drilling parameters
WOB (Tons) 17.5

RPM 120
FLOW RATE (l/m) 350
SPP (Bars) 309.4
FLOWRATE (Q)
Considering the hole size (17.5’’), moderate flow rate is required to ensure proper hole cleaning.
Q = 3500 l/min = 58.33 l/s
Annulus mud velocity, Va = 30.0m/min
Mud velocity @ Bit, Vb = 120.0m/s
STANDPIPE PRESSURE (SPP) Calculation
Table 5-13: Pressure Losses
s.g= 1.55 Flow Vis =18.6 cP

Rate=3500 l/m N=2.548
Pressure Coefficient Length Mud PL
Page | 34
Losses B (m) (Bar)

Bit (18-18-19) - - 127.92
Surface 2.548 - 57.40
Equipment
(Case 1)
Drill Pipe 2.548 1183.5 79.31
HWDP 2.548 98.5 8.33
Drill Collar 2.548 18.2 8.61
(6.5” x
2.8125”)
Drill Collar 2.548 80.2 27.83
(9.5 x3.5)
Annulus Drill 2.548 18.2 0.005
Collar (6.5” x
2.8125”)
Annulus Drill 2.548 80.2 0.04
Collar (9.5
x3.5)
Annulus Drill 2.548 482 0.12
Pipe and open
hole
Annulus DP 2.548 800 0.2
and casing
TOTAL 309.77

Table 5-14: 17"1/2 Drilling Fluid (WBM) Properties
TYPE INHIBITED WATER BASED MUD

Density, g/cc 1.30 1.55 1.55
Plastic Viscosity, cp 18.1 18.3 18.6
2
Yield Point, lb/100ft 10 11 12
Fluid loss, ml Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled
Solids Content, % 10 10 10
pH 8 8 8
2
Gel, lb/100ft 2 (10 sec) 2 (10 sec) 3 (10 sec)
6 (10 minutes) 6 (10 minutes) 7 (10 minutes)
3
API Filtrate (cm /30 5 6 7
min)
Salt Concentration 35000 35000 35000
(mg/L)
Total Hardness (mg/L) 2000 2000 2000
o
Max Mixing Temp ( C) 290 290 290
Page | 35
Table 5-15: Total Circulation Volume
Capacity Length (m) Volume (l)

(l/m)
Drill Pipe 8.97 1183.5 10616
(S135 IEU 19.5 lb/ft, NC50 XH)
HWDP 4.61 98.2 452.7

Drill Collar (9.5 x 3”) 4.56 80.2 365.7
(6.5” x 2 13/16”) 2.57 18.2 46.8
DC/OH 9.5”x3” 109.4 80.2 8773.9
6.5”x2.8125” 133.8 18.2 2424.2
DP/OH 141.9 403.6 57280.8

HWDP and DP/Csg 166.9 800 133520
TOTAL CIRCULATION VOLUME (With 25% increase) 266850.1=1679 bbl
MUD MIXING AND COMPOSITION

Mud Density = 1.55, Volume of Mud = 1679bbls, Density of mud = 543.275lb/bbl,
Mass of Mud=912 158.73 lb
Table 5-16: Mud Composition
Components Specific Density Concentration Quantity Sacks Volume

Gravity (lb/bbl) (lbs/bbl of mud) (lbs) (1sx=100lbs) (bbl)
Sea Water 1.03 350.50 350.0 355396.49 N/A 1013.97
Barite 4.20 1472.10 305.53 512 985 5130 348.47
Prehydrated 2.6 911.30 20 33580 336 36.85

Bentonite
KCl 1.2 420.60 42.06 70618.74 707 167.90
Lignite 0.59 206.80 3 5037 6 24.37
Lignosulphonate 1.28 448.64 5 8395 9 18.72
PAC (Filtration 0.88 308.44 1.0 1679 17 5.45

Control)
Starch 0.40 140.20 5.0 8395 84 59.87
Caustic Soda/ 1.41 494.21 1.0 1679 17 3.40

Caustic Potash
MUD PUMPS SELECTION
Page | 36
Stand Pipe Pressure =30977 kPa

From Drilling Data Handbook, I propose 12P160 with Liner Size of 6”
The required Flow rate = 3500 l/min
With an Efficiency of 90%, the length of stroke = 0.9 x 12” =10.8”
With 6” liner and 12” stroke, maximum volume delivered = 16.68 l
3500lxstroke
Therefore to deliver 3500 l/min, I need = 233 stroke/ min
min x16.68 x0.9l
Since the maximum speed of each pump is 120 strokes/ min, then I need 2 pumps of similar
capacity.
From the rig option of the Maersk Gallant, two out of the 3 Continental Emsco pumps (each rated
2200hp and 7500psi) available on the rig are sufficient for pumping this phase.
Recommended Safety/ Stock Contingency
WELL KILL SHEET

CONTROL CALCULATION
SURFACE BOP
UNITS : Litre/bar
Formation Strength Data
CURRENT MUD WEIGHT 1.55

Shoe TVD Depth 800 M
SURFACE LEAK-OFF
PRESSURE (A) 150 Bar
MUD WEIGTH AT TEST (B) 1.05
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MUD
WEIGTH (C) 2.9625
C= (B) +(((A) * 10.2)/Shoe TVD
Depth)
110.784
INITIAL MAASP 3137 Bar
(((C) - Current Mud Weight) * Shoe
TVD)//10.2
PUMP NO 1 PUMP NO 2
DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT
lit/strok
15 lit/stroke 15 e
DYNAMIC PRESSURE LOSS
Page | 37
SLOW PUMP RATE PUMP 1 PUMP 2

30 Spm 35 Bar 35 bar
35 Spm 46 Bar 46 bar
PRE-RECORDED LENG CAPACI VOLUM

VOLUME DATA TH TY E PUMP STROKES TIME
(L) (m) l/m Litre strokes ( minutes)
1183. 10616.0 VOL/PUMP
DRILL PIPE 5 8.97 0 CAPACITY
HW DRILL PIPE 98.2 4.61 452.70
DRILL COLLAR 1 (6.5") 18.2 2.57 46.77 PUMP
STK/PUMP
DRILL COLLAR 2 (9 ") 80.2 4.56 365.71 RATE
11481.1
DRILL STRING VOLUME (D) 8 (E) 765.41 25.51
DC 1 * OPEN HOLE 18.2 133.8 2435.16
DC 2 * OPEN HOLE 80.2 109.4 8773.88
13934.5
HW * OPEN HOLE 98.2 141.9 8
43336.2
DP * OPEN HOLE 305.4 141.9 6
68479.8
OPEN HOLE VOLUME (F) 8 4565.33 152.18
133520.
DP * CASING (G) 800 166.9 00
201999. 14666.6
TOTAL ANNULUS VOLUME ( F+G) = (H) 88 6 448.89
213481. 14232.0
TOTAL VOLUME OF WELL (D + H) = (I) 06 7 474.40
53370.2
ACTIVE SURFACE VOLUME (J) 5
266851.
TOTAL ACTIVE FLUID SYSTEM (I + J) 31
SIDPP 35 Bar
SICP 51 Bar
350
PIT GAIN 0 Lit
Page | 38
DYNAMIC PRESSURE LOSS

(bar)
(E) stk 765.41
TVD (m) 1400
CURRENT MUD WEIGHT 1.55
CURRENT MUD GRADIENT bar/m 0.152
CURRENT MUD WEIGTH + (SIDPP

KILL MUD WEIGHT *10.2/TVD)
KMW 1.81
KILL MUD GRADIENT ( KMG) in bar/m CURRENT MUD GRADIENT + SIDPP/TVD
KMG 0.177
INITIAL CIRCULATING PRESSURE (ICP) DYNAMIC LOSSES + SIDPP
ICP (bar) 70
DYNAMIC PRES X KMW/CURRENT MUD

FINAL CIRCULATION PRESSURE (FCP - PRr) WT
FCP (bar) 40.76
(K) = ICP -FCP 29.24
((K) X 100)/(E) (bar/100 stk) 3.82
Strokes (stk) Pressure(bar)
0 70
765.41 40.76
5.3.9 Logging And Coring

There will be no coring and logging operation in this hole section during Drilling. But CBL or
CET will be run to check cement intergrity.
Page | 39

 Casing Inspection
 Casing Tally
 Hole Preparation
 MU the guide shoe to the first casing joint
 MU the float collar to the third casing joint
 Ensure to fill-up the casing regularly for avoid collapse
 RIH at a moderate speed to avoid surge that could frac formation
 Rotate and reciprocate the string regularly
 RIH the casing string as per programme to setting depth 1400m RKB
 Land casing using the casing hanger on the casing head housing
Table 5-17: Casing Requirements
Quantity Elements Max. OD Drift Diameter

(“) (“)
1 Guide Shoe
2 Joints 13.875 12.415
Coupling 14.184 12.269
1 Landing Collar
18 Scratcher
18 Centralizer
154 Joints 13.875 12.415
 Two Centralizers per joint on the first four joints
 One centralizer per joint up to 800m MSL ensuring there is one centralizer just above and
below the 20" shoe.
5.3.11 Cementing Procedure

A single stage cementing is required. Class G cement is recommended.
With cement with specific gravity of 1.9 and mud weight of 1.55, the height required to give 190 bar
(hx1.9)  (1400  h)(1.55)

240 =
10.2
Top of Cement = 630 m
For 100kg Cement
Slurry Specific Gravity = 1.9
68.3
Slurry Yield = 1.9  1 = 75.8 liter slurry/ 100kg
For Total Volume, slurry yield = 77 702 liter = 77.7m3
SPACER VOLUME
Mud Weight for Next Phase = 1.6
Page | 40
Spacer Specific Gravity = 1.05
Hole Size = 17 ½”
Volume = 10 000litres
Volume per meter in annulus = 141.9 l/m
Height of Spacer = 70 meter
Cement Height = 630 m
Cement Volume = 54 m3
Cement Slurry Mass = 102 509 kg
Table 5-18: Cement Volume Calculation
Class G cement recommended
With cement with specific gravity of 1.9 and mud weight 3076 kg
of 1.55, the height required to give 190 bar
(hx1.9)  (1400  h)(1.55) 1025 kg

240 = 10.2
Top of Cement = 630 m 1025 kg
1025 kg
CEMENT VOLUME CALCULATION 1025 kg
Length Capacity Volume (l)

(m) (l/m)
13 3/8 in 30 94.66 2839.80

casing and
20” casing
13 3/8 in 581.7 64.5 37519.65

casing and
17 1/2” hole
60 FT OF 18. 30 153.13 2802.19

HOLE (FOR
CASING
SHOE)
WITH 25% INCREASE FOR OPEN HOLE , 10790.41

OPEN HOLE VOLUME
Page | 41
TOTAL VOLUME (LITRES) 53 952.05
Class G cementrecommended
With cement with specific gravity of 1.9 and mud weight

of 1.55, the height required to give 190 bar
Procedure
After running the 13" 3/8 casing:
 Mud circulation and conditioning for proper hole cleaning

 Pressure test cementing and pumping lines
 Pump 10m3 of spacer at 1000 l/min.
 Drop bottom plug ( about 15 minites)
 Pump 53.952 m3 class G slurry at 800 l/m.
 Drop top plug ( about 15 minutes)
 Pump displacement mud of 1.55 SG.
 Bleed off and check returns. ( allow safety factor of about 1 hour extra for whole operation)
 Run Cement Logs tests: CBL and VDL to confirm cement integrity and proper isolation
Cement Composition: Class G cement, Antifoam, retarder, Dispersant. Proportion will be adjusted by
the cementing company.
5.3.12 Power Requirement

 See Appendix for calculations
Table 5-19: Power Requirements
POWER REQUIREMENT
Pumping Power 2677 hP
Hoisting Power 1544 hP
Rotational Power 1905.7 hP
From the rig option of the Maersk Gallant, two out of the 3 Continental Emsco pumps (each rated
5.4 12-1/4" HOLE, 9-5/8" CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PHASE

 Interval: 1400m MSL to 2500m MSL
 Pore Pressure: 1.3872SG at 2500m MSL
 Mud Weight: 1.4872 SG
Page | 42
 Expected LOT: 1.749 SG at 1400m MSL.

 To drill a 12.25” vertical hole safely from 1400-2500m MSL
 To case off the hole and cement same to Top of Cement (TOC)

 Possible bit wear and tear due increasing hardness of formation as we drill deeper
 Hole cleaning challenges due to the presence coarse sediments
 Possibility of mechanical sticking due to presence of clay stones
 Possibility of gas kick.
5.4.3 Barriers
 Drilling Mud
 Cameron 15,000psi 18 ¾” BOP stack
 Hydril 10,000psi 18 ¾” Annular BOP
 I-BOP
 Float Valve (especially for the cementing operation)
 Gray valve and DICV (drop-in check valve) on rig floor

 The minimum acceptable LOT for the 12-1/4 phase is 1.749 SG.
 After drilling the 12 3/8" casing shoe, circulate to get a homogenous mud for the LOT.
 LOT Procedure: Pump at low and consctant flow rate until the evolution of pressure starts to
decrease. Pull up string so bit is inside casing.
5.4.5 Drill String

Assumptions
Table 5-20: Drill String Summary

(‘’) (‘’) (‘’) (m RKB) (m RKB)
Bit - 1 12.25 12.25 - - -
Bit Sub - 1 - - - - -
Float - 1 - - - - -
Valve
Page | 43
Stabilizer - 3 12.25 12.25 4 - -

Jar - nil - - - - -
DC Spiral 7 5/8 9 9.5 9½ 3 82 82
9.5”x3” REG
HWDC NC50 (4 9 6.5 5 3 82 164
½ IF)
DP IEU S135 263 6.626 5 4.276 2391 2555
Linear Weight Length Buoyancy Total Weight Total Weight

(Kg/m) (m) Factor (kg) (T)
Drill 323.18 82 0.793 21015 21.015

Collar
HWDP 73.4 82 0.793 4773 4.773
Drill Pipe 33.57 2391 0.793 63650.84 63.65
Table 5-21: Drill string Tension Study
DP Tensile Yield Strength, YS = 249 KdaN = 254T, Safety Factor, FS = 0.9
Margin of Overpull, MOP =
5.4.6 Drill Bit

Table 5-22: Bit Selection
Type PDC BIT

Diameter (‘’) 12.25
Code IADC M333
Nozzles 12-12-13
Q = annulus capacity * drill pipe/openhole volume
Page | 44
Q = 62.7 l/mm * 30 m/mm = 1881 l/min
Vb = 120 m/s
TFA = 0.4049
Hydraulic Pressure, PHSI
This is within the range (2-5hp/sq.in) of sufficient hole cleaning without wearing the bit prematurely.

Parameters are to adjusted for optimum output.
Table 5-23: Phase IV Drilling Parameters
WOB (T) 19.6

RPM 135
FLOW RATE (l/m) 1881
SPP (Bars) 302.22
FLOWRATE (Q)
Considering the hole size (12.25’’), moderate flow rate is required to ensure proper hole
cleaning.
Q = 1881 l/min = 31.35 l/s
Annulus mud velocity, Va = 30.0m/min
Mud velocity @ Bit, Vb = 120.0m/s
STANDPIPE PRESSURE (SPP)
Page | 45
Table 5-24: Phase IV Pressure Losses
Pressure Coefficient Pure Water PL Length Mud PL Mud PL

Losses B (KPa/100m) (m) (KPa) (Bar)
Bit - - - - 175.7958
Surface 2.803 - - - 4.01872
Drill Pipe 2.803 149.34 2391 10008.73 100.0873
HWDP 2.803 445.02 82 1022.86 10.2286
Drill Collar 2.803 445.02 82 1022.86 10.2286
Annulus DC 2.803 20.62 82 47.39 0.4739
Annulus 2.803 2 82 4.60 0.046
HWDP
Annulus DP 2.803 2 2391 134.04 1.3404
TOTAL PRESSURE LOSSES 302.22
 Pressure loss across the bit nozzles, PL.bit
Total flow area, TFA = 0.4049sq.in,
Viscosity = 24.5cp,
Density = 1.63
1.63 * 10785.02
= 17579.58Kpa = 175.7958 bar
 Pressure loss in Surface Equipment, PL.SE
Mud flow coefficient, B = 2.803, N1 = 143.34KPa (Case 3)

 See Appendix for calculations.
Table 5-25: Summary of Power Requirements
POWER REQUIREMENT
Pumping Power 1403.64 hP
Rotational Power 1042 hP
From the rig option of the Maersk Gallant, one out of the 3 Continental Emsco pumps (each rated

Page | 46
Table 5-26: Drilling Fluid (WBM) Properties
TYPE INHIBITED WATER BASED MUD

Density, g/cc 1.55 1.63 1.63
Plastic Viscosity, cp 24.5 24.5 24.5
Yield Point, 10 11 12
lb/100ft2
Solids Content, % 10 10 10
pH 8 8 8
Gel, lb/100ft2 2 (10 sec) 2 (10 sec) 3 (10 sec)
6 (10 minutes) 6 (10 minutes) 7 (10 minutes)
API Filtrate (cm3/30 5 6 7
min)
Salt Concentration 35000 35000 35000
(mg/L)
Total Hardness 2000 2000 2000
(mg/L)
Max Mixing Temp (o 290 290 290
C)
Table 5-27: Total Circulation volume
Capacity (l/m) Length (m) Volume (l)

Drill Pipe 8.97 2391 21447.27
(S135 IEU 19.5
lb/ft, NC50 XH)
Drill Collar 4.56 82 373.92
(9.5 x 3”)
HWDP 4.61 82 378.02
DP/Csg 63.1 1455 91,810.5
DP/OH 62.7 936 58,687.2
DC/OH 30.3 82 2484.6
HWDP/OH 62.7 82 5141.4
Pit Volume N/A N/A
TOTAL CIRCULATION VOLUME 180322.91
TOTAL CIRCULATION VOLUME (With 25% increase) 225403.64 = 1417.8 bbl
MUD MIXING AND COMPOSITION
Mud Density = 1.63, Volume of Mud = 1417.8bbls
Page | 47
Table 5-28: Phase IV Mud Composition
Components Specific Density Concentration Quantity Sacks Volume

Gravity (lb/bbl) (lbs/bbl of (lbs) (1sx=100lbs) (bbl)
mud)
Sea Water 1.03 350.50 350.0 300087.59 N/A 856.17
Barite 4.20 1472.10 305.53 433242 4332 294.30
Prehydrated 2.6 911.30 20 28360 284 31.12

Bentonite
KCl 1.2 420.60 42.06 59641 596 142
Lignite 0.59 206.80 3 4254 43 20.57
Lignosulphonate 1.28 448.64 5 7090 71 15.80
PAC (Filtration 0.88 308.44 1.0 1418 14 4.60

Control)
Starch 0.40 140.20 5.0 7090 71 50.57
Caustic Soda/ 1.41 494.21 1.0 1418 14 2.87

Caustic Potash
Recommended safety /contingency Stock
 Well Control Procedure:

Based on available formation pressure data, at the previous casing shoe of 1400m MSL, we can
calculate the following important well control parameters;
Max Mud weight = Leak off pressure *10.2/1400
= 190*10.2/1400
=1.38 SG
Initial Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure MAASP = (1.38-1.41)*1400/10.2
=113 Bar
We can assume a slow circulation rate of 30spm (strokes per minute) with a corresponding
dynamic pressure loss of 45 Bar. We then use the drill string volume, open hole volume and
annular volumes to know the number of strokes the pump will require to pump volume up to
the corresponding level in the circuit. This relationship is key to know the location of the kill
fluid when circulating a kick.
In the event of a kick, the following steps should be taken.
- Shut in well with BOP and record the SIDPP immediately.
- Mix kill mud with kill mud weight
K.M.W =1.41 + (SIDPP*10.2/TVD)
Page | 48
- Run pumps at pre-defined slow circulation rate (SCR). Pressure losses at this rate are
pre-recorded and known.
- Circulate kill mud at SCR and check the gauge to ensure that the Initial circulating
pressure (ICP) is not exceeded.
ICP = Dynamic Pressure Losses + SIDPP
- After a known number of strokes of the pump, the pressure at the gauge will reduce to
the final circulating pressure (FCP) when the kill mud has got to the bottom of the drill
string.
FCP = (Dynamic Pressure Losses * K.M.W/1.41)
- Based on the straight line between ICP and FCP on a graph of Dynamic drill pipe
pressure DPP (from the gauge) against strokes of the pump (read from the pump stroke
counter), the corresponding DPP per stroke is known. Tabulate values of stroke and
corresponding drill pipe pressures. If the read value is higher than the calculated value,
the choke should be opened (pressure relieved). For a lower read value, choke should be
closed.
- For instance, assuming a liner configuration that yields 16litres/stroke, then to fill up
the drill string of 27904litres capacity with kill mud will take 1744 strokes and 58
minutes at this slow circulating rate. From the ICP reading at the gauge till the FCP, there
should be 1744 strokes.
All of this data will be captured in a kill sheet.
 Safety Barriers
Barriers required are:
 Drilling Mud
 I-BOP
5.4.10 Logging
There will be no coring and logging operation in this hole section duriing drilling. CBT or CET
log is to be run after cememting to check the cementing integrity.

Casing Procedure
 Run combination tool to retrieve wear bushing

 Casing Inspection
 Casing Tally
 Hole Preparation
 Run combination tool to retrieve wear bushing
 Run casing to TD
 land casing hanger on multibowl
 Perform casing cement job
Page | 49
 Retrieve casing hanger running tool

 perform jetting on top of 10-3/4" casing hanger and install 10-3/4" packoff.
 Pressure test packoff
 Install bowl protector
Casing String
Table 5-29: Casing String
Quantity Elements Max. OD Drift Diameter

(“) (“)
1 Guide Shoe
2 Joints 9.625 8.378
Coupling 10.649 8.378
1 Landing Collar
18 Scratcher
18 Centralizer
282 Joints 9.625 8.378
 2 Centralizers per joint on the first four joints
 1 centralizer per joint up to 200mMSL.
 1 Centralizer every three joint up to 1400m MSL, ensuring there is one centralizer just above
and below the 13-3/8" casing.

Cementing Technique: One stage cementing
Casing Shoe Depth: 2555m RKB (2500m MSL)
Cementing Interval: 30m above previous Casing Shoe = 1425m RKB (1370m MSL). The volume
and density of cement required was checked against the fracture pressure at the casing shoe
depth. There will be no leak off with the composition below.
Table 5-30: Cement volume Calculation
Capacity (l/m) Length (m) Volume (litres)

9 5/8” Casing – 13 3/8” 32.42 30 972.6
Casing
12 1/4” OH – 9 5/8” 29.1 1100 32010
Casing
Below Collar 46.94 24 1127
Excess (15% on OH) - - 5116.5
TOTAL CEMENT VOLUME 39226.5
Spacer Volume = Casing Capacity * 12m (estimated length of one casing)
= 46.94*12 =563.3 litres
Page | 50
Table 5-31: Cement Composition:
CEMENT SLURRY
Density 1.95
Yield 30.59 litres/sx
Volume 39226.5 litres
Composition Specific Gravity Quantity Volume
(litres)
Class G Cement 3.15 489 sx -
Sea Water (40.1 1.03 - 37304
ltr/100kg)
Bentonite 2.60 --- -
(20% BWOC)
SPACER (Mud Push)
Volume 563.3 litres
Density 1.4
Viscosity 30cp
(1sx of Class G=42.64kg)

Bentonite is not used as we do not desire to reduce the cement gravity nor do we expect water
losses into the formation (mostly claystone) during cementing.
Procedure
After running the 9"5/8 casing:
 Pump spacer 0.6 m3 at 1000l/min
 Drop Bottom plug
 Pump 37.3 m3cement slurry
 Drop top plug
 Pump displacement fluid (completion fluid) not more than 1.2SG.
 Bleed off and check returns
 Run Cement Logs tests: CBL and VDL to confirm cement integrity and proper isolation
Cement composition: Class G cement, Antifoam, retarder. The proportions are to be adjusted
by the cementing servicing company.
5.5 8" 3/4 HOLE, 7" PRODUCTION CASING PHASE

 Interval: 2500m Msl to 3355m MSL
 Pore Pressure: 1.31 SG at 3355m MSL
 Mud Weight: 1.41 SG
 Expected LOT: 1.83 SG at 2500m MSL
 Reservoir depths: Entry- 3080m MSL, Exit-3195m MSL.
Page | 51

The purpose of this phase is to drill down to the payzone from the previous casing shoe set at 2500m
MSL. The payzone is located in the Forties formation, with an estimated reservoir top at 3080m MSL
and bottom at 3195m MSL. The well will be further drilled to a true vertical depth TVD of 3355m so
as to set the production casing firmly in a non-permeable layer and to give allowance for dropped
equipment if any (this will be avoided).

 Possible bit wear and tear due increasing hardness of formation as we drill deeper
 Hole cleaning challenges due to the presence of coarse sediments.
 Presence of reactive/swelling clays.
 Possibility of mechanical sticking due to presence of interbedded sand and shale
5.5.3 Barriers
 Drilling Mud
 I-BOP

 The minimum acceptable LOT for this phase is 1.83SG.
 After drilling the 9"5/8 casing shoe, continuous circulation is done to get a homogenous
mud for the 8"3/4 hole drilling
 This section is to be cored. WOB to apply while coring is 2 to 5 tons.
5.5.5 Drill String

Assumptions
Table 5-32: Drilling summary

(‘’) (‘’) (‘’) (m RKB) (m RKB)
Bit IADC S323 1 8¾ 8¾ - - -
Bit Sub 1
Shock 1 -
Absorber
Page | 52
Stabilizer - 3 8¾ 8¾ 6¾ - -
DC - 27 6¾ 6¾ 2¼ 251 251
Jar 1 - - - 9.3 260
HWDP 26 6.5 5 3 238 498
DP IEU S135 324 6.626 5 4.276 2912 3410
MWD 1 6 6 - - -
Table 5-33: Coring summary
Number Size Element

1 8¾ Core head- core
Barrel
6 6¾ Drill Collar
1 6¾ Hydraulic Jar
To surface 5 Drill Pipe
Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tools will also be assembled to the BHA with K-monel alloy
based drill collars used. These drill collars will still provide the WOB required and will ensure no
metallic interference with the MWD measurement readings. The 3 bottommost drill collars will
make up the MWD unit.
5.5.6 Drill Bit

Table 5-34: Bit selection
Type PDC BIT

Diameter (‘’) 8"3/4
Code IADC S323
Nozzles 9-9-10

Parameters are to be adjusted for optimum rates.
Table 5-35: Drilling Parameters
WOB (T) 26
RPM 100
FLOW RATE (l/m) 1020
SPP (Bars) 224

 See Appendix for calculations
Table 5-36: Table 5-37: Summary of Power Requirements.
POWER REQUIREMENT
Pumping Power 583 hP
Page | 53
Rotational Power 614 hP
From the rig option of the Maersk Gallant, one out of the 3 Continental Emsco pumps (each rated
2200hp and 7500psi) available on the rig is sufficient for pumping this phase.

For mud viscosity, to ensure that cuttings are properly transported up the annulus, we used a marsh
funnel viscosity of 40 seconds and mud viscosity of approximately 22cp. This value will be monitored
on the site for optimization after checking practically its suitability. Bentonite additive is used as
viscosity additive.
Table 5-38: Summary Of The Mud Properties
TYPE KCL INHIBITED WATER BASED CaCo3 MUD

Density, g/cc 1.41 1.41 1.40
Plastic Viscosity, cp 22 22 18
Yield Point, lb/100ft2 18 18 5
Solids Content, % 5.43 -
pH 9 9 9
The mud volume was estimated from drill string, annular capacities and estimated losses. The
summary is shown in the table below.
Table 5-39: Drill String and Hole Volume Calculations
Location Volume [ l/m] Length [m] Volume [L]

5” DP capacity 8.97 2912 26132.29
5”-3” HWDP capacity 4.56 247 1126.32
6¾”-2¼” DC capacity 2.57 251 645.07
8¾” OH – 6¾” DC 15.7 251 3940.7
8¾” OH – 5” DP & HWDP 25.5 604 15402
Csg – 5” DP 24 2555 61320
Total 108566.38
+1% Surface Circuit, +9% Hole Irregularities 119423
Page | 54
Table 5-40: Mud Composition
Volume of Mud = 119423 litres = 751bbls

Components Specific Density Density Volume Quantity Sacks
Gravity (ppg) (lbs/bbl) (bbls) (lbs) (1sx=100lbs)
Sea Water 1.03 8.58 360 558.21 200955.60 N/A
CaCO3 2.65 22.07 926.94 129.75 120270.47 1203
Bentonite 2.6 21.66 909.72 42.94 39063.38 391
KCl 1.2 10.00 420.0 20.11 8446.20 85
Laboratory quality checks will be carried out on mud samples to ensure conformance of mixture to
specifications. Extra additives will be added where necessary.
Recommended Safety/ Contingency Stock
Safety Hazards & Well Control Procedure

 Well Control Procedure:
Based on available formation pressure data, at the previous casing shoe of 2500m MSL, we
can calculate the following important well control parameters;
Max Mud weight = Leak off pressure *10.2/2500
= 460*10.2/2500
=1.87 SG
Initial Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure MAASP = (1.87-1.41)*2500/10.2
=113 Bar
We can assume a slow circulation rate of 30spm (strokes per minute) with a corresponding
dynamic pressure loss of 45 Bar. We then use the drill string volume, open hole volume and
annular volumes to know the number of strokes the pump will require to pump volume up
to the corresponding level in the circuit. This relationship is key to know the location of the
kill fluid when circulating a kick.
In the event of a kick, the following steps should be taken.

 Shut in well with BOP and record the SIDPP immediately.
 Mix kill mud with kill mud weight
K.M.W =1.41 + (SIDPP*10.2/TVD)
Page | 55
 Run pumps at pre-defined slow circulation rate (SCR). Pressure losses at this rate are pre-
recorded and known.
 Circulate kill mud at SCR and check the gauge to ensure that the Initial circulating pressure
(ICP) is not exceeded.
ICP = Dynamic Pressure Losses + SIDPP
 After a known number of strokes of the pump, the pressure at the gauge will reduce to the
final circulating pressure (FCP) when the kill mud has got to the bottom of the drill string.
FCP = (Dynamic Pressure Losses * K.M.W/1.41)
 Based on the straight line between ICP and FCP on a graph of Dynamic drill pipe pressure
DPP (from the gauge) against strokes of the pump (read from the pump stroke counter), the
corresponding DPP per stroke is known. Tabulate values of stroke and corresponding drill
pipe pressures. If the read value is higher than the calculated value, the choke should be
opened (pressure relieved). For a lower read value, choke should be closed.
 For instance, assuming a liner configuration that yields 16litres/stroke, then to fill up the drill
string of 27904litres capacity with kill mud will take 1744 strokes and 58 minutes at this slow
circulating rate. From the ICP reading at the gauge till the FCP, there should be 1744 strokes.
All of this data will be captured in a kill sheet.
 Safety Barriers
Barriers required are:
 Drilling Mud
 I-BOP
5.5.10 Logging
The work done in coring from 2500m to 3355m MSL in stages of 90m (standard core length) was
estimated as 415000daN.km from the relationship shown below
Tc12  2Tm1  Tm 2 
where Tm1 is work done during a round trip at 3355m MSL and Tm2 is work done during a round
trip at 2500m MSL.
Coring will be done throughout this phase to augment the data obtained from the first exploratory
well and also to be able to obtain a better description of the subsurface. The coring activities will be
more critical from the beginning of the reservoir section (3135m RKB).
Wireline logging will also be done in addition to the MWD (for resistivity and GR) attached to the
drill string. Logging parameters shall be: Resistivity (Shallow and Deep laterologs), GR, Caliper,
Neutron (NPHI), Density, Sonic, Induction, Dipole and Dipmeter logs. An Imaging Tool can also be
deployed in the reservoir section. In the payzone, a Schlumberger RFT (Repeat formation Tester) will
Page | 56
be deployed to sample the formation fluids at different intervals. It shall also be used to measure
permeability of the formation which will be compared to the values later obtained from coring.

Procedure
 Casing Inspection: drift, length and outer diameter checks

 Casing Tally
 Hole Preparation and caliper testing of drilled hole.
 Hole cleaning with half or full circulation of mud.
 MU the guide shoe to the first casing joint
 MU the float collar to the third casing joint
 Ensure to fill-up the casing with mud regularly to prevent swabbing and avoid collapse
 RIH at a moderate speed to avoid surge that could fracture the formation
 Rotate and reciprocate the string regularly while RIH to free string from possible sticking
 RIH the casing string as per programme to setting depth 3410m RKB
 Land casing using the casing hanger on the casing head housing
The casing string is summarized in the table below:
Table 5-41: Casing String Summary
Quantity Elements Max. OD (“) Drift Diameter (“)

1 Guide Shoe
2 Joints 7 6.184
Coupling 7.64 6.271
1 Landing Collar
18 Scratcher 8.75 7
23 Centralizer 8.75 7
283 Joints 7 6.184
Thus there will be 2 joints of casing before the landing collar is positioned. A length of 12m is
assumed for each casing. We will need an estimated total of 285 casing joints to reach TVD of 3410m
RKB. There shall be one centralizer on each of the first 5 joints. Then one centralizer for every 2
joints for the next 10 joints and so on till 23 centralizers are used. The 23 centralizers will cover 65
joints in all (780m) and will ensure centralization of the casing string from 2625m RKB to 3405m RKB.
This is in essence the entire open-hole section and is good for proper centralization and to ensure
good cement job.

Cementing Technique: One stage cementing
Casing Shoe Depth: 3410m RKB (3355m MSL)
Cementing Interval: 30m above previous Casing Shoe = 2525m RKB (2470m MSL). The volume and
density of cement required was checked against the fracture pressure at the casing shoe depth.
Table 5-42: Cement Volume Calculation
Capacity (l/m) Length (m) Volume (litres)

7” Casing – 9 5/8” Casing 14.72 30 441.6
8¾” OH – 7” Casing 14 855 11970
Page | 57
Below Collar 24.83 24 595.92

Excess (15% on OH) - - 1951.13
TOTAL CEMENT VOLUME 14959
Spacer Volume = Casing Capacity * 12m (estimated length of one casing)

= 24.83*12 =298 litres
Table 5-43: Cement Composition:
CEMENT SLURRY
Density 1.95
Yield 30.59 litres/sx
Volume 14959 litres
Composition Specific Gravity Quantity Volume
(litres)
Class G Cement 3.15 489 sx -
Sea Water (40.1 1.03 - 37304
ltr/100kg)
Bentonite 2.60 --- -
(20% BWOC)
SPACER (Mud Push)
Volume 298 litres
Density 1.4
Viscosity 30cp
(1sx of Class G=42.64kg)

Bentonite is not used as we do not desire to reduce the cement gravity nor do we expect water
losses into the formation (mostly claystone) during cementing.
Procedures:
After running in the casing,
 Pump 0.289 m3 Spacer
 Drop Bottom plug
 Pump 37.3 m3 cement slurry
 Drop top plug
 Pump displacement fluid (completion fluid) not more than 1.2SG.
 Bleed off and check returns
Page | 58
 Run Cement Logs tests: CBL and VDL to confirm cement integrity and proper
isolation
Cement composition: Class G cement, Antifoam, Dispersant, Retarder, Betonite, Gas Block
5.5.13 Setting The Packer

 Pick up drill string to allow the packer setting dog assembly to be released above the tieback
receptacle.
 Set down 6000lbs
 Pressure up running sting to 600PSI, Pick up one single drill pipe so that the running tool will
be pulled out of liner hanger assembly. Start to circulate as soon as pressure drops.
 Eject cement and spacer ( 3 bottoms up).
 Pressure test packer.
 Once packer sets, do not slack anymore.
 POOH with drill pipe and lay down setting tool.
Page | 59
6 CHAPTER SIX: WELL COMPLETION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
The idea is to design a subsea well completion with a dry wellhead that has the most reliable and
robust equipment. The completion should serve the entire life of the well within and withstand
severe conditions. The aim, if possible is to avoid any interventions during the well life ( from
beginning to final abandonment).
The pay zone in question is a gas and condensate reservoir. The well is completed as a single string
cased-hole completion with 5½’’ production tubing string to enable production capacity to reach up
to 1,200,000STm3/D. The well will be equipped with a vertical Xmas Tree. The 7” Production casing
shall be cemented and perforated in the upper part of the payzone above the GWC in the gas zone
as observed from the logs. This is to achieve selectivity of fluids, and ensure that water production is
delayed and can be controlled in future by plugging and re-perforating. Cased-hole completion will
be used. The completion procedure is detailed here in phases.
Page | 60
Figure 6-1: A sketch of the completion string
6.2 PERFORATION STRATEGY

Technique: Underbalance Tubing Conveyed Perforation using temporary completion string.
A light completion fluid with density less than pore pressure is used so once the well is
perforated, it flows to surface. Thus the well is activated, cleaned out and then a special kill
fluid is pumped in to enable the permanent completion string to be run in. This method
optimizes the perforation skin, enables big hole charges to be used and reduces damage to
the formation due to fluid invasion.
Tubing-conveyed perforating (TCP) completion techniques enable perforating very long
intervals in one run—some TCP strings have exceeded 8,000 ft [2,440 m] in length. TCP also
facilitates running large guns and using high underbalance. When TCP is deployed in
conjunction with drillstem test (DST) tools, well fluids can be easily controlled. Without
having to kill the well.
Page | 61
Gun Type: A 4-1/2",6SPF (shots per foot), phasing angle 600 weatherford TCP gun with part
number TAG-3375-3311 is to be used.
Perforation Interval: top half of reservoir to prevent early water coning. 3145 – 3200 m
RKB.
The accessories to be used with the TCP include;
 Radioactive Marker Sub for accurate gun depth positioning.

 Tubing isolation devices (that allow the tubing to be run more or less empty, they
are opened after the packer is set to put the well in underbalanced pressure
conditions before firing).
 Vertical Shock absorbers to absorb the shock of guns as they detonate to prevent
damage to packer, gauges, adl\jacent gun string etc
Packer selection:
A Weatherford Tubing Conveyed Hydraulically Set Retrievable Packer is to be used. The

Weatherford retrievable Packer is a robust intervention less hydrostatic set, high
performance permanent packer and is designed for one trip high differential pressure, in
single or multi zone applications, in straight to highly deviated wellbores.
Table 6-1: Production Packer

Casing Casing Casing Drift Packer Packer Product Retieving
Size Weight ID Diameter Max. OD Nominal Number Tool
(“) (lb/ft) (“) (‘’) (‘’) ID (“)
7 32 6.094 5.968 5.8 2.890 754942 175275
Application of the Weatherford TCP gun
 Adaptable to any application

 Run on pipe with most completion applications
 Run with wire-line under permanent and/or retrievable packers.
Features, advantages and benefits:
 Low-debris and zero-debris charges are available to fit required application,

providing increased flexibility.
 Gun lengths and assemblies can be customized for each application, enhancing
operational efficiency.
 TCP guns permit operations at substantially higher underbalanced pressure
differentials to ensure better perforation clean up.
 Large diameter, multiphase casing guns increase perforation depth and diameter,
resulting in a perforation with minimum restriction and higher productivity.
Page | 62
 Because TCP services perforate long intervals in a single trip, substantial rig cost
savings are realized. Also maximum perforation cleaning—when perforating
underbalanced—can only be achieved by perforating the entire zone at one time.
TCP guns enable maximum potential to be obtained from a perforation, decreasing
stimulation costs. Because pressure-control equipment can be installed before
perforating, kill fluid costs are reduced.
 TCP assemblies—essentially large casing guns—safely and efficiently protect
personnel and equipment. With TCP guns there are no electronically detonated
blasting caps in the system, which means no premature or accidental firing because
of stray electrical currents. TCP guns also can be run regardless of temperature, H2S,
or CO2 levels
 Large diameter guns can be run in
 They can also be fired with underbalanced pressure and with the permanent well
equipment in place.
Firing system to be used with the TCP:
The efire electronic firing head system for TCP is used. This gives a safer, more efficient and
economical method for a wide range of down hole explosive operations. The firing process
is automatic inside the preset operating window. Efire is more advanced than other systems
giving the operator total control of the operations. With total control, the operator can aim,
fire or abort the operation at any time. This more flexible technology lets the operator
perforate under less rigid conditions.
Gun Release
The Tubing-Conveyed Gun Release enables TCP guns to be dropped off the end of the
running string, allowing access to the perforated zone for stimulation, production logging,
squeezing or additional perforating. After the guns have been dropped, the release housing
acts as a tubing re-entry guide.
Configuration:
The TCP can be configured two ways:
 For slick-line release, an Otis Type B (or equivalent) shifting tool is run and engages
the release sleeve. By jarring up, the sleeve moves, releasing the locking dogs and
dropping the guns. The release profile automatically releases the shifting tool from
the release sleeve.
 For pressure release, a ball or test tool is dropped into the TCR, sealing on the ball
seat. When pressure is applied, the release sleeve is shifted down, releasing the
locking dogs.
Page | 63
The fish remaining in the well consists of only one assembly that can be easily fished. After
dropping the guns, the release housing provides a tubing re-entry guide with an ID that is at
least as large as the tubing it is attached to. For H2S and other hostile environments, the TCR
release housing can be made with corrosion-resistant alloys. The TCR can also be supplied
with premium threads, if required. These options are available on special request.
TCP Accessories:
Radioactive Marker Sub
The radioactive marker sub is run in line with the work string above the packer. It serves as a
tubing collar or drill pipe tool joint, with one or two small cavities drilled and threaded to
receive a sealing plug. A radioactive pip tag is installed in each cavity. A pip tag is a weak
gamma ray source (1 -µCi of cobalt-60). All radioactive material is fully recovered when the
string is pulled.
Accurate gun depth positioning
A through-tubing gamma ray log is used for depth correlation of the pip tag with the earlier
open hole gamma ray log. Because the distance from the pip tag to the top shot was
measured previously, the gun can be accurately positioned on depth.
Pressure-Operated Underbalanced Valve (POUV)
The pressure-operated underbalanced valve (POUV) is a production valve that is run in

completions when it is necessary to pressure up on the tubing to set packers, line hangers
etc.It can be run to do underbalanced perforation in wells with existing perforations and can
also be used in horizontal or highly deviated wells
It is typically run between the packer and the firing head of a tubing-conveyed perforating
system. This valve keeps the tubing string closed until it is time to open the valve and
establish an underbalanced condition. The valve pressures up internally until the value of
the shear pins is exceeded and the sleeve is pushed upward, exposing the ports.
Wireline Retrievable Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valve (WLRSCSSV):
A wireline retrievable surface controlled subsurface safety valve (WLRSCSSV) is used. This
selection makes installation and well maintenance easier, considering offshore operations
andIt can be removed easily without unsetting the packer. The WLRSCSSV is a flapper type
and self-equalizing.
Model: Baker VDES – the “V” Series employs a modular concept that allows flexibility and
adaptability to existing and new completions. It is fail-safe and it is used for deep set
applications incorporating self-equalizing system.
Page | 64
Running subsurface equipment in a well:
The packer is set prior to running the tubing.
The main phases are listed in order below:
 Setting the packer with drill pipe

 Assembling and running the completion equipment (and testing while running in
hole)
 Inserting the subsurface safety valve landing nipple
 Spacing out the tubing and finishing
 Landing the tubing hanger in the tubing head
 Testing the production string (tubing) and the annulus.
6.3 COMPLETION FLUID AND PACKER FLUID

Completion Fluid: Low density fluid (ℓ = 1.0), density less than pore pressure for
underbalance perforation, oil based, inverted emulsion (40-50% dispersed water), filtered
CaCO3 as weighting agent if necessary. Completion fluid must be compatible with formation,
that is no scale formation nor emulsions formed when it touches the formation. It must also
be compatible with the temporary completion string. The completion fluid selected is brine
(CaCl2). The selected brine has a very long stability and is not corrosive.
Kill Fluid: To be used when permanent string is to be installed. Oil based fluid, compatible
with formation, filtered CaCO3 as weighting agent, density greater than pore pressure (ℓ =
1.35).
TUBING CALCULATIONS
Production Tubing Specification:
Table 6-2: Production tubing Selection

Tubing Weight OD ID Wall End Finish
Grade (Ib/ft) (‘’) (‘’)
P110 17 5-1/2 4.892 .304 LT & C
Apparent Tubing Weight = Nominal Weight x Tubing Length
= (21.5lb/ft. x 36.50m x 3.28ft./m) + (15.2lb/ft. x 2997.87m x 3.28ft./m)
= 152,035.8 lbs
Compression Force
= 0.052 x 6.491 x 3.6 x 3020
= 3670 lbs
This is a compression force acting on the tubing due to upthrust from the produced fluid.
Page | 65
The fluid density is arithmetically averaged from packer fluid density, oil density and gas density.
Apparent tubing weight = 152,035.8 lbs
The tubing will be able to withstand this axial tension.
6.5.2.2 Pressure Testing with Plugs
This a tension force acting on the tubing during a pressure test on plug at 5000psi
6.5.2.3 Ballooning Effect
Inside Effect =
Taking µ (Poisson’s ratio) = 0.3
For a 5000psi, tubing pressure increase:
Inside Effect = -45300 lbs
This is a compression force acting on the tubing due to pressure differential across the tubing from
inside the tubing.
Outside Effect = +47,712.94 lbs
This is a tension force acting on the tubing due to pressure differential across the tubing from
outside the tubing.
6.5.2.4 Temperature Effect
Reservoir temperature, TR = 275oF
Surface temperature, TS = 65oF
Temperature effect on Young Modulus causes it to decrease by 0.03%/oF
Page | 66
Young Modulus corrected for temperature effect, ET = 27,066,250psi
Temperature Force = -128,927.3lbs
This is a compression force acting on the tubing due to the well fluid temperature.
6.5.2.5 Resultant Tubing Axial Force
Resultant tubing axial force during tubing pressure test = 20809.85
Resultant tubing axial force during annulus pressure test = 105,434.37lbs
Resultant tubing axial force during fluid production = -3798lbs
This will put some additional length of the tubing in compression but this is negligible as the neutral
point will still be within the tubing far away from the tubing hanger.
Other tubing stresses such as fluid drag, buckling and bending stress are negligible as their
contributions are minimal.
For buckling the tubing is designed to be in tension, as neutral point is at the packer level.
For fluid drag, the tubing size is large enough, so pressure loss due to friction is minimal.
For bending stress, the well is a vertical well, so there are no bends.
Page | 67
6.4 WELLHEAD TYPE

The Wellhead of choice is a Cameron dry wellhead system. A line of wellhead equipment with
Metal-to-Metal sealing capabilities designed for cost effectiveness in environments which
temperature, pressure, casing weight, or locations come into play.
Figure 6-2: A Cameron Christmas Tree.
6.5 COMPLETION DIAGRAM

The equipment required for the completion are tabulated below.
Page | 68
Table 6-3: List of completion equipment

S/N EQUIPMENT TYPE/ SPECS. FUNCTION
1 Xmas tree WP 10000psi, 5 1/8”. A  Used to control effluent flow from the
Cameron Christmas tree well.
system is being  Provides means for safety and access for
recommended measuring tools and instruments
3 Tubing Head 11” x 10000psi  Suspends the production tubing and/or
casing
13 5/8” WP 10000psi
 provides porting to allow the
Dim D 10 7/8” communication of hydraulic, electric and
Dim C 9” other downhole functions, as well as
chemical injection.
 Serves to seal in the annulus and
production areas.
4 Casing 13 5/8” x13 7/16” top  Landing casing in Casing spool
Hanger flange
5 Casing Spool 13 5/8” WP 5000psi  Suspends casing on casing head.

20 ¾” WP 3000psi  Connects casing head to tubing spool
 Provides seat for casing hanger
Dim D 13 ½””
Dim C 12 11/16”
6 Casing Head 20 ¾”, WP 3000psi  Supports weight of casings.
Dim D 20 1/8” , Dim C 19”
Bottom con. 20”, 1331lb
7 Wireline Baker VDES – the “V”  Helps to shut in the well in case of
Retrievable abnormal pressures at the wellhead.
Surface
Controlled
Subsurface
safety valve
8 Tubing 5 ½”,ID 4.892”, 17#, P110  Serves as a conduit to convey well
effluents from bottom-hole to the surface.
9 Production Weatherford Hydraulic Set,  Isolates the casing from the pressure in the
packer Retrievable well and from contact with reservoir
Model WH-6, Pdt. No. fluids.
807402, New VAM
connection type,9CR flow
wet material
10 Top No go Baker Model AF, Prdt.  Plug landing for pressure testing tubing
Landing No.801-85  For workover operations
Nipple
Sealbore Dia. 4.75”
Page | 69
Max OD 4.82”
11 Sliding sleeve Baker Model L, Size 4.56  Helps to establish tubing to annular
5 ½” Tubing OD communication for such operation as:
 Displacing tubing or annular fluid after
4.562” Sealbore diameter Xmas tree is installed,
OD 6.05”  Killing a well,
 Gas lifting,
 Circulating inhibitors for corrosion
control, etc.
12 Wing valve As per Xmas tree selected  Used for shutting and opening of the well.
13 Choke bean As per Xmas tree selected  For controlling and adjusting the flow rate
of the well effluent.
14 Master valve As per Xmas tree selected  Helps in providing safety for the well
against incidents.
15 Swab valve As per Xmas tree selected  Serves as access for running in equipment
into the well.
16 Expansion  It reduces the strain on tubing through its
joint movements in case of high tubing
movement.
17 Flow Baker Pdt. No. 819-20  Short heavy-walled tubular to prevent
Couplings erosion of the inner surface of the tubing
5½” tubing: Size 6.050OD x
(inserted 4.950ID Box and Pin as a result of turbulent flow.
before and
after SCSSV,
landing
nipples, and
crossover sub
18 Perforated  Serves as alternate entrance point for the
tube fluid in case there is a measuring
instrument in the tubing shoe.
 Allows pressure measurements to be made
during production without further
pressure losses due to recorder.
19 Top No Go Baker Model AF, Pdt.  Plug landing for pressure testing tubing
Landing No.801-85 and for workover operations
nipple
Sealbore Dia. 4.562”
Max OD 4.65”
20 Crossover sub  Allows transition between different tubing
(5"x 41/2") sizes
21 Bottom no go Baker Model AF., Pdt. No.  Used to land a plug or other equipment.
Landing 801-78
Page | 70
Nipple Sealbore dia. 3.813”

Min ID 3.759”
Figure 6-3: Completion Diagram
6.6 RUNNING AND TESTING PROCEDURE

WELL CLEAN UP
Page | 71
This operation is carried out just after the excess cement has been drilled out of the casing string
and the debris circulated out of the well. It also involves scraping the casing and liner in the position
of the packer. This phase is completed by displacing the mud from the well with the completion
fluid.
COMPLETION RUN AND SETTING
This phase includes all the operations necessary to run the production tubing with all its accessories
into the well. The tubing installed in this well is a 5”1/2 tubing with a retrievable packer in the 7”
liner.
The completion is made up of the tubing with the WLRSCSSV, SSD, and temperature and pressure
gauges on the bottom no go. Side Pocket Mandrels are also installed for the purpose of future gas
lift operations
The following steps will be taken to achieve this phase;
 Hydraulically setting the packer with drill pipe

 Assembling and running the completion equipment (and testing while running in hole)
 Inserting the subsurface safety valve landing nipple
 Spacing out the tubing and equipping it with accessories
 Landing the tubing hanger in the tubing head
 Testing the production string (tubing) and the annulus.
CHRISTMAS TREE INSTALLATION
A GE D15 compact dry wellhead is used. This phase involves removing the BOP and replacing it with
the Christmas tree assembly. The steps involved include;
 Unbolt the BOP and skid it to one side

 Mount the adapter on the upper flange of the tubing head spool.
 Install the Christmas tree on top of the adapter
 Test the production wellhead
PERFORATING THE WELL
This phase involves perforating the producing interval at the production liner. The Perforation
should be carried out underbalanced using a through tubing gun after the completion equipment
have been run, the Christmas tree installed and the well is filled with inhibited water. Retrievable
carrier guns should be run into the well by means of an electric cable run through a lubricator.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Shaped charges are dangerous so compliance with safety practices is compulsory while using
them.
 Electrical systems should be checked before perforation to prevent any risks of eddy
currents.
Page | 72
 Perforation operations should not be performed at night or during storms except if

appropriate measures have been provided with emergency evacuation procedures.
 After equipment installation for underbalanced perforation, basic safety is ensured by:
 The production wellhead along with a high-pressure pressure tested lubricator with a
stuffing box and a BOP adapted for use with an electric cable.
 A high-pressure pump connected to the well on standby.
 The well pressure is monitored each time the gun is fired and while pulling out of hole.
 Cut off all radio broadcasting
 Get non-essential personnel out of the way
 Keep anyone from standing in the line of fire
 Take extra care while pulling out if there has been a misfire.
FLOWING AND CLEAN UP OF WELL AFTER PERFORATION
This phase involves the following steps;
 Opening the Christmas tree valves and allowing the well to flow through the choke manifold
and a flow line connected to a flare. (All test ports must be fully opened)
 Flow the well until the effluent is considered clean enough.
 Put the well back in safe condition by closing the subsurface safety valve and the Christmas tree
valves.
Page | 73
7 CHAPTER SEVEN: FUTURE INTERVENTIONS

7.1 INTRODUCTION
The well intervention operation could be lightweight (LW) or heavyweight (HW) depending on the
complexity of the operation. The lightweight operation requires wireline or use of surface pumps.
The heavyweight operations will require the mobilization of a rig unit, use of coiled tubing
equipment or application of snubbing technique.
7.1.1 REPLACEMENT OF ALL OR PART OF COMPLETION EQUIPMENT

ABOVE THE PACKER
The completion equipment that could be replaced above the packer includes:
 Wellhead/Christmas tree equipment (LW)

 Faulty or stuck TRSCSSV (HW)
 Faulty control line (HW)
 Tubing Repairs (HW)
 Leaks on circulating sleeve (LW)
7.1.2 TECHNIQUES AND OPERATIONAL PHASES

Possible Wellhead/Christmas tree problems:
 Leaks at valves,
 Tubing hanger or tie down screws
 Back Pressure Valve (BPV) seat
 SCSSV control line outlet
It is required to shut-in prior to work-over with an internal safety valve in place in the tubing string.
Remove faulty part for repairs or replace.
For the replacement of equipment beneath the wellhead but above the packer:
 The rig and all its equipment can be set up in accordance with safety distances, rules and
regulations.
 Kill the well with CaCl2 brine solution
 Dismantle the Christmas tree at the tubing head spool with a SCSSV and BPV in place.
 Mount BOP and pressure-test.
 Pull out down-hole equipment after retrieving BPV. (There should be a Gray valve on the rig
floor ready for use. Care must be taken to avoid swabbing while tripping out).
7.2 PACKER OR EQUIPMENT BELOW PACKER

Possible equipment that could be replaced includes:
 Retrievable packers that have leaks (HW)

 Leaking locators, slips joints (HW)
 A packer that gets accidentally unseated (HW)
Page | 74
7.2.1 TECHNIQUES AND OPERATIONAL PHASES

The same procedure for heavyweight operations as described earlier.
7.2.2 BOTTOM HOLE DATA GATHERING: PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE

LOGGING
The temperature and pressure gauges are wireline retrievable and hence a wireline operation will be
done using a lubricator
7.2.3 POSSIBLE ACID JOB

A lightweight operation using coiled tubing and skid-mounted pumps should be used:
 A coiled tubing is recommended to minimize tubing movement.

 A hydrofluoric based acid is proposed.
 A pre-flush of about 5% HCl is used to treat the reservoir zone
 Main treatment of about 1m3 mud acid/m reservoir height can be used.
 An after-flush of mineral oil can be used
 The well should be cleaned up immediately after the after-flush has been pumped.
7.2.4 PERFORATIONS PLUGGING OR ISOLATION FOR WATER SHUT

OFF
Perforation plugging is anticipated to be performed when the production of water exceeds a
specified value due to rise of the Gas-Water Contact (GWC). The procedure involves placing an
inflatable bridge plug beneath the perforations and injecting a low-pressure slurry squeeze through
a stinger.
Prior to carrying out this operation, the well will be killed and cleaned.
Page | 75
8 APPENDIX
8.1 CALCULATIONS
8.1.1 26" HOLE, 20" SURFACE CASING PHASE

8.1.1.1 DRILL STRING CALCULATIONS
Assumptions
 100% of the drill collar weight will be used to apply weight on bit
 From 12-1/4” to 26” bit size, use a 9-1/2” DC
 Length of drill pipes and drill collars = 9.1m
 Drill Pipe Specification = 5” OD, G105, 25.60 lb/ft, Premium Class, NC50(XH), TJ 6-1/2”
IEU
Table 8-1: Drill String calculation
Estimating the Number of DCs, HWDPs and DPs

Weight on Bit 26 * 1 26T
Drill Collar Weight (from assumption 2) 26/1= 26T 26000Kg
Linear weight of 91/2”x 3" DC (kg/m) 323.18
Buoyancy factor 0.822
Linear weight in mud(kg/m) 323.18*0.809 261.45
Length of Drill Collars(m) 26000/261.45 99
Number of Drill Collars 99/9.1 11
Number of HWDP (range II) 11
Total length of DC & HWDP 99*2 198
Length of DP (m) 800 – 198 602
Number of Drill Pipes 602/9.1 66
Linear Weight of DP and Tool joint (kg/m) 42.08Kg/m
8.1.1.2 POWER CALCULATIONS
Pumping Power
Pumping Power
Page | 76
Hoisting Power
F = Total hoisted weight ( String + hook + block + overpull)
Weight of travelling block and hook = 10 t
Maximum Drill string Tension = weight of string + overpull = 305 kdaN = 310.9 tons
Average pulling speed = 1 minute per stand
1 stand = 27m
Hook Speed, Vc = 0.45 m/s
Number of drilling lines, n = 10
Reeving efficiency, ƞ = 0.811 (Roller bearing)
Fast line tension, Tfl
Drilling line Safety factor, f = 3
Minimum breaking Force required = 912.3 kN
Drilling line: 1-3/8” – 6 x 19S-IWRC-EEIP
Rotating Power
Rotary Speed, N = 150rpm
Page | 77
Maximum Torque = 7691 daN.m (for a 5’’ G105, 25.60 lb/ft, premium DP)
Safety Factor = 0.5
Available Torque, C = 7691 * 0.5 = 3845.5 daN.m
Rotary Efficiency, ƞ = 0.9
The maximum power required at the rotary table is:
Total Power Requirement
The total power required to efficiently drill this phase is the sum of the pumping power, hoisting
power and rotary power.
Total Power = Pumping Power + Hoisting Power + Rotating Power
= + + 900.1 = 4405.58 hp
8.1.2 17 1/2" HOLE, 13-3/8" INTERMEDIATE CASING PHASE

8.1.2.1 CASING CALCULATIONS
COLLAPSE STUDY
13 3/8’’ Intermediate Casing with the Shoe @1400m
Maximum Pore Pressure (@2500m) = 200bar
EMW of PP @ 3355m = 10.2*200/1400 = 1.45
Trip Margin = 0.1

= 1.45 + 0.1
=1.55
Page | 78
is considered.
Empty depth = 1400-903.22 = 496.77m
@ 496.77m: Min. Pi = 0 bar

Collapse = 64 – 0
= 64bar = 6.4 MPa

Collapse = 6.4 * 1.2 = 7.68 MPa
BURST STUDY
casing. The gas comes from a depth of 3195m at specific gravity of 0.25. Pore pressure of gas is
410 bar.
Pi = 366.69bar
Burst = 366.69 – 0
= 366.69 bar = 36.669 MPa

Burst = 36.370 *1.2 = 44 MPa
Table 8-2: Casing Selection:
Page | 79

P110 68 12.415 47.6 16.1 951 VAM
TOP
TENSION STUDY
Estimated distance between MSL-RKB = 55m
Length of casing = 1400m = 4593ft
Nominal Weight = 68 lb/ft
Buoyancy factor (MW=1.55) = 0.8025
Tension = 4593 * 68 * 0.8025

=250.64klbs = 111.50 KdaN
Tension = 111.50 * 1.6 = 178.39 KdaN

Coupling efficiency = 102%
8.1.2.2 DRILL STRING CALCULATIONS
Component Rigidity
9.5”x3” and 6.5”x2.8125” 4.67 < 5.5 Acceptable
6.5”x2.8125” and 5”x3” HWDP 3.19 < 5.5 Acceptable
5”x3” HWDP and 5” Drill Pipe 1.87 < 5.5 Acceptable
BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY
 DRILL COLLARS (DC)

The length of Spiral DC’s required to achieve the WOB is:
Using 9 1/2’’ * 3’’ = 310.25kg/m (.96x 323.18kg/m)
WOB = 1 tons per inch = 2 * 17.5 = 17.5 tons
17.5 tons in air
Total Weight of Drill Collar = T
80% of T = 21.806 tons in air

21.806
T=  27.258tons
0.8
Since 6.5”x 2.8125” DC is needed too. Combination of the two different drill collar types needs to
sum up to 27.258 tons
Page | 80
Weight of the 6.5”x 2.8125” DC is 0.96( 135.18) = 129.77 kg/m
Length of Drill collar

Let length of 6.5”x 2.8125” DC be p and the length of 9.5”x 3” (310.25 kg/m) DC be q.
129.77p + 310.25q =27257.5 ………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
Since two joints of 6.5”x 2.8125” DC is used, then p=2 x 9.144m =18.288 m
Thus, q = 80.2 m
80.2
Thus the number of 9.5”x 3” DC used is  8.77
9.144
Since the number is above 8, we will use 9 Drill collars
Therefore, the length of drill collars = 9.144m * 9 = 80.2m
 HEAVY WALL DRILLPIPE
To ensure smooth transition from the rigid and compressed DC’s to the flexible and in tension
DPs, HWDP are used. This also ensures that the DP’s are never in compression, by keeping the
neutral point within the HWDP.
Length of HWDP the same as that of DC’s = 98.488 m
 DRILLSTRING (DP)
Estimated phase length = 1400m RKB, BHA Length = 216m, DP Length = 1184m
One DP length = 9.144m =30ft, Number of DP’s = 130 pcs
Table 8-3: Drill string Tension Study
Linear Length Buoyancy Total Weight Total

Weight (m) Factor In air (kg) Weight in
(Kg/m) mud (T)
Drill Collar 9.5”x 3” 310.25 80.2 0.8025 24882.10 21.81
6.5”x 129.77 18.3 0.8025 2374.79
2.8125”
HWDP 73.4 98.49 0.8025 7229.166 5.80
Drill Pipe 33.57 1183.5 0.8025 39730.10 31.88
DP Tensile Yield Strength, YS = 249 KdaN =254 t, Safety Factor, FS = 0.9
Page | 81
The MOP = 120 ton for safety.
8.1.2.3 POWER REQUIREMENTS

PUMPING POWER
SPP = 309.77bar
Overall Pumping Efficiency, ƞ = 0.9
The power required at the pump is:
Pumping power = 2677.0 hp
HOISTING POWER
Travelling Block Weight, TBW = 30 T
Maximum Drillstring Tension, Max.DST = 246.56 T
Hook Load, F = 276.56T
Note: Max. DST is sum of total string weight and MOP
Fast line tension, Tfl = 34.10 T
Page | 82
For Class 6 x 19 Steel Core, EIPS, SC- IWRC, 1.25”;
S 71.1
Drilling line Safety factor, f = = = 2.00
T 34.1
Minimum breaking force of drilling line required, S = 71.1
T= Fast Line Tension = 34.10 T
Hook Speed, Vc (m/s) = Travelling Block Speed
Fast Line Speed (m/s) = Vc x N

Fastline Speed = Speed of Drum (rpm) x p x
60
 = Diameter of Drum (25”)

2 lays of 1.25” rope were used
80 xx25  31.25x0.3
Vc =
60 x12
Vc = 3.06 m/s
3.06
Travelling Block Speed= = 0.31 m/s
10
Force(kg) xVc (m / s)
Power developed at the hook =
76
276560x0.31
Pc (hp) =
76
Hoisting Power = 1128 hp
This is draw work output.
1128
With Reeving Efficiency of 0.811, the power required at the draw work =
0.811
= 1390 hp
Power Delivered at hook = 1128 hp
Efficiency of Reeving = 0.811
Power Output of Draw work = 1390 hp
Page | 83
1390
With Efficiency of 0.9, Power Input of Draw work = = 1544 hp
0.9
0.9 0.811
Motor Drawwork Hook
HOISTING POWER
FxVx1 276560 x0.31x1

P (HP)= = = 1515.6 hp
77.5 x 77.5 x0.811x0.9
F = Total Hoisted Weight (String + Hook + Block + Over pull) in kg
V = Pulling Speed in m/s
 = overall Hoisting Efficiency
ROTATION POWER
CxRPMx1 CxRPMx1
P (HP) = =
712 x 712 x
955 xPt (kW )

C=Torque (daN. M) =
R(rpm)
FxVc 2713053.6 x0.31

Pt (W) = = =1037 048.85W =1037.04 KW
m 0.811
F= Hook Load = 2713053.6 N
Vc = Hook Speed = 0.31 m/s
 m=reeving efficiency = 0.811
RPM = 1000 rpm for motor
 = 0.811x 0.9
955x1037.04
C= =990.38 daN. M
1000
990.38 x1000
P= = 1905.7 hP
712 x0.811x0.9
Page | 84
8.1.3 12-1/4" HOLE, 9-5/8" CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PHASE

8.1.3.1 CASING CALCULATION
COLLAPSE STUDY
formation while drilling the next phase.
Maxmum. Pore Pressure (@2500m) = 340bar
EMW of PP @ 3355m = 10.2*340/2500 = 1.3872
Trip Margin = 0.1

= 1.3872 + 0.1
=1.4872
is considered.
Empty depth = 2500 – 1681 = 819m
@ 819m: Min. Pi = 0 bar

Collapse = 110 – 0
= 110bar = 11 MPa

Collapse = 11 * 1.2 = 13.2 MPa
BURST STUDY
casing.
Page | 85
Pi = 366.69bar
Burst = 366.69 – 0
= 366.69 bar = 36.669 MPa

Burst = 36.670 *1.2 = 44 MPa
Casing Selection
Table 8-4: Intermediate Casing Selection

P110 36 8.921 48.5 17.1 502 NEW
VAM
TENSION STUDY
Estimated distance between MSL-RKB = 55m
Length of casing = 2500m = 8202.1ft
Nominal Weight = 36 lb/ft
Buoyancy factor (MW=1.63) = 0.
Tension = 8202.1 * 36 * 0.793

=234153.55lbs = 104.15KdaN
Tension = 104.15 * 1.6 = 166.64KdaN

Coupling efficiency = 177.6%
8.1.3.2 DRILL STRING CALCULATION

BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY
Page | 86
 DRILL COLLARS (DC)

The length of DC’s required to achieve the WOB is:
Using 9 1/2’’ * 3’’ = 323.18kg/m
WOB = 2 tons per inch = 2 * 12.25 = 24.5 tons
Using 80% WOB
Length of Drill collar
But One DC length = 9.1m = 30ft
Since the number is above 8, we will use 9 Drill collars
Therefore, the length of drill collars = 9.1m * 9 = 82m
 HEAVY WALL DRILLPIPE
To ensure smooth transition from the rigid and compressed DC’s to the flexible and in
tension DPs, HWDP are used. This also ensures that the DP’s are never in compression,
by keeping the neutral point within the HWDP.
Length of HWDP the same as that of DC’s
 DRILLSTRING (DP)
Estimated phase length = 2555m RKB, BHA Length = 164m, DP Length = 2391m
One DP length = 9.1m =30ft, Number of DP’s = 263pcs
Table 8-5: Phase IV Drill string Tension Study

(Kg/m) (m) Factor (kg) (T)
Drill 323.18 82 0.793 21015 21.015
Collar
HWDP 73.4 82 0.793 4773 4.773
Drill Pipe 33.57 2391 0.793 63650.84 63.65
DP Tensile Yield Strength, YS = 249 KdaN = 254T, Safety Factor, FS = 0.9
Page | 87
8.1.3.3 POWER REQUIREMENTS

PUMPING POWER
SPP = 302.22bar
Overall Pumping Efficiency, ƞ = 0.9
The power required at the pump is:
Pumping power = 1403.644hp
HOISTING POWER
Travelling Block Weight, TBW = 30T
Maximum Drillstring Tension, Max.DST = 236.7T
Hook Load, F = 246.7T
Note: Max. DST is sum of total string weight and MOP
Fast line tension, Tfl = 31.84T
Page | 88
Drilling line Safety factor, f = 2
Minimum breaking force of drilling line required = 76.05T
For Class 6 x 19 Steel Core, EIPS, SC- IWRC, 1.25”;
S 63.68
Drilling line Safety factor, f = = = 2.00
T 31.84
Minimum breaking force of drilling line required, S = 63.68
T= Fast Line Tension = 31.84 T
Hook Speed, Vc (m/s) = Travelling Block Speed
Fast Line Speed (m/s) = Vc x N

Fastline Speed = Speed of Drum (rpm) x p x
60
 = Diameter of Drum (25”)
2 lays of 1.25” rope were used
80 xx25  31.25x0.3
Vc =
60 x12
Vc = 3.06 m/s
3.06
Travelling Block Speed= = 0.31 m/s
10
Force(kg) xVc (m / s)
Power developed at the hook =
76
258200x0.31
Pc (hp) =
76
Hoisting Power = 1053.2 hp
Page | 89
This is the draw works output.
1053.2
With Reeving Efficiency of 0.811, the power required at the draw work =
0.811
= 1299 hp
Power Delivered at hook = 1053.2 hp
Efficiency of Reeving = 0.811
Power Output of Draw work = 1299 hp
1299
With Efficiency of 0.9, Power Input of Draw work = = 1443 hp
0.9
0.9 0.811
Motor Drawwork
Drawwork Hook
Hook
Motor
s (11285112
8)
ROTATION POWER
Rotary Speed, N = 135rpm
Maximum Torque = 9889 daN.m (for a 5’’ S135 DP)
Safety Factor = 0.5
Available Torque, C = 3845daN.m
Rotary Efficiency, ƞ = 0.9
The maximum power required at the rotary table is:

Rotation Power, PR = 1042hp
Page | 90
8.1.4 8" 3/4 HOLE, 7" PRODUCTION CASING PHASE

8.1.4.1 CASING CALCULATION
The casing programme is designed to ensure integrity of the well during drilling and for the
producing life of the well. The casing shoe for this phase will be set at 3410m RKB and will
run up to surface particularly because this is a gas well. For the 7½in production casing, the
worst case of collapse would be when the well is empty. The worst burst case will be when
the well is full of gas and bullheading is done at the surface.
Collapse Calculation Pc
Worst Case: Well Empty
Inside Pressure Pi = 0 bar
External Pressure Pe = Pore Pressure at TVD (largest external pressure)
From pore pressure data, Pe = 430 Bars
ΔP = Pe - Pi
ΔP = 430 – 0
= 430 Bar
PC = 43 MPa
Burst Calculation Pb
Worst Case: Well full of Gas and Bullheading at surface
Pi = Ppore - Phgas + bullheading
Where Ppore is taken at reservoir bottom 3195m MSl as 410 bars
Pi = 410 - (0.25*3195)/10.2 + 35
= 367 Bar
Pe = 0 at surface level
ΔP = Pi - Pe
ΔP = 367 - 0
= 367 Bar
Pb = 36.7 MPa
The casing choice properties are tabulated in table 10 below
Table 8-6: Casing properties
Casing Pc [MPa] Pc s.f Pb [MPa] Pb s.f Tensile Yield Tensile

[103daN] s.f
7in 29 ib/ft 58.8 1.36 77.4 2.1 413 3.48
P110 Casing
Coupling Coupling Make-up Coupling Shoe Depth

Eff. Torque Drift [mm] MSL [m]
[daN.m]
VAM TOP 1.02 1566 153.9 3355
Page | 91
All safety factors exceed the minimum acceptable values. The tensile safety factor is
calculated using a buoyancy factor of 0.821, particular to the mud weight of 1.41 SG used
for this phase.
Since this is a gas well, a tight sealing is preferred for the connections. We have then
selected a VAM Top coupling with 1566dan.M make-up torque and a drift of 153.9mm. The
efficiency of this coupling is 102% meaning that it can withstand a bit more tensile stress
than the casing string and thus a 3.54 safety factor in tension.
8.1.4.2 DRILL STRING CALCULATION

 Drill Collars, Heavy Walled Drill Pipes, Drill Pipes & Other BHA Accessories:
From charts, appropriate drill collar is a 6¾” outer diameter (OD) drill collar. We need 27
drill collars in all as 80% of the drill collar weight in mud will provide the weight on bit
required.
The length of HWDP required to prevent buckling will be 247m which is obtained from 27
HWDPs of 9.14m each. The length of HWDPs is roughly the same as the DC length for
stability and to prevent buckling. The sectional modulus ratios of drill collar to HWDP to drill
pipes were checked to be below 5.5 in order to prevent buckling.
The drill pipes will be the same as that used for earlier phases; 5”, 19.5 Ib/ft grade S drill
pipe with NC50 tool joint will be used. The grade S used allows a margin of overpull (MOP)
of 100 tons which is suitable.
Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tools will also be assembled to the BHA with K-monel
alloy based drill collars used. These drill collars will still provide the WOB required and will
ensure no metallic interference with the MWD measurement readings. The 3 bottommost
drill collars will make up the MWD unit.
A 9.3m wireline-triggered hydraulic Jar will be mounted just above the DCs and before the
HWDP with re-checks to ensure that the jar is not located at the neutral point so it can
perform meaningfully. We shall also use 3 integral blade stabilizers as was used in earlier
phases. The stabilizers (with OD of 8¾”, same as hole size) will be positioned (spaced) near-
bit, mid-body and far away from the bit. These stabilizers will help to maintain the vertical
trajectory and will also aid the drill string to get out of sticky zones if they are encountered.
There will also be a shcok absorber screwed onto the bit to dampen the vibrations
generated during the operation of the bit. The schematic of the drill string is shown below.
Page | 92
Figure 8-7: Schematic of the Drill string. Depths are given in MSL. Recall MSL + 55m = RKB
Table 8-8: Drillstring Details

(‘’) (‘’) (‘’) (m RKB) (m RKB)
Bit IADC S323 1 8¾ 8¾ - - -
Bit Sub 1
Shock 1 -
Absorber
Stabilizer - 3 8¾ 8¾ 6¾ - -
DC - 27 6¾ 6¾ 2¼ 251 251
Jar 1 - - - 9.3 260
HWDP 26 6.5 5 3 238 498
DP IEU S135 324 6.626 5 4.276 2912 3410
Related formulae:
WOB DCweight
DCweight  DClength 
0.8 * BF No min alWeight
MOP  0.9 * TensileYie ld   DCs  HWDPs  DPs weight
Page | 93
8.1.4.3 POWER REQUIREMENT

The hydraulic parameters of the system were calculated here. For good cleaning, the
velocity at the bit nozzle exit should not be less than 130m/sec. This high flow rate will also
help in cooling the PDC bit. Mud velocity in relatively hard formation was assumed as 30
meters per minute. A mud flow rate of 1020 liters per minute was calculated and this
resulted in the selection of a 3-nozzle configuration of nozzle sizes 9-9-10.
Table 8-9: Summary of Pressure Losses and Pump Power
Location Pressure Losses [kpa]

Surface Equipment (Case 1, worst case) 597.312
Inside Drill pipes 2802.374
HWDP & DC 4499.22
OH-DC 203.33
OH- DP, HWDP 560.458
Bit & Nozzles 13594.868
SPP = Total Pressure Losses [kPa] 22257.562

Total pump Hydraulic power required at 1020 l/m [kW] 380
*Mechanical power at 87.3 compound efficiency[kW] 435
*87.3% is total efficiency obtained from an assumed mechanical efficiency of 90% and a v-
belt transmission system efficiency of 97%.
From the rig option of the Maersk Gallant, one out of the 3 Continental Emsco pumps (each
rated 2200hp and 7500psi) available on the rig are sufficient for pumping this phase.
Related formulae:
Q
Q[l / min]  AnnularVol ume[l / m] * AnnularVel ocity [m / min] T .F . A[in 2 ] 
38.71 * VR
SPP  N1  L2 N 2  L3 N 3  L4 N 4  L5 N 5 B  Pd d
dQ 2
Pd 
2959.41 * 0.95 2 TFA 2
SPP[ kpa] * Q[l / min] Powerhyd

Powerhydraulic[kW ]  PowerMech [kW ] 
60000  pump
Hoisting Power, Rotational Power & Other Power Required
Here we sought to obtained power requirements for drilling, tripping and the general rig
operation. We also calculated and designed minimum acceptable values for hoisting
parameters like hook load, mast load, number of reeving lines, tension in fast and dead
lines, minimum breaking load for the rope, design factor, rotational speeds and efficiencies.
Page | 94
The drawworks is like a wire spool for the drilling line and powers the line via rotation of its
drums. It receives power from an electrical motor and is connected with different gear
connections for achieving different speeds based on gear ratio. The schematic of the
drawworks and hoisting system is shown in figure 8.11a while the top drive system is shown
beside an older Kelly bushing derrick type in figure 8.11b
Figure 8-11a: Hoisting & Drawworks system Figure 8-11b: Top Drive and Kelly Bushing
system
We would prefer a top drive rotational system because it saves time by handling stands of 3
drill pipes in one trip. Also, the top drive system allows drilling fluid to still be pumped into
the string during tripping out, unlike the Kelly system. This minimizes hydrostatic pressure
losses due to fluid level drop when tripping out.
Table 8-12: Drill String Weight

(Kg/m) (m) Factor (kg) in Mud (T)
Drill 161.09 251 0.821 40433.59 33.2
Collar
HWDP 73.4 247 0.821 18129.8 14.89
Drill Pipe 33.57 2912 0.821 97755.84 80.26
TOTAL DRILLSTRING WEIGHT IN MUD => 128.35
We assumed a travelling block weight of 10.5 tons. The weight of the entire drill string in
mud is 128tons. Thus the total weight on hook is 138.5tons. We also assumed that the
Page | 95
drilling line of the top drive system has 10 lines (N = 10). For roller bearings, the reeving
efficiency of this system is obtained from a chart as 0.811. With this, the fast line tension
was calculated as 17 tons while the static tension was 14 tons. With an MOP of 100 tons,
the maximum force on the hook would be 238.5 tons, fast line tension will be 29.4 tons and
static tension would be 24 tons. With a 1¼ inch 6x19 steel core IWRC-EIPS line, minimum
breaking force is 617kN and thus the design (safety factor) would be 2.14 which is above the
limit of 2, allowable for pulling-on-stuck-pipe operations. In other operations where the
MOP will not be applied, the design factor will be much higher. Thus the selected line is
acceptable for the drawworks.
We also estimated the average work done by the drilling line for a round trip down to
3355m MSL to be 618000daN.km while the work done to drill from 2500m to 3355m MSL is
622500daN.km.
If we assume a tripping velocity of 600m/hr (of this, 20mins per hour is actual pulling out
time) or a hook speed of 0.5m/sec, then the hoisting power required for the round trip
would be 307kW (411hp).
The hoisting power is maximum at the lowest speed ratio and takes into account the pulling
force (MOP) on the drawworks. We assumed a 36in drum with 3 lays of 1¾in line. The
lowest speed ratio is 0.082, corresponding to a hook speed of 0.46m/s. The hoisting power
was then calculated as 2629hp (2630hp). The motor input power is therefore estimated
with a drawworks efficiency of 90% to be 2922hp or 3000hp approximately.
Table 8-13: Summary of Power Needed For Hoisting And Pumping
Phase Hoisting [hp] Motor Input [hp] Pumping [hp]

Round Trip 411 460 583
Pulling on Stuck 2630 3000 583
Pipe (Fmax)
For the rotational power required for the drill string, this will be provided by the topdrive.
The maximum torque the drill string can take is 7874daN.m and applying a safety factor of
0.5, the maximum torque that will be applied to the string will be 3937daN.m to prevent
string twisting. If we take this torque at 100rpm maximum speed and with a rotary
efficiency of 0.9, then the rotary power needed would be 614hp.
Maximum Rotary Speed, N = 100rpm
Maximum Torque = 7874daN.m (for a 5’’ 19.5Ib/ft S135 Premium DP)
Safety Factor = 0.5
Available Torque (that can be supplied), C
Page | 96
Rotary Efficiency, = 0.9
Therefore maximum rotary power required is:

Rotation Power, PR = 614hp
Total Power Requirement:
The total power required to efficiently drill this phase is the sum of the maximum pumping
power, hoisting power and rotary power.
Total Power, PTotal =
Related formulae:
Tm  0.981 pLL  l   4LP  d / 2*10 6

Hookload Breakingforce
ta  f 
N m ta
 * Vd V fl Fmax * Vh
V fl  Vh  DwrksPower[ HP] 
60 N 77.5 *
DworksPower C * rpm
Motor[ HP]  RotaryPowe r[hp] 
 dwrks 712 *
Page | 97

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INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM STUDIES

CHUKS-EBOKA O.T. IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/187

JUDITH EGBEOCHA IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/188

EKENE ALFRED ENYEKWE IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/189

JONATHAN FRANCIS IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/190

OBIORA NWOSU IPS/MSC/PPD/2012/191

Formation data was obtained from an exploration well drilled previously in

The completion procedure is also outlined. An underbalanced Tubing

Proper documentation for the well design is also detailed and

To Monsieur Gerald Gachet (IFP), who taught us the basics of blowout

And to the other teachers who have made an integrated understanding of

To the management of the Institute Of Petroleum Studies, we express our

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ 8

1 CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL DATA ............................................................................................ 11

1.1 FIELD LOCATION .................................................................................................................... 11

2 CHAPTER TWO: GEOLOGICAL PROGRAMME .......................................................................... 12

2.1 PURPOSE OF THE WELLS ......................................................................................................... 12

3 CHAPTER THREE: DRILLING HAZARDS .................................................................................... 18

3.1 SHALLOW GAS....................................................................................................................... 18

4 CHAPTER FOUR: WELL DESIGN .............................................................................................. 19

4.1 CASING DESIGN CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................. 19

4.1.4.1 30" CONDUCTOR CASING ...................................................................................................... 20

5 CHAPTER FIVE: DRILLING OPERATIONS .................................................................................. 26

5.1 30"CONDUCTOR PIPE (SHOE AT 160M) .................................................................................. 26

5.3.10 CASING AND CASING RUNNING PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 40

6 CHAPTER SIX: WELL COMPLETION ......................................................................................... 60

6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 60

7 CHAPTER SEVEN: FUTURE INTERVENTIONS............................................................................ 74

7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 74

7.1.2 TECHNIQUES AND OPERATIONAL PHASES ................................................................................ 74

8.1 CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................................. 76

Table 5-41: Casing String Summary ...................................................................................................... 57

Table 6-2: Production tubing Selection................................................................................................65

Table 6-3: List of completion equipment.............................................................................................69

Table 8-1: Drill String calculation ......................................................................................................... 76

1 CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL DATA

1.2 Field Development Concepts

The proposed Jack-up is the “Maerskk Gallant”

2 CHAPTER TWO: GEOLOGICAL PROGRAMME

2.3 Reservoir Characteristics, Heterogeneity And Quality

2.3.1 Results of appraisal wells

Under-compacted shales in the Hordaland group

2.3.2 Stratigraphic Prognosis Description

Figure 2-1:Well Stratigraphy

2.3.3 Pressure prognosis data: Formation and fracture pressure gradient

Figure 2-2: Pressure Prognosis

Depths are from MSL

Cuttings will be sampled as soon as return is established.

Nordland Group (72- 1 615 m)MSL

Hordaland Group (1615 - 3010 m)

Claystone, brown-greyish, moderate silty, stringers of limestones; Claystone/siltstone, light grey –

Rogaland Group (3010- 3310 m)

Shetland Group (3310 – 3355 m)

Ekofisk Formation. Limestone, chalky-mudstone, off-white-cream, silty, argillaceous.

2.4 Pressure Evolution Follow-Up

Table 2-3: Leak off Test Result

Depth: (MSL) LOT (EMW)

3 CHAPTER THREE: DRILLING HAZARDS

3.2 Surface Lithology

3.3 Under compacted Shales

3.4 Mud Losses