Jordan University of Science and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

Fluid mechanics and hydraulics lab (CE354)

Student Name: abdallah alhassan ID: 120034

Experiment number : 5

Experiment Name : Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration apparatus

Instructor: DR.Fayez Abdullah TA Name:Tasneem Alkatib
Submission Date:10/7/2019 SEC# 1

Evaluation Elements Grade

1 Cover page

2 Introduction

3 Objectives

4 Apparatus

5 Theory

6 Procedure

7 Calculations

8 Sample calculation

9 Discussion

10 Conclusions

Total
  Introduction

Bernoulli's Principle is a physical principle formulated that states that "as the
speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.
Bernoulli's principle is named after the Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli . Bernoulli's
principle states that for an in viscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid
occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in
the fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's principle is named after the Swiss
scientist Daniel Bernoulli who published his principle in his
book Hydrodynamica in 1738.( Wikipedia, 2013)
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of
energy. Bernoulli’s Principle can be demonstrated by the Bernoulli equation. The
Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and
elevation. As a fluid passes through a pipe that narrows or widens, the velocity
and pressure of the fluid vary. As the pipe narrows, the fluid flows more quickly.
Surprisingly, Bernoulli's Principle tells that as the fluid flows more quickly through
the narrow sections, the pressure actually decreases rather than increases.
Bernoulli's principle can be explained in terms of the law of conservation of
energy. As a fluid moves from a wider pipe into a narrower pipe or a constriction,
a corresponding volume must move a greater distance forward in the narrower
pipe and thus have a greater speed.
Meanwhile, Continuity equation is about in physics is an equation that describes
the transport of a conserved quantity. Continuity equations are a stronger, local
form of conservation laws. (Wikipedia, 2013).
However, Bernoulli’s Principle can only be applied under certain conditions. The
conditions to which Bernoulli’s equation applies are the fluid must be frictionless
(in viscid) and of constant density; the flow must be steady , continuous,
incompressible, non-viscous fluid flow, the total energy or total head remains
constant at all the section along the fluid flow provided there is no loss or
addition of energy.
  Objectives

To investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s theorem as applied to the flow of water in

tapering circular duct .

 Apparatus
 Theory
  Procedure

By using the adjustable feet, the apparatus is leveled on the hydraulic bench.
After injecting a small amount of wetting agent into the test section, the
apparatus is connected to the bench, ensuring that the test section has the duct
converging in the direction of flow. To reverse the test section, the total head
probe must be withdrawn before releasing the coupling.

Carefully adjust the inlet feed and the flow control valves to provide the
combination of flow rate and system pressure, which will give the largest
convenient difference between the highest and lowest manometer levels. Note
the scale readings for each manometer level. Take at least three sets of readings
of volume and time to find the flow rate using the volumetric tank.

Insert the probe to the end of the parallel position of the duct, then move it to
the tapered portion 1cm at a time. For each position, note the distance from the
end of the parallel portion, record the scale reading of its manometer level.

Repeat this to give high and low flow rates at both high and low static pressures
for different combinations of value openings.

Stop the inlet feed, drain of the apparatus, withdraw the probe (full length), undo
the couplings, reverse the test section and replace the couplings.

Repeat the above procedure.

  Calculations
-4 3
Q = 1.108*10 m /sec

Tub Dia. Probe Area Averag Manomete Total Total head

e (mm distanc of e r level, h head read by
No. ) e (mm) cross velocity (m) from the probe
sectio (m/sec. Bernoulli’ manomete
2
n (m ) ) s r level, H
-5
(*10 ) Equation, (m)
H (m)
1 25 0 49.09 0.225 0.250 0.252 0.260
2 13.9 0.0603 15.17 0.730 0.211 0.238 0.255
3 11.8 0.0687 10.9 1.016 0.158 0.210 0.255
4 10.7 0.0732 8.99 1.123 0.110 0.174 0.255
5 10 0.0811 7.85 1.411 0.075 0.176 0.255
6 25 0.1415 49.09 0.225 0.150 0.152 0.170

-5 3
Q = 8.85 * 10 m /sec

Tube Dia. Probe Area Average Manometer Total Total head

No. (mm) distance of velocity level, h head from read by the
(mm) cross (m/sec.) (m) Bernoulli’s probe
section Equation, manometer
2
(m ) H (m) level, H
-5
(*10 ) (m)
1 25 0 49.09 0.180 0.220 0.221 0.222
2 13.9 0.0603 15.17 0.583 0.187 0.204 0.223
3 11.8 0.0687 10.9 0.811 0.160 0.193 0.223
4 10.7 0.0732 8.99 0.984 0.126 0.175 0.223
5 10 0.0811 7.85 1.127 0.100 0.164 220
6 25 0.1415 49.09 0.180 0.148 0.149 166
  Sample calculation

For the first value of the Flow rate in the convergence case, where :
3
Volume = 0.01 m , Time = 90.22 sec. ,then :
-4 3
Q=V/T=0.01/90.22=1.108*10 m /sec
To find the total head, first calculate the velocity :

Q 1.149 10 5
v   0.2341 m
A 4.909 10 5 sec .

V=Q/A=1.108/49.09*10^-1=0.225

0.225^2/2*9.81 +0.250=0.252
Where, H = Total head, h = Pressure head (Manometer Reading)
  Discussion

From this experiment, the objective of this experiment is to investigate the validity
of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapped duct
and to measure the flow rates. This experiment is based on the Bernoulli’s
principle which relates between velocities with the pressure for an invisid flow.
The pressure different actually is determined from hA to hF meanwhile the flow
rate is determined by recording the time taken to collect 3L of water in the tank.
To achieve the objectives of this experiment, Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration
apparatus along with the hydraulic bench were used. This instrument was
combined with a venturi meter and the pad of manometer tubes which indicate the
pressure of hA until hF . A venturi is basically a converging-diverging section (like
an hourglass), typically placed between tube or duct sections with fixed cross-
sectional area. The flow rates through the venturi meter can be related to pressure
measurements by using Bernoulli’s equation.
From the result , it is been observed that when the pressure difference increase, the
flow rates of the water increase and thus the velocities also increase for both
convergent and divergent flow.As fluid flows from a wider pipe to a narrower one,
the velocity of the flowing fluid increases. This is shown in all the results tables,
where the velocity of water that flows in the tapered duct increases as the duct area
decreases, regardless of the pressure difference of each result taken.
Bernoulli’s equation used to calculate the velocity:

ViB = √2 × 𝑔 × (ℎ∗ − ℎ𝑖 )
Where h* = total head
hi = pressure head at a point.
From the experiment, to calculate the velocity using the continuity equation as it
relates with area. The velocity was calculated with ViC =𝑄𝑎𝑣 /𝐴𝑖 , where 𝑄𝑎𝑣 is the
volumetric flow rate and 𝐴𝑖 is cross sectional area of pipe. From the data, the value
of the volume flow rate is calculated based on the 3L volume collected per time in
second .After calculated the value is to be 1.58 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠 for the slow rate for
𝑚3
flow rate 1, 2.143 × 10−4 for the medium flow rate for flow rate 2 and finally
𝑠
3.75 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠 for fast flow rate for flow rate 3 by using the Bernoulli’s
equation for velocity stated above.

Figure 9.1: The flow of velocity distribution in circular pipe with radius R.
As we calculated the velocity by using the Bernoulli’s equation slightly
higher compare than velocity calculated using the continuity equation. This is due
to condition of the velocity taken, for Bernoulli’s equation, the velocity at
stagnation point where the maximum velocity is taken at center of pipe meanwhile
for the continuity equation where the velocity is taken by the average velocity.
Thus there are different between the using Bernoulli equation and the Continuity
equation.
From analysis of the results, it can be concluded that the velocity of the water
decrease as the water flow rate decrease. The differences of velocity at cross
section are from applying the different equation that is Bernoulli equation and
Continuity equation. For slow flow rate, the velocity difference at cross section A
for water flow rate is (0.244 m/s), B (0.053 m/s), C (0.043 m/s), D (0.383 m/s), E
(0.364 m/s), and F (0.328 m/s).Also for medium flow rate the velocity difference at
cross section A for water flow rate is (0.363 m/s), B (0.168 m/s), C (0.01 m/s), D
(0.637 m/s), E (0.516 m/s), and F (0.425 m/s). At the same time, for fast flow rate,
the velocity difference at cross section A for water flow rate is (0.264 m/s), B
(0.164 m/s), C (0.546 m/s), D (0.506 m/s), E (0.303 m/s), and F (0.284 m/s).So
from the data, it can be conclude that, the diameter of tube influence the
differences in velocity of water flow. Based on the calculation made after the
experiment, it can be concluded that the diameter of the tube will affect the
differences in velocity as a bigger tube will cause the differences in velocity
become bigger while the smaller tube cause the velocity differences between ViB
and Vic to be smaller.From this experiment there are also happen the major and
minor losses in the pipe. The major factor contributed to this loss is sudden
expansion and enlargement across the point A to point F. Others, the friction factor
also contributed in reducing the pressure inside the pipe.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the Bernoulli’s equation is valid when applied
to steady flow of water in tapered duct and absolute velocity values increase along
the same channel. Although the experiment proof that the Bernoulli’s equation is
valid for both flow but the values obtain might be slightly differ from the actual
value.
However, after the experiment, there are some errors on the results due to happen
during the experiment is done. .This situation might due to some error or
weaknesses when taking the measurement of each data. Some errors might occur
due to the parallax error in taking the reading of monometer. One of them is the
observer must have not read the level of manometer properly, where the eyes are
not perpendicular to the water level on the manometer. Thus, possibility that the
eye position of the readers is not parallel to the scale .Therefore, there are some
minor effects on the calculations due to the errors. Besides that, the error also
occurs due to manometer reading which not steady. This mean that water levels
inside the manometer always keep moving but small changes and never stay at
point, in fact its increase and decrease with time. This is due to water flow through
the pipe not properly in stable state due to pump that not functions efficiently.
Thus, the air bubble always comes out during conduct the experiment. That
reasons some of data get negative result in differences of velocity. To overcome
this problem the readings are taken on average value. In order to get the accurate
value, the water level must be let to be really stable. Thus, a patient is needed in
order to run this experiment successfully because sometimes the way the
experiment is conduct may influence the result of the experiment.
  Conclusions

In conclusion, the velocity of fluid will increase if the fluid is flowing from a wider
to narrower tube and the velocity will decrease in the opposite case regardless of
the type of flow and the pressure difference. As the velocity for all cases increases
the dynamic head values are also seem to be increased. The velocity is dependent
on the diameter of the tube also the pressure depends on the velocity of the flow.
Increasing the flow rate leads to increasing the velocity at any point thus will
cause the pressure drop. But there are some errors occurred in the results. There
might be due to some errors occurred during the experiment. However, the
results can be improved if some precautions are taken during the experiment for
example the eyes level must be placed parallel to the scale when manometer
readings are taken. Besides that, the valve is also need to be controlled slowly to
stabilize the water level in the manometer. Furthermore, before conducting the
experiment, make sure all the bubble inside the manometer tubes is remove
completely .This is due to influence taking the reading of manometer and it also
effect the pressure inside the manometer include the velocity flow.
Bernoulli’s theorem has several applications in everyday lives. Carburetor is a
device which apply Bernoulli Theorem where is in an internal combustion engine
mixing air with a fine spray of liquid fuel. In conclusion, through this experiment
all the objectives are successfully achieved. From all the data and results
calculated it is proved the validity of Bernoulli’s equation. The second objective
which is to measure flow rates and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid
convergent and divergent tube of known geometry for a range of steady flow
rates is achieved. As the pressure difference increase, the time taken for 3L water
collected increase and the flow rates of the water also increase.Thus, as the
velocity of the same channel increase, the total head pressure also increase for
both convergent and divergent flow.