1. What is redundancy? What problems are associated with redundancy?

Redundancy means repeating data fields over and over again, unnecessarily, something
no longer needed and no longer useful. That’s why this is the one problem of some employees.
The problems with redundancy, first of all it waste space because you’re storing the same data
in multiple places. Second, when you need to change data, redundancy also makes your changes
more complicated and time consuming. Finally, redundancy can lead to inconsistencies, it
means if you search for example a name in database, if the data appeared multiple times and
you are not sure which is the correct spelling of the name you will be confused.

2. What is an entity? What is an attribute?

The word entity this is an object that exist, it doesn’t have to do anything just has to
exist. In database entity can be a single thing, person, place or object. While an attribute
defines the information about the entity that needs to be stored. If the entity is a student for
example attributes could include such things as name, sex, ID number etc. and entity will have
zero or more attributes and each of those attributes apply only in that entity.

Example:

Student
STUDENT Entity Name Sex ID Number
Name

Sex Attributes

ID Number

3. What is a database?
Database do most of the work in the information systems that we used every day like
Facebook, Twitter and all the information that gathered in that are all stored in database.
Database is organized, database have a structure and all the data is stored in them fits into the
structure. You will see in the structure the different types of entities, the attributes of those
entities.

4. What is an E-R diagram?

 Entity-Relationship (E-R) Diagram, it illustrate the logical structure of a database with
the use of graphical representation of entities along with attributes and their relationship.

Example:

5. What is database design?

Process of producing a design and creating forms, enter detailed data model of database. This
data model contains all the needed logical and physical structure of a database or what we called an
E-R diagram.

6. How is it possible to get more information from the same amount of data by using a database
approach as opposed to a non-database approach?
By using a database approach instead of a non-database approach. In database
approach all the data for different systems are stored in a single database, the information
becomes available, as well as the process of retrieving the information can be quick and easy.
7. What is a DBA (Database Administrator)? What kinds of responsibilities does a DBA have in a
database environment?
A person or group in charge of the database that stores all the access from the different
users is known as the database administrator. Their responsibility is to keep of the overall
needs of the organization.

8. What is an integrity constraint? When does a database have integrity?

An integrity constraint is a rule that data must follow in the database. A database has
integrity when the data in it satisfies all established integrity constraints.

9. What is data independence? Why is it desirable?

Data independence is the ability to make changes to data characteristics without make
changes to the programs that access the data. It’s important or desirable because it’s not time
consuming and you can save time and you don’t have potential errors caused by reducing
modifications to data access software.

10. How can the complexity of a DBMS be a disadvantage?

The more complex a product is in general, the more difficult to understand and correctly
apply its features. As a result of this complexity, serious problems may result from mistakes
made by users and designers of the DBMS.

11. Why might recovery of data be more difficult in a database environment?

The great complexity of a database structure makes recovery more difficult. In addition,
many users update the data at the same time, which means that recovering the database
involves not only restoring it to the last state in which it was known to be correct, but also
performing the complex task of redoing all the updates made since that time.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/18707/data-redundancy