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3-11.

8 31

THE INTEGRAL TEST 6XSSRVH I LVDFRQWLQXRXV SRVLWLYH GHFUHDVLQJIXQFWLRQRQ

关⬁兲 DQGOHWD Q 苷 I 共Q兲7KHQWKHVHULHV冘⬁Q苷D Q LVFRQYHUJHQWLIDQGRQO\LIWKH
LPSURSHULQWHJUDOx⬁I 共[兲G[ LVFRQYHUJHQW,QRWKHUZRUGV
⬁
⬁
L ,Iy I 共[兲G[ LVFRQYHUJHQW WKHQ 兺 D Q LVFRQYHUJHQW
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⬁
⬁
LL ,Iy I 共[兲G[ LVGLYHUJHQW WKHQ 兺 D Q LVGLYHUJHQW
 Q苷

⬁

EXAMPLE 1 7HVWWKHVHULHV
Q苷
兺 Q ⫹ 
IRUFRQYHUJHQFHRUGLYHUJHQFH

SOLUTION 7KHIXQFWLRQ I 共[兲 苷 兾共[  ⫹ 兲 LVFRQWLQXRXV SRVLWLYH DQGGHFUHDVLQJRQ

关⬁兲 VRZHXVHWKH,QWHJUDO7HVW

 
y

⬁

[ ⫹ 
G[ 苷 OLPy 
W

Wl⬁  [ ⫹ 
 
G[ 苷 OLPWDQ⫺[
Wl⬁  
@

W

Wl⬁
冉
苷 OLP WDQ⫺W ⫺
␲

冊 苷
␲

⫺
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苷
␲


7KXVx⬁兾共[  ⫹ 兲G[ LVDFRQYHUJHQWLQWHJUDODQGVR E\WKH,QWHJUDO7HVW WKHVHULHV

冘兾共Q  ⫹ 兲 LVFRQYHUJHQW M

⬁

1 7KHSVHULHV 兺 LVFRQYHUJHQWLI S ⬎  DQGGLYHUJHQWLI S 艋 
Q苷 QS

EXAMPLE 3
D 7KHVHULHV
⬁
    
兺
Q苷 Q
苷  ⫹  ⫹  ⫹  ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈
   

LVFRQYHUJHQWEHFDXVHLWLVDSVHULHVZLWK S 苷  ⬎ 
E 7KHVHULHV
⬁ ⬁
    
兺
Q苷 Q 兾 苷 兺 
Q苷 s Q
苷  ⫹   ⫹   ⫹   ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈
s  s  s 

LVGLYHUJHQWEHFDXVHLWLVDSVHULHVZLWK S 苷  ⬍  M
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3-11.8 32

⬁
OQQ
V EXAMPLE 'HWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVHULHV 兺
Q苷 Q
FRQYHUJHVRUGLYHUJHV

SOLUTION 7KHIXQFWLRQ I 共[兲 苷 共OQ[兲兾[ LVSRVLWLYHDQGFRQWLQXRXVIRU [ ⬎  EHFDXVHWKH

ORJDULWKPIXQFWLRQLVFRQWLQXRXV%XWLWLVQRWREYLRXVZKHWKHURUQRW I LVGHFUHDVLQJ VR
ZHFRPSXWHLWVGHULYDWLYH
共兾[兲[ ⫺ OQ[  ⫺ OQ[
I ⬘共[兲 苷 苷
[ [

7KXV I ⬘共[兲 ⬍  ZKHQOQ[ ⬎  WKDWLV [ ⬎ H,WIROORZVWKDW I LVGHFUHDVLQJZKHQ[ ⬎ H

DQGVRZHFDQDSSO\WKH,QWHJUDO7HVW

册
W
⬁ OQ[ W OQ[ 共OQ[兲 共OQW兲
y
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G[ 苷 OLPy
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[
G[ 苷 OLP
Wl⬁ 

苷 OLP
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苷⬁


6LQFHWKLVLPSURSHULQWHJUDOLVGLYHUJHQWWKHVHULHV冘共OQQ兲兾Q LVDOVRGLYHUJHQWE\WKH
,QWHJUDO7HVW M

THE COMPARISON TEST 6XSSRVHWKDW冘D Q DQG冘EQ DUHVHULHVZLWKSRVLWLYHWHUPV

L ,I 冘EQ LVFRQYHUJHQWDQGD Q 艋 EQ IRUDOOQ WKHQ冘D Q LVDOVRFRQYHUJHQW
LL ,I 冘EQ LVGLYHUJHQWDQGD Q 艌 EQ IRUDOOQ WKHQ冘D Q LVDOVRGLYHUJHQW

⬁

V EXAMPLE 'HWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVHULHV 兺
Q苷 Q  ⫹ Q ⫹ 
FRQYHUJHVRUGLYHUJHV

SOLUTION )RUODUJHQ WKHGRPLQDQWWHUPLQWKHGHQRPLQDWRULVQ  VRZHFRPSDUHWKH

JLYHQVHULHVZLWKWKHVHULHV冘兾共Q  兲2EVHUYHWKDW

 
⬍ 
Q  ⫹ Q ⫹  Q

EHFDXVHWKHOHIWVLGHKDVDELJJHUGHQRPLQDWRU,QWKHQRWDWLRQRIWKH&RPSDULVRQ7HVW
D Q LVWKHOHIWVLGHDQGEQ LVWKHULJKWVLGH:HNQRZWKDW
⬁ ⬁
  
兺
Q苷 Q  苷

兺
Q苷 Q

LVFRQYHUJHQWEHFDXVHLW¶VDFRQVWDQWWLPHVDSVHULHVZLWKS 苷  ⬎ 7KHUHIRUH
⬁

兺
Q苷 Q  ⫹ Q ⫹ 
LVFRQYHUJHQWE\SDUWLRIWKH&RPSDULVRQ7HVW M

OQQ   
⬎ Q艌 ⬎ Q
Q Q Q ⫺  
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3-11.8 33

THE LIMIT COMPARISON TEST 6XSSRVHWKDW冘D Q DQG冘EQ DUHVHULHVZLWKSRVLWLYH

WHUPV,I
DQ
OLP 苷F
Ql⬁ EQ

ZKHUHF LVDILQLWHQXPEHUDQGF ⬎  WKHQHLWKHUERWKVHULHVFRQYHUJHRUERWK

GLYHUJH

⬁

EXAMPLE 7HVWWKHVHULHV 兺
Q苷 Q ⫺ 
IRUFRQYHUJHQFHRUGLYHUJHQFH

SOLUTION :HXVHWKH/LPLW&RPSDULVRQ7HVWZLWK

 
DQ 苷 EQ 苷
 ⫺
Q
Q
DQGREWDLQ

DQ 兾共 Q ⫺ 兲 Q 
OLP 苷 OLP 苷 OLP 苷 OLP 苷⬎
Ql⬁ EQ Q l ⬁ 
兾
 Q Q l ⬁  ⫺
Q Q l ⬁  ⫺ 兾 Q
   

6LQFHWKLVOLPLWH[LVWVDQG冘兾 Q LVDFRQYHUJHQWJHRPHWULFVHULHV WKHJLYHQVHULHVFRQ

YHUJHVE\WKH/LPLW&RPSDULVRQ7HVW M

⬁
Q  ⫹ Q
EXAMPLE 'HWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVHULHV 兺
Q苷 s ⫹ Q 
FRQYHUJHVRUGLYHUJHV

SOLUTION 7KHGRPLQDQWSDUWRIWKHQXPHUDWRULVQ  DQGWKHGRPLQDQWSDUWRIWKHGHQRPL

QDWRULVsQ  苷 Q 兾7KLVVXJJHVWVWDNLQJ

Q  ⫹ Q Q  
DQ 苷 EQ 苷 苷 兾
s ⫹ Q  Q 兾 Q

DQ Q  ⫹ Q Q 兾 Q 兾 ⫹ Q 兾

OLP 苷 OLP ⴢ 苷 OLP
Ql⬁
 
EQ Q l ⬁ s ⫹ Q
    Q l ⬁ s ⫹ Q   


⫹
Q ⫹

冑
苷 OLP 苷 苷
Ql⬁  
 s ⫹ 
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Q

6LQFH冘EQ 苷 冘兾Q 兾 LVGLYHUJHQW SVHULHVZLWKS 苷  ⬍  WKHJLYHQVHULHVGLYHUJHV

E\WKH/LPLW&RPSDULVRQ7HVW M
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3-11.8 34

THE ALTERNATING SERIES TEST ,IWKHDOWHUQDWLQJVHULHV

⬁

兺 共⫺兲
Q苷
Q⫺
EQ 苷 E ⫺ E ⫹ E ⫺ E ⫹ E ⫺ E ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈ EQ ⬎ 

VDWLVILHV
L EQ⫹ 艋 EQ IRUDOOQ

LL OLP EQ 苷 
Ql⬁

WKHQWKHVHULHVLVFRQYHUJHQW

V EXAMPLE 1 7KHDOWHUQDWLQJKDUPRQLFVHULHV

⬁
   共⫺兲Q⫺
⫺ ⫹ ⫺ ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈ 苷 兺
   Q苷 Q

VDWLVILHV
 
L EQ⫹ ⬍ EQ EHFDXVH ⬍
Q⫹ Q
  
LL OLPEQ 苷 OLP  苷
Ql⬁ Ql⬁ Q
VRWKHVHULHVLVFRQYHUJHQWE\WKH$OWHUQDWLQJ6HULHV7HVW

⬁
共⫺兲Q Q
V EXAMPLE 2 7KHVHULHV 兺 LVDOWHUQDWLQJEXW
Q苷 Q ⫺ 

Q  
OLPEQ 苷 OLP  苷 OLP 苷
Ql⬁
 
Ql⬁
 
Q ⫺  Ql⬁  
 
⫺
Q

1 DEFINITION $VHULHV冘D Q LVFDOOHGabsolutely convergent LIWKHVHULHVRI

DEVROXWHYDOXHV冘 D Q LVFRQYHUJHQW
ⱍ ⱍ

EXAMPLE The series


1 n1 1 1 1
n1
 n2
 1  2  2  2  
2 3 4

is absolutely convergent because

n1
 1 n1
n 2  


1
n1 n
2  1 
1
2 2 
1
3 2 
1
42
 

3 THEOREM If a series  a n is absolutely convergent, then it is convergent.

.BUI
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3-11.8 35

THE RATIO TEST


L ,I OLP
Ql⬁ DQ冟 冟
D Q⫹ ⬁
苷 / ⬍  WKHQWKHVHULHV 兺 D Q LVDEVROXWHO\FRQYHUJHQW
Q苷

DQGWKHUHIRUHFRQYHUJHQW


LL ,I OLP
Ql⬁ DQ冟 冟
D Q⫹ 
苷 / ⬎  RU OLP
Ql⬁
D Q⫹
DQ 冟 冟 ⬁
苷 ⬁ WKHQWKHVHULHV 兺 D Q
Q苷

LVGLYHUJHQW


LLL ,I OLP
Ql⬁ DQ 冟 冟
D Q⫹
苷  WKH5DWLR7HVWLVLQFRQFOXVLYHWKDWLV QRFRQFOXVLRQFDQEH
GUDZQDERXWWKHFRQYHUJHQFHRUGLYHUJHQFHRI冘D Q


n3
EXAMPLE 4 Test the series  1
n1
n
3n
for absolute convergence.

SOLUTION We use the Ratio Test with a n  1n n 33 n:

1n1n  13

 a n1
an

| 3 n1
1n n 3

n  13 3 n
3 n1
ⴢ 3
n
|
3n


1
3
 
n1
n
3

1
3
1
1
n
3
l
1
3
1

Thus, by the Ratio Test, the given series is absolutely convergent and therefore
convergent. M

nn
V EXAMPLE 5 Test the convergence of the series
n1 n!
. 
SOLUTION Since the terms a n  n nn! are positive, we don’t need the absolute value signs.

a n1 n  1n1 n! n  1n  1n n!

 ⴢ n  ⴢ n
an n  1! n n  1n! n

  
n1
n
n
 1
1
n
n
le as n l 

(See Equation 3.6.6.) Since e  1, the given series is divergent by the Ratio Test. M
.BUI
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3-11.8 36

THE ROOT TEST

⬁
L ,I OLP s
Q

Ql⬁
ⱍ ⱍ
D Q  苷 / ⬍  WKHQWKHVHULHV 兺 D Q LVDEVROXWHO\FRQYHUJHQW
Q苷
DQGWKHUHIRUHFRQYHUJHQW
⬁
LL ,I OLP s
Ql⬁
Q
ⱍ ⱍ
D Q  苷 / ⬎  RU OLP s
Q

Ql⬁
ⱍ ⱍ
D Q  苷 ⬁ WKHQWKHVHULHV 兺 D Q LVGLYHUJHQW
Q苷

LLL ,I OLP s

Ql⬁
Q
ⱍ ⱍ
D Q  苷  WKH5RRW7HVWLVLQFRQFOXVLYH

V EXAMPLE 7HVWWKHFRQYHUJHQFHRIWKHVHULHV
⬁

兺
Q苷
冉 Q ⫹ 
Q ⫹ 
冊 Q


冉 冊
SOLUTION
Q ⫹  Q
D Q 苷
Q ⫹ 

⫹
Q ⫹  Q 
s ⱍ ⱍ
Q D Q 
苷
Q ⫹ 
苷

l ⬍

⫹
Q
7KXVWKHJLYHQVHULHVFRQYHUJHVE\WKH5RRW7HVW M

⬁ 
Q
EXAMPLE 7HVWWKHVHULHV 兺共⫺兲Q
Q苷  Q IRUDEVROXWHFRQYHUJHQFH

SOLUTION :HXVHWKH5DWLR7HVWZLWKD Q 苷 共⫺兲QQ 兾 Q

_ _
共⫺兲Q⫹共Q ⫹ 兲

冟 冟

D Q⫹
DQ
苷
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共⫺兲 Q
Q
Q  苷
共Q ⫹ 兲  Q
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ⴢ 
Q


苷


冉 冊 冉 冊
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3-11.8 37

$power series LVDVHULHVRIWKHIRUP

⬁
1 兺 F [
Q苷
Q
Q
苷 F ⫹ F [ ⫹ F [  ⫹ F [  ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈

⬁
3 THEOREM )RUDJLYHQSRZHUVHULHV 兺 F 共[ ⫺ D兲  WKHUHDUHRQO\WKUHH
Q苷
Q
Q

SRVVLELOLWLHV
L 7KHVHULHVFRQYHUJHVRQO\ZKHQ[ 苷 D
LL 7KHVHULHVFRQYHUJHVIRUDOO[
LLL 7KHUHLVDSRVLWLYHQXPEHU5 VXFKWKDWWKHVHULHVFRQYHUJHVLI [ ⫺ D ⬍ 5 ⱍ ⱍ
ⱍ
DQGGLYHUJHVLI [ ⫺ D ⬎ 5 ⱍ

EXAMPLE
)LQGWKHUDGLXVRIFRQYHUJHQFHDQGLQWHUYDORIFRQYHUJHQFHRIWKHVHULHV
⬁
共⫺兲Q [ Q
兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 

/HW D Q 苷 共⫺兲Q [ Q兾sQ ⫹  7KHQ

SOLUTION /

冟 冟 冟

DQ⫹
DQ
苷
共⫺兲Q⫹[ Q⫹ sQ ⫹ 
sQ ⫹ 
ⴢ
共⫺兲Q[ Q
苷 ⫺[ 冟 冟 冑 Q⫹
Q⫹ 冟
苷 冑  ⫹ 共兾Q兲
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[ l  [ ⱍ ⱍ DV Q l ⬁

ⱍ ⱍ
%\WKH5DWLR7HVW WKHJLYHQVHULHVFRQYHUJHVLI [ ⬍  DQGGLYHUJHVLI [ ⬎  ⱍ ⱍ
ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
7KXVLWFRQYHUJHVLI [ ⬍  DQGGLYHUJHVLI [ ⬎  7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHUDGLXVRIFRQ
YHUJHQFHLV5 苷  
:HNQRZWKHVHULHVFRQYHUJHVLQWKHLQWHUYDO⫺    EXWZHPXVWQRZWHVWIRUFRQ
YHUJHQFHDWWKHHQGSRLQWVRIWKLVLQWHUYDO,I[ 苷 ⫺  WKHVHULHVEHFRPHV

共⫺兲 Q ⫺ 
⬁ Q⬁
    
兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 
苷 兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 
苷
s
⫹
s  ⫹
s  ⫹
s  ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈

ZKLFKGLYHUJHV8VHWKH,QWHJUDO7HVWRUVLPSO\REVHUYHWKDWLWLVD SVHULHVZLWK

S 苷  ⬍  ,I[ 苷   WKHVHULHVLV


共⫺兲 Q   
⬁ Q ⬁
共⫺兲 Q
兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 
苷 兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 

ZKLFKFRQYHUJHVE\WKH$OWHUQDWLQJ6HULHV7HVW7KHUHIRUHWKHJLYHQSRZHUVHULHVFRQ
YHUJHVZKHQ⫺ ⬍ [ 艋   VRWKHLQWHUYDORIFRQYHUJHQFHLV⫺  @ M