10.

2 Practice Problems- Solutions

1–2 Find dy兾dx. 20–23 Find the length of the curve.

1. x 苷 st ⫺ t, y苷t ⫺t 3
2. x 苷 t ln t, y 苷 sin t
2

20. x 苷 t 3, y 苷 t 4, 0艋t艋1

3–6 Find an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point 21. x 苷 t ,
2
y 苷 1 ⫹ 4t, 0艋t艋2
corresponding to the given value of the parameter.
22. x 苷 t sin t, y 苷 t cos t, 0 艋 t 艋 ␲兾2
3. x 苷 t 2 ⫹ t, y 苷 t 2 ⫺ t ; t苷0 ⫺t
23. x 苷 e , y 苷 te , 2t
⫺1 艋 t 艋 1
4. x 苷 t sin t, y 苷 t cos t ; t苷␲
5. x 苷 t 2 ⫹ t, y 苷 st ; t苷4
24–29 Find the length of the curve.
6. x 苷 2 sin ␪, y 苷 3 cos ␪ ; ␪ 苷 ␲兾4 24. x 苷 t 3, y 苷 t 2, 0艋t艋4

25. x 苷 3t ⫺ t 3, y 苷 3t 2, 0艋t艋2
7–10 Find an equation of the tangent to the curve at the given
point by two methods: (a) without eliminating the parameter 26. x 苷 2 ⫺ 3 sin ␪, 2
y 苷 cos 2␪, 0 艋 ␪ 艋 ␲兾2
and (b) by first eliminating the parameter.
27. x 苷 1 ⫹ 2 sin ␲ t, y 苷 3 ⫺ 2 cos ␲ t, 0 艋 t 艋 1
7. x 苷 2t ⫹ 3, y 苷 t 2 ⫹ 2t ; 共5, 3兲
28. x 苷 5t ⫹ 1,
2
y 苷 4 ⫺ 3t 2, 0艋t艋2
8. x 苷 5 cos t, y 苷 5 sin t ; 共3, 4兲
29. x 苷 e t cos t, y 苷 e t sin t, 0 艋 t 艋 ␲
9. x 苷 1 ⫺ t, y 苷 1 ⫺ t 2 ; 共1, 1兲
10. x 苷 t 3, y 苷 t 2 ; 共1, 1兲

11–18 Find dy兾dx and d 2 y兾dx 2.

11. x 苷 t 2 ⫹ t, y 苷 t2 ⫹ 1
12. x 苷 t ⫹ 2 cos t, y 苷 sin 2t
13. x 苷 t ⫺ 1,
4
y 苷 t ⫺ t2
14. x 苷 t 3 ⫹ t 2 ⫹ 1, y 苷 1 ⫺ t2
15. x 苷 sin ␲ t, y 苷 cos ␲ t
16. x 苷 1 ⫹ tan t, y 苷 cos 2t
⫺t
17. x 苷 e , y 苷 te 2t
18. x 苷 1 ⫹ t 2, y 苷 t ln t
 10.2 Practice Problems- Final Answers

  √  1 √
3t2 − 1
2 t 20. 0
t2 9 + 16t2 dt
1. √
1−2 t 2√
21. 2 0 t2 + 4 dt
2 sin t cos t  π/2 √
2.
1 + ln t 22. 0
1 + t2 dt
3. y = −x 1 
23. −1
e−2t + e4t (1 + 2t)2 dt
1
4. y = π x−π  
1 24. 8
373/2 − 1
5. y = 36 x + 13
9
27

√ 25. 14
6. y = − 32 x + 3 2
√
26. 13
7. y = 2x − 7
27. 2π
8. y = − 34 x + 25
4 √
28. 4 34
9. y = 1
√
29. 2 (eπ − 1)
10. y = 23 x + 13
30.
1 2
11. 1 − ,
2t + 1 (2t + 1)3

2 cos 2t 4 (cos t − sin 2t + sin t sin 2t)

12. ,
1 − 2 sin t (1 − 2 sin t)3

−3 −3 + 4t
13. 14 t − 12 t−2 , 7 16t
√  √ 
2 6 π π 2 + 4 + 4 ln π + π2 + 4 − 4 ln 2
14. − ,
3t + 2 t (3t + 2)3
31. 0.7314
15. − tan πt, − sec πt
3 1 √
32. 2πt6 9 + 16t2 dt
3 4 2
 2
 0
16. −4 sin t cos t, 4 cos t 3 sin t − cos t
33. 47,104
15
π
3t 4t
17. − (2t + 1) e , (6t + 5) e √
π
34. 2 52π (2e − 1)
1 + ln t ln t
18. ,− 3 35. 128π
2t 4t 5
10.2 Practice Problems- Detailed Solutions

√ dy dy dx
1. x = t − t, y = t3 − t ⇒ = 3t2 − 1, 2
7. (a) x = 2t + 3, y = t + 2t; (5, 3). = 2t + 2, = 2,
dt dt dt
dx 1 dy
=
dy/dt
= t + 1. At (5, 3), t = 1 and
dy
= 2,
= √ − 1, and and
dt 2 t dx dx/dt dx
 2  √  so the tangent is y − 3 = 2 (x − 5) or y = 2x − 7.
dy dy/dt 3t2 − 1 3t − 1 2 t  2 
= =  √ = √ x−3 x−3
dx dx/dt 1/ 2 t − 1 1−2 t (b) y = t2 + 2t = +2
2 2
(x − 3)2
= +x−3
2 dy 4
2. x = t ln t, y = sin t ⇒ = 2 sin t cos t, dy x−3 dy
 dt so = + 1. When x = 5, = 2, so an
dx 1 dx 2 dx
=t + (ln t) · 1 = 1 + ln t, and equation of the tangent is y = 2x − 7, as before.
dt t
dy
dy dy/dt 2 sin t cos t 8. (a) x = 5 cos t, y = 5 sin t; (3, 4). = 5 cos t,
= = dt
dx dx/dt 1 + ln t dx dy dy/dt
= −5 sin t, = = − cot t. At (3, 4),
dt dx dx/dt
dy dx y dy 3
2 2
3. x = t + t, y = t − t; t = 0. = 2t − 1, = 2t + 1, t = tan−1 = tan−1 43 , so = − , and an equation
dt dt x dx 4
dy dy/dt 2t − 1 of the tangent is y − 4 = − 34 (x − 3) or y = − 34 x + 25
4
.
so = = . When t = 0, x = y = 0
dx dx/dt 2t + 1 dy dy x
(b) x2 + y 2 = 25, so 2x + 2y = 0, or = − . At
dy dx dx y
and = −1. An equation of the tangent is
dx dy 3
y − 0 = (−1) (x − 0) or y = −x. (3, 4), = − , and as in part (a), an equation of the
dx 4
tangent is y = − 34 x + 25
4
.
dy dy dx
4. x = t sin t, y = t cos t; t = π. = cos t − t sin t, 2
9. (a) x = 1 − t, y = 1 − t ; (1, 1). = −2t, = −1,
dt dt dt
dx dy dy/dt cos t − t sin t dy dy/dt dy
= sin t + t cos t, and = = . = = 2t. At (1, 1), t = 0, so = 0, and the
dt dx dx/dt sin t + t cos t dx dx/dt dx
dy −1 1 tangent is y − 1 = 0 (x − 1) or y = 1.
When t = π, (x, y) = (0, −π) and = = , so an
dx −π π  
(b) y = 1 − t2 = 1 − 1 − x2 = 2x − x2 , so
equation of the tangent is y + π = π1 (x − 0) or
1 [dy/dx]x=1 = [2 − 2x]x−1 = 0, and as in part (a), the
y= π
x − π.
tangent is y = 1.

√ 3 2dy dx
2 dy 1 dx 10. (a) x = t , y = t ; (1, 1).
= 2t, = 3t2 , and
5. x = t + t, y = t; t = 4. = √ , = 2t + 1, so dt dt
dt 2 t dt dy dy/dt 2t 2
dy dy/dt 1 = = 2 = (for t = 0). At (1, 1), we
= = √ . When t = 4, dx dx/dt 3t 3t
dx dx/dt 2 t (2t + 1)
have t = 1 and dy/dx = 23 , so an equation of the tangent
dy 1
(x, y) = (20, 2) and = , so an equation of the tangent is y − 1 = 2
(x − 1) or y = 23 x + 13 .
dx 36 3
1
is y − 2 = 36 (x − 20) or y = 36 1
x + 13
9
. (b) y = x2/3 , so dy/dx = 23 x−1/3 . When x = 1,
dy/dx = 23 , so the tangent is y = 23 x + 1
3
as before.
dx 2 2
6. x = 2 sin θ, y = 3 cos θ; θ = π . = 2 cos θ, 11. x = t + t, y = t + 1.
4
dθ
dy dy/dt 2t 1
dy dy dy/dθ = = = 1− ;
= −3 sin θ, = = − 32 tan θ. When θ = π4 , dx dx/dt 2t + 1 2t + 1
dθ dx dx/dθ 
√ √  d dy 2
(x, y) = 2, 3 2 2 , and dy/dx = − 32 , so an equation of = ;
dt dx (2t + 1)2
√  √  
the tangent is y − 3 2 2 = − 32 x − 2 or d2 y d dy d (dy/dx) /dt 2
√ = = =
y = − 32 x + 3 2. dx2 dx dx dx/dt (2t + 1)3
 10.2 Practice Problems- Detailed Solutions
dy dy/dt 2 cos 2t 2 dy dy/dt 1 + ln t
12. x = t + 2 cos t, y = sin 2t.
= = ; 18. x = 1 + t , y = t ln t. = = ;
dx dx/dt 1 − 2 sin t dx dx/dt 2t
 
d dy (1 − 2 sin t) (−4 sin 2t) − 2 cos 2t (−2 cos t) d dy 2t (1/t) − (1 + ln t) 2 ln t
= = = − 2;
dt dx (1 − 2 sin t)2 dt dx (2t)2 2t
4 (cos t − sin 2t + sin t sin 2t) d2 y d (dy/dx) /dt ln t
= ; = = − 3.
(1 − 2 sin t)2 dx2 dx/dt 4t
d2 y d (dy/dx) /dt 4 (cos t − sin 2t + sin t sin 2t)
= =
dx2 dx/dt (1 − 2 sin t)3
4 2 dy dx
13. x = t − 1, y = t − t ⇒ = 1 − 2t, = 4t3 ,
dt dt
dy dy/dt 1 − 2t
= = = 14 t−3 − 12 t−2 ;
dx dx/dt 4t3

d dy
= − 34 t−4 + t−3 ,
dt dx
d2 y d (dy/dx) /dt − 34 t−4 + t−3 4t4 −3 + 4t
= = · 4 = .
dx2 dx/dt 4t3 4t 16t7
3 2
14. x = t + t + 1, y = 1 − t .
2 dy
= −2t, ⇒ tan t = 2 ⇒ t = tan−
dt
dx dy dy/dt −2t 2
= 3t2 + 2t; = = 2 =− ;
dt dx dx/dt 3t + 2t 3t + 2

d dy 6 1
= ; 20. L = 0 (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 dt
dt dx (3t + 2)2
d2 y d (dy/dx) /dt 6 and dx/dt = 3t2 , dy/dt = 4t3 ⇒
= = . 1√ 1 √
dx2 dx/dt t (3t + 2)3 L = 0 9t4 + 16t6 dt = 0 t2 9 + 16t2 dt
15. x = sin πt, y = cos πt. 2
dy dy/dt −π sin πt 21. L = 0 (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 dt and dx/dt = 2t,
= = = − tan πt; 2√ 2√
dx dx/dt π cos πt dy/dt = 4, so L = 0 4t2 + 16dt = 2 0 t2 + 4 dt.

d2 y d dy d (dy/dx) /dt −π sec2 πt
= = = dx dy
dx 2 dx dx dx/dt π cos πt 22. = sin t + t cos t and = cos t − t sin t ⇒
dt dt
= − sec3 πt.  π/2 
L= 0 (sin t + t cos t)2 + (cos t − t sin t)2 dt
dy  π/2 √
16. x = 1 + tan t, y = cos 2t ⇒ = −2 sin 2t,
dt = 0 1 + t2 dt
dx
= sec2 t, 23. dx/dt = −e
−t
and dy/dt = e2t + 2te2t = e2t (1 + 2t), so
dt
1 
dy dy/dt −2 sin 2t L= e−2t + e4t (1 + 2t)2 dt.
= = = −4 sin t cos t · cos2 t −1
dx dx/dt sec2 t
3 2
24. x = t , y = t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.
= −4 sin t cos3 t;  2
 (dx/dt) + (dy/dt)2 = 3t2 + (2t)2 = 9t4 + 4t2 .
2
d dy  
= −4 sin t 3 cos2 t (− sin t) − 4 cos4 t 4
dt dx L = 0 (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 dt
= 12 sin2 t cos2 t − 4 cos4 t, 4√ 4 √
  = 0 9t4 + 4t2 dt = 0 t 9t2 + 4 dt
2
d y d (dy/dx) /dt 4 cos2 t 3 sin2 t − cos2 t  148 √
= = 1
= 18 u du (where u = 9t2 + 4)
dx2 dx/dt sec2 t 4
4
 2 2


 2  3/2 148  
= 4 cos t 3 sin t − cos t . 1
= 18 u = 1
1483/2
− 4 3/2
3 27
4
17. x = e
−t
, y = te2t .  
8 3/2
= 27 37 −1
dy dy/dt (2t + 1) e2t
= = = − (2t + 1) e3t ;
dx dx/dt −e−t

d dy
= −3 (2t + 1) e3t − 2e3t = − (6t + 5) e3t ;
dt dx

d2 y d dy d (dy/dx) /dt − (6t + 5) e3t
= = =
dx 2 dx dx dx/dt −e−t
= (6t + 5) e4t .