Three Phase Induction Motor 1

5. THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Construction and working principal of induction motor:

Definition: -
The motor in which electrical power is given to rotor by electromagnetic induction is called
as “induction motor”.

Working principle:-
When AC supply is given to stator of induction motor, alternating flux is created in air gap it
links with rotor and induced EMF in it, the action similar to transformer.

Construction of IM:-

The general construction of induction motor of is shown in figer. The main parts are as follows
 Motor frame.
 Stator.
 Rotor.
 Stator & rotor winding.
 Shaft & bearing.

Motor frame:-
i. It is made from closed alloy of cast iron or fabricated steel plates.
ii. It gives mechanical support and protection to motor parts.

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 Three Phase Induction Motor 2

Stator:-
i. Stationary part of ac machine is called as stator.
ii. It is made up of stator core and stator winding.

A. stator core:-
 It is made up of low loss silicon steel lamination
 It provide low reluctance (opposition) path to flow of flux and also provide housing of
stator winding.
 Stator lamination is insulated from each other.

B. stator winding:-
 It is made up of enameled copper wire or insulated conductor.
 It may be star or delta connected.
 Three identical winding are placed at 120 apart from each other, the function is to
produce rotating magnetic field.
 The number of stator pole decides according to speed required.
 The stator winding have sufficient insulation and sufficient mechanical strength to
withstand short circuit stresses.

Air gap:-
i. Uniform air gap is provided between stator and rotor, its length is order to few (MM) along
radial direction.
ii. It avoid solid friction between stator and rotor, it’ also support pulling by air circulation.

Shaft and bearing:-

i. The shaft is made from steel bar and its function is to support rotor and transfer mechanical
power developed in rotor to external load.
ii. Ball or roller bearing as used at two ends of shaft, it minimizes the friction.

Rotor:-
i. Rotating part of motor is called as “rotor”.
ii. It is made from low loss silicon steel lamination pressed on shaft.
iii. The rotor winding is placed in rotor slots.
iv. The function of rotor is to receive electrical energy from stator by induction effect and then
convert it into mechanical energy.
v. according to rotor construction is classified in two types
 Squirrel cage IM.
 Slip ring or phase wound rotor.

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 Three Phase Induction Motor 3

Types:-
 squirrel cage induction motor:-

i. This type of rotor is simplest and rugged in construction.

ii. It consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots.
iii. Thick (aluminum or copper) bar placed in each slot and shorted of each other of both
sides by end rings.
iv. The bars of rotor are permanently short circuited, so external resistance cannot be
added in it. There for speed control in not possible.
v. Slight skew is given to rotor conductor to prevent locking of rotor with stator and
reduced magnetic humming.

Slip ring or phase wound rotor:-

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 Three Phase Induction Motor 4

i. It consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots, 3- phase double layer
distributed winding is placed in slots.
ii. The winding is made from enameled coated copper wire.
iii. Number rotor poles are always equal to number of stator poles.
iv. The rotor winding always star connected, the three terminal of star winding are
connected to slip ring. These slip are mounted on same shaft.
v. Brushes are resting on slip rings and connected variable resistance.
vi. By adjusting value of resistance speed can be changed.

Synchronous speed, slip speed, slip and rotor frequency:-

Synchronousspeed (Ns):-
The constant speed of rotation of total flux is called as “synchronous speed”

Ns=120f/ P
Where, f=frequency of supply.
P= Number. of stator poles.

Slip speed:-
It is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed or motor speed is called as
“slip speed”.
Slip speed = Ns- N
Where, Ns= synchronous speed.
N = rotor speed or motor speed.

Slip:-
The difference between synchronous speed and actual speed of rotor expressed as a
percentage or per unit of synchronous speed is called as “slip”.

Slip =Ns-N/NS.

Frequency rotor induced EMF:-

i. The synchronous speed of rotating flux is given by Ns=120f/P.
ii. If actual speed of rotor is ‘N’ r.p.m the relative speed between flux and rotor conductor is
(Ns-N) which produce emf in rotor.

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 Three Phase Induction Motor 5

iii. S= 120Fr/P ………………………….. (1).

Where, Fr=frequency of rotor emf.

P=number of motor speed.
Divided both side by Ns to equation (1)

Ns-N/Ns =120Fr/PNs.
S= 120Fr/P *P/120f.
S= Fr/f [Fr=s*f].

Working of induction motor:-

i. consider 3 phase induction motor with stator containing 3 identical windings placed at120
from each other, let us motor is squirrel cage.
ii. when 3-phase ac supply is given to stator rotating magnetic field is produced in air gap it has
constant magnitude and constant speed is called as synchronous speed, flux is rotating in
clockwise direction.
iii. The stator flux moves over rotor surface and there for produce change in flux linkage in rotor
conductor.
iv. It causes induced emf in rotor conductor by induction principle.
v. According to Lenz’s law the induced current should oppose the cause which produced it.
vi. Here cause is the rotating magnetic field and rotor.
vii. when current flows to rotor conductor is which produced its own magnetic field
viii. It distort stator magnetic field the resultant magnetic left side of conductor shown in figer.
ix. There for rotor start rotating in direction of flux.

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 Three Phase Induction Motor 6

Torque- speed characteristics:-

i. Ns=0 torque produced is zero, all curve start form S= 0 point.

ii. Torque developed in rotor, when its speed is zero it is called as stating torque.
iii. At above 80% of speed (i.e- S=20 %) the motor torque is maximum it is also called as
breakdown torque.
iv. In stable operating region torque is proportional to slip (Tr α S).
v. Stable operating region – The region of the torque speed curve between 80 % to 100 % of
synchronous speed. And where torque speed curve is linear is called as stable operating
region. Motor should always operate in stable region.
vi. In unstable region (Tr = 1/S). speed between 0 to 80% of synchronous speed is called as
unstable region
vii. The torque speed relation is non linear in this region.
viii. The starting torque is maximum when rotor resistance = standstill rotor reactance.

Necessity of starter:-
i. The rotor of squirrel cage induction motor is short circuited by end rings, it has very low
resistance, and reactance is also comparatively low.
ii. when motor start from rest
N=0, S= 1
Rotor current under this condition is

I2(st) =E2 / R2 2 +X2 2.

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 Three Phase Induction Motor 7

iii. If full rated voltage is given to stator then large rotor current flows through rotor circuit. Then
stator current depends on rotor current.
iv. Its value is also large in general starting current of IM is 5 to 7 times that of full load current.
v. Large starting current may damage stator and rotor winding, it also cause large voltage drop
in power system.
vi. Starting current should be limited to acceptable limit the starting current “starter are
necessary”.

Reversal of direction of 3 phase induction motor:-

For R-Y-B phase sequence the direction of rotation of magnetic flux is in clockwise, phase
sequence is changed for R-B-Y then this will reverse the rotating magnetic field and hence this will
reverse the direction of motor.

Comparison between squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor:

SR
NO.
Squirrel cage motor Slip ring motor
1 Construction: Construction
In squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor In slip ring IM, the rotor conductors are three
conductors are solid aluminium or copper phase winding which is always connected in
bars welded with end rings on both side. star. One end of each coil is connected to
Hence rotor conductor are permanently short common point and each other end of each
circuited with each other coil is connected to three rings called as as
slip rings
2 Starting torque: Starting torque:
Squirrel cage induction motor has low High starting torque as compare to squirrel
starting torque as compare to slip ring IM. cage IM
3 Efficiency : Efficiency :
High efficiency than slip ring Low efficiency than squirrel cage
4 Speed control: Speed control:
Speed control is not possible Speed control is possible
5 Maintenance: Maintenance:
Low maintenance High maintenance
6 Starting method: Starting method:
A. Stator resistance starter. Rotor resistance starter.
B. Auto-transformer starter.
C. DOL starter
D. Star- delta starter.
7 Application: Application:
A. Grinding A. Cranes
B. Machine B. Railway locomotive
C. Lathe machine
V/f speed control method of 3 phase induction motor.

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 Three Phase Induction Motor 8

1. For smooth speed control by variation of frequency (by N = 120f/P) we vary the
Frequency. But change in frequency (decrease) results in saturation of the air
Gap flux as the flux is inversely proportional to the frequency.
2. Hence as the flux is also directly proportional to the applied voltage, we change the applied
Voltage in same proportion as the frequency to maintain the flux constant.
3. Hence it is V/f control. The DC input to the inverter is used to get the required voltage
and frequency (maintaining V/f = constant.

Direct on line starter (DOL)

:
1. DOL starter consist main four contact (C1, C2, C3 = main contacts . C4=auxiliary contact)
2. C1, C2, C3 contacts connected between three line and C4 contact operated by electromagnetic
attraction of a coil
3. The contractor coil is supplies from any two phases and coil circuit is completed through contact of
start and stop push button
4. Initially start and stop push button are not pressed, there for contact of stop push button are at closed
position and start button are at open circuited.
5. Current through coil is zero and there for contact are open, motor is OFF
6. When start button is pressed , coil circuit get completed and current flows through coil ,due to which
electromagnetic action, motor contacts closed and stator of induction motor connected to supply
7. At the same time auxiliary contact C4 is at closed and there for start button is bypass.

Advantages :
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 Three Phase Induction Motor 9

1. Simple in construction
2. Easy to operate
3. Quick starting and stopping
4. Overload protection is provided

Star delta starter:

1. During starting of induction motor stator winding is connected to star and when motor speed peaks
up to 80% of normal speed the connection are changed to delta
2. In starter special change over switch is provided it is 3- pole double through type switch
3. When switch is at start position the similar ends of starter coil (a2, b2, c3) are connected together and
star point form
4. When switch is thrown to run position a2 is connected to b1, b2 to c1 and c2 to a1 so that delta is
form

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