You are on page 1of 20

Atoms are small. Really, really small.

You’ll probably have


heard that matter is made of bundles of these tiny things. You’ll
likely also know that you can’t see them with the naked eye.
We are told to take on trust the idea that atoms are there,
interacting with each other and being building blocks for our
world.

For most people, though, that’s not good enough. Science


prides itself on the way it uses real observations to work out the
mysteries of the universe – so how did we come to conclude
that atoms exist, and what have we learned about these tiny
structures?

It might seem as if there’s a simple way to prove atoms exist:


put them under the microscope. But this approach won’t work.
In fact, even the most powerful light-focusing microscopes can’t
visualise single atoms. What makes an object visible is the way
it deflects visible light waves. Atoms are so much smaller
than the wavelength of visible light that the two don’t really
interact. To put it another way, atoms are invisible to light itself.
However, atoms do have observable effects on some of the
things we can see.
Visible light cannot reveal individual atoms (Credit: Yevgen Lyashko/Alamy Stock
Photo)

Hundreds of years ago in 1785 Dutch scientist Jan Ingenhousz


was studying a strange phenomenon that he couldn’t quite
make sense of. Minute particles of coal dust were darting about
on the surface of some alcohol in his lab.
Even the most powerful light-focusing microscopes can’t
visualise single atoms

About 50 years later, in 1827, the Scottish botanist Robert


Brown described something curiously similar. He had his
microscope trained on some pollen grains. Brown noticed that
some of the grains released tiny particles – which would then
move away from the pollen grain in a random jittery dance.

At first, Brown wondered if the particles were really some sort


of unknown organism. He repeated the experiment with other
substances like rock dust, which he knew wasn’t alive, and saw
the same strange motion again.
It would take almost another century for science to offer an
explanation. Einstein came along and developed a
mathematical formula that would predict this very particular
type of movement – by then called Brownian motion, after
Robert Brown.

Einstein’s theory was that that the particles from the pollen
grains were being moved around because they were constantly
crashing into millions of tinier molecules of water – molecules
that were made of atoms.
It might come as a surprise that atoms can be broken
down – particularly since “atomos” means “indivisible”

“He explains this jiggling motion that you see as actually being
caused by the impact of individual water molecules on the
particles of dust or whatever it is that you’ve got on your liquid,”
explains Harry Cliff at the University of Cambridge, who is also
a curator at London’s Science Museum.

By 1908, observations backed with calculations had confirmed


that atoms were real. Within about a decade, physicists would
be able to go further. By pulling apart individual atoms they
began to get a sense of their internal structure.

It might come as a surprise that atoms can be broken down –


particularly since the very name atom derives from a Greek
term “atomos”, which means “indivisible”. But physicists now
know that atoms are not solid little balls. It’s better to think of
them as tiny electrical, “planetary” systems. They’re typically
made up of three main parts: protons, neutrons and electrons.
Think of the protons and neutrons as together forming a “sun”,
or nucleus, at the centre of the system. The electrons orbit this
nucleus, like planets.
Atoms are made up of smaller particles (Credit: Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock
Photo)

If atoms are impossibly small, these subatomic particles are


even more so. Funnily enough, the first particle that was
discovered was actually the smallest of the three – the electron.

To get an idea of the size difference here, protons in the


nucleus are actually around 1,830 times as large as electrons.
Picture a small marble orbiting a hot air balloon – that’s the kind
of discrepancy we’re talking about here.
It’s one of the first particle accelerators in a way

But how do we know those particles are there? The answer is


because, although tiny, they can have a big impact. The British
physicist who discovered electrons, JJ Thomson, used a
particularly eye-catching method to prove their existence in
1897.

His special device was called a Crookes tube – a funny shaped


piece of glass out of which nearly all the air was sucked by a
machine. Then, a negative electrical charge was applied to one
end of the tube. This charge was enough to strip the remaining
gas molecules in the tube of some of their electrons. Electrons
are negatively charged, so they flew down the tube towards the
other end. Thanks to the partial vacuum, those electrons were
able to shoot through the tube without any big atoms getting in
their way.

The electrical charge made the electrons move very quickly


indeed – around 37,000 miles per second (59,500 kilometres
per second) – until they smashed into the glass at the far end,
knocking into yet more electrons associated with the atoms
there. Amazingly, the collisions between these mind-bogglingly
tiny particles generated so much energy that it created a
fantastic green-yellow glow.

A Crookes tube with Maltese cross-shaped metal (Credit: sciencephotos/Alamy Stock


Photo)

“It’s one of the first particle accelerators in a way,” says Cliff.


“It’s accelerating electrons from one end of the tube to the other
and they strike the screen at the other end and give this
phosphorescent glow.”
The discovery of the electron suggested there was more
to learn about atoms

Because Thomson found that he could actually steer the


beams of electrons with magnets and electrical fields, he knew
they weren’t just weird rays of light – they had to be charged
particles.

And if you’re wondering how these electrons could go flying


around independently of their atoms, that’s because of a
process called ionisation, in which – in this case – an electrical
charge changes the atom’s structure by pushing those
electrons off into the space around.

In fact, it’s because electrons are so easily manipulated and


moved around that electrical circuits are possible. Electrons in
a copper wire travel in a train-like motion from one atom of
copper to the next – and it’s that which carries the charge
through the wire to the other end. Atoms, it’s worth noting
again, are not solid little pieces of matter, but systems that may
be modified or undergo structural changes.
Light bulbs glow because of the flow of electrons (Credit: Feng Yu/Alamy Stock Photo)

But the discovery of the electron suggested there was more to


learn about atoms. Thomson’s work revealed that electrons are
negatively charged – but he knew that atoms themselves had
no overall charge. He reasoned they must contain mysterious
positively charged particles to cancel out the negatively
charged electrons.
He had demonstrated the existence of a dense nucleus
within the atom

Experiments at the beginning of the 20th Century identified


those positively charged particles and at the same time
revealed the atom’s solar system-like internal structure.

Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues took very thin metal foil
and put it under a beam of positively charged radiation – a
stream of small particles. Most of the powerful radiation sailed
right through, just as Rutherford thought it would, given how
thin the foil was. But surprisingly, some of it bounced back.
Rutherford reasoned that the atoms in the metal foil must
contain small, dense areas with a positive charge – nothing
else would have the potential to reflect the radiation to such a
strong degree. He had found the positive charges in the atom –
and simultaneously proved they were all bunched together in a
tight mass in a way that electrons aren’t. In other words, he had
demonstrated the existence of a dense nucleus within the
atom.
Cambridge physicist James Chadwick was desperate to
discover the neutron

However, there was still a problem. By now, the mass of atoms


could be estimated. But given what was known about how
heavy a particle in the nucleus should be, the idea that they
were all positively charged didn’t make sense.

“Carbon has six electrons and therefore six protons in the


nucleus – six positive charges and six negative charges,”
explains Cliff. “But the nucleus of carbon doesn’t weigh six
protons, it weighs [the equivalent of] 12 protons.”

Early on it was thought the other six nuclear particles would


have the same mass as protons but be neutrally charged:
neutrons. But no-one could prove this. In fact, neutrons weren’t
actually discovered until the 1930s.
Everything around us is made of atoms (Credit: Magictorch/Alamy Stock Photo)

Cambridge physicist James Chadwick was desperate to


discover the neutron. He’d been working on the theory for
years. In 1932, he made a breakthrough.
In the 1930s we had figured out a lot about atoms, but
no-one had produced a direct image of one

A few years earlier, other physicists had been experimenting


with radiation. They fired positively charged radiation – the
same sort that Rutherford had used to discover the nucleus –
at beryllium atoms. The beryllium kicked out radiation of its
own: radiation that was neither positively nor negatively
charged, and that could penetrate far through material.

By this time, others had already worked out that gamma


radiation was neutral and deeply penetrating, so the physicists
assumed this is what the beryllium atoms were releasing. But
Chadwick wasn’t convinced.
He generated some of the new radiation himself and aimed it at
a substance which he knew was rich in protons. Unexpectedly,
the protons were knocked into the air away from the material as
though they had been hit by particles with the same mass – like
snooker balls being hit by other snooker balls.

Gamma radiation can’t deflect protons this way, so Chadwick


realised the particles in question here must have the same
mass as the proton but lack its electrical charge: they were
neutrons.

All the key bits of the atom had been figured out, but the story
doesn’t stop there.
You can even work out what atoms look like by poking
at them

Although we had figured out a lot more about atoms than we


had before, they were still difficult to visualise. And back in the
1930s, no-one had produced a direct image of one – which is
what many people would want to see in order to really accept
that they are there.

Importantly, though, the techniques that had been used by


scientists like Thomson, Rutherford and Chadwick, would pave
the way for new equipment that would eventually help us
produce those images. The beams of electrons Thomson
generated in his Crookes tube experiment proved particularly
useful.

Today similar beams are generated by electron microscopes,


and the most powerful of these microscopes can actually
create images of individual atoms. This is because an electron
beam can have a wavelength thousands of times shorter than a
light beam – so short, in fact, that electron waves can be
deflected by tiny atoms to generate an image in a way that light
beams can’t.

Neal Skipper at University College London says such images


are useful for people who want to study the atomic structure of
special substances – those used to make batteries for
electric cars, for example. The more we know about their
atomic structure, the better we can design them to be efficient
and reliable.

Atomic force microscopes can show us individual atoms (Credit: Flirt/Alamy Stock
Photo)

You can even work out what atoms look like by poking at them.
This is essentially how atomic force microscopy works.
In a liquid, as you heat it up, you can see the atoms have
more disordered configurations

The idea is to bring the tip of an extremely small probe close to


the surface of a molecule or a material’s surface. At such close
quarters, the probe will be sensitive to the chemical structure of
whatever it’s pointed at, and the change in resistance as it
moves across it allows scientists to produces images of what,
for example, an individual molecule looks like.

Recently, researchers published wonderful images of a


molecule before and after a chemical reaction using this
method.

Skipper adds that a lot of atomic research today explores how


the structure of things changes when a high pressure, or
extreme temperature, is applied. Most people know that when a
material is heated, it often expands. It’s now possible to detect
the atomic changes that occur which makes this possible.

“In a liquid, as you heat it up, you can see the atoms have more
disordered configurations,” says Skipper. “You can see that
from the structural map directly.”

Skipper and other physicists can also work on atoms using the
neutron beams first identified by Chadwick in the 1930s.
You can identify atoms by detecting the energy of
gamma rays alone

“What we do a lot is to fire beams of neutrons at lumps of


materials and from the scattering pattern that emerges you can
figure out that you were scattering neutrons from the nucleus,”
he says. “You can work out the mass and the rough size of the
object that was doing the scattering.”

But atoms aren’t always just sitting there, calmly stable, waiting
to be examined. Sometimes they are decaying – which means
they are radioactive.
There are lots of naturally occurring radioactive elements.
The process generates energy, which forms the basis of
nuclear power – and nuclear bombs. Nuclear physicists’
research generally involves trying to better understand
reactions in which the nucleus undergoes fundamental
changes like these.

Uranium atoms can split into two (Credit: Peter Hermes Furian/Alamy Stock Photo)

Laura Harkness-Brennan at the University of Liverpool


specialises in the study of gamma rays – a type of radiation
emitted by decaying atoms. A radioactive atom of a given type
generates a specific form of gamma ray. That means you can
identify atoms by detecting the energy of gamma rays alone –
and this is exactly what Harkness-Brennan does in her lab.
We haven’t just worked out what atoms are, we’ve
realised that they are marvellously complex structures

“The types of detectors that you would use are detectors that
allow you to measure both the presence of the radiation but
also the energy of the radiation that’s being deposited,” she
says, “and that’s because the nuclei all have a characteristic
fingerprint.”

Because there might be all sorts of atoms present in an area


where radiation is detected, especially after a large nuclear
reaction of some kind, it’s important to know precisely which
radioactive isotopes are present. This sort of detection is
commonly done in nuclear power plants, or areas where there
have been nuclear disasters.

Harkness-Brennan and her colleagues are now working on


detection systems that can be set up in such places to show, in
three dimensions, where radiation might be present in a
particular room. “What you want to do is to have techniques
and tools that allow you to image a three dimensional space
and tell you in that room, in that pipe, that’s where the radiation
is,” she says.
Given how small the atom is it’s amazing how much
physics we can get out of it

It’s also possible to visualise radiation in a “cloud chamber”.


This is a special experiment in which alcohol vapour, cooled to
-40C, drifts in a cloud around a radioactive source. Charged
particles of radiation flying away from the source remove the
electrons from alcohol molecules. This makes the alcohol
condense into liquid around the path of the emitted particle.
The results of this type of detection are really rather
stunning.

We haven’t just worked out what atoms are, we’ve realised that
they are marvellously complex structures that can undergo
amazing changes – many of which occur naturally. And by
studying atoms this way, we’ve been able to improve our
technologies, harness the energy of nuclear reactions and
better understand the natural world around us. We’ve also
been able to better protect ourselves from radiation and
discover how materials change when placed under extreme
conditions.

Harkness-Brennan puts it well: “Given how small the atom is


it’s amazing how much physics we can get out of it.”

Everything we can see around us is made of these little things.


It’s good to know they’re down there, making it all possible.
Share this article:

Atom kecil. Benar-benar, sangat kecil. Anda mungkin akan pernah mendengar bahwa materi ini
terbuat dari bundel hal kecil ini. Anda akan mungkin juga tahu bahwa Anda tidak dapat melihat
mereka dengan mata telanjang. Kita diberitahu untuk mempercayai gagasan bahwa atom berada di
sana, berinteraksi satu sama lain dan membangun blok untuk dunia kita.

Bagi kebanyakan orang, meskipun, itu tidak cukup baik. Ilmu membanggakan diri pada cara
menggunakan pengamatan nyata untuk bekerja di luar misteri alam semesta-Jadi bagaimana kita
sampai menyimpulkan bahwa atom ada, dan apa yang telah kita pelajari tentang struktur kecil ini?

Ini mungkin tampak seolah-olah ada cara sederhana untuk membuktikan atom ada: menempatkan
mereka di bawah mikroskop. Tapi pendekatan ini tidak akan bekerja. Faktanya, bahkan mikroskop
dengan fokus cahaya yang paling kuat tidak dapat memvisualisasikan atom tunggal. Apa yang
membuat objek terlihat adalah cara itu membiaskan gelombang cahaya terlihat. Atom jauh lebih
kecil daripada panjang gelombang cahaya tampak bahwa keduanya tidak benar-benar berinteraksi.
Untuk meletakkannya dengan cara lain, atom tidak terlihat oleh cahaya itu sendiri. Namun, atom
memiliki efek yang dapat diamati pada beberapa hal yang bisa kita lihat.

Ratusan tahun yang lalu di 1785 ilmuwan Belanda Jan Ingenhousz sedang mempelajari fenomena
aneh bahwa ia tidak bisa cukup memahami. Menit partikel debu batu bara yang melangkau di
permukaan beberapa alkohol di laboratoriumnya.

Bahkan mikroskop dengan fokus cahaya yang paling kuat tidak dapat memvisualisasikan atom
tunggal

Sekitar 50 tahun kemudian, pada tahun 1827, ahli botani Skotlandia Robert Brown mendeskripsikan
sesuatu yang mirip dengan anehnya. Dia telah dilatih mikroskop pada beberapa butir serbuk sari.
Brown melihat bahwa beberapa butir dilepaskan partikel kecil-yang kemudian akan menjauh dari
serbuk sari dalam tarian gelisah acak.
Pada awalnya, Brown bertanya-tanya apakah partikel itu sebenarnya semacam organisme yang tidak
diketahui. Dia mengulangi percobaan dengan zat lain seperti debu batu, yang ia tahu tidak hidup,
dan melihat gerakan aneh yang sama lagi.

Ini akan mengambil hampir satu abad untuk ilmu pengetahuan untuk menawarkan penjelasan.
Einstein datang dan mengembangkan rumus matematika yang akan memprediksi jenis khusus ini
gerakan-oleh kemudian disebut Brownian gerak, setelah Robert Brown.

Teori Einstein adalah bahwa partikel dari biji-bijian serbuk sari yang dipindahkan sekitar karena
mereka terus-menerus menabrak jutaan molekul kecil air-molekul yang terbuat dari atom.

Mungkin datang sebagai kejutan bahwa atom dapat dipecah-terutama karena "Atomos" berarti
"terpisahkan"

"Dia menjelaskan gerakan bergoyang ini yang Anda lihat sebagai sebenarnya disebabkan oleh
dampak molekul air individu pada partikel debu atau apa pun yang Anda punya pada cairan Anda,"
jelas Harry Cliff di University of Cambridge, yang juga seorang kurator di Museum Sains London.

Dengan 1908, pengamatan yang didukung dengan penghitungan telah mengkonfirmasi bahwa atom
itu nyata. Dalam waktu sekitar satu dekade, fisikawan akan mampu melangkah lebih jauh. Dengan
menarik terpisah atom individu mereka mulai mendapatkan rasa struktur internal mereka.

Mungkin mengejutkan bahwa atom dapat dipecah-terutama karena atom nama sangat berasal dari
istilah Yunani "Atomos", yang berarti "terpisahkan". Tapi fisikawan sekarang tahu bahwa atom tidak
bola kecil padat. Lebih baik untuk menganggapnya sebagai listrik kecil, "planet" sistem. Mereka
biasanya terdiri dari tiga bagian utama: proton, neutron, dan elektron. Pikirkan tentang proton dan
neutron bersama-sama membentuk "matahari", atau inti, di pusat sistem. Elektron mengorbit
nukleus ini, seperti planet.

Jika atom tidak mungkin kecil, Partikel subatom ini bahkan lebih. Lucunya, partikel pertama yang
ditemukan sebenarnya adalah yang terkecil dari ketiganya – elektron.

Untuk mendapatkan ide dari perbedaan ukuran di sini, proton dalam nukleus sebenarnya sekitar
1.830 kali lebih besar dari elektron. Gambar marmer kecil yang mengoring balon udara panas-itulah
jenis perbedaan yang kita bicarakan di sini.

Ini adalah salah satu akselerator partikel pertama dengan cara

Tapi bagaimana kita tahu partikel yang ada? Jawabannya adalah karena, meskipun kecil, mereka
dapat memiliki dampak besar. Fisikawan Inggris yang menemukan elektron, JJ Thomson,
menggunakan metode yang sangat eye-catching untuk membuktikan keberadaannya di 1897.

Perangkat khusus nya disebut Crookes tabung-sepotong berbentuk lucu dari kaca yang hampir
semua udara tersedot oleh mesin. Kemudian, muatan listrik negatif diterapkan pada satu ujung
tabung. Muatan ini sudah cukup untuk strip molekul gas yang tersisa dalam tabung dari beberapa
elektron mereka. Elektron bermuatan negatif, jadi mereka terbang menuruni tabung menuju ujung
yang lain. Berkat vakum parsial, elektron yang mampu menembak melalui tabung tanpa atom besar
mendapatkan dalam perjalanan mereka.
Muatan listrik membuat elektron bergerak sangat cepat memang-sekitar 37.000 mil per detik
(59.500 kilometer per detik)-sampai mereka pecah ke dalam gelas di ujung, mengetuk ke lebih
banyak elektron yang terkait dengan atom di sana. Hebatnya, tabrakan antara partikel kecil pikiran-
bogglingly dihasilkan begitu banyak energi yang menciptakan cahaya hijau-kuning yang fantastis.

"Ini salah satu akselerator partikel pertama dengan cara," kata Cliff. "It's percepatan elektron dari
satu ujung tabung ke yang lain dan mereka menyerang layar di ujung lain dan memberikan cahaya
fosfor ini."

Penemuan elektron menyarankan ada lebih banyak belajar tentang atom

Karena Thomson menemukan bahwa ia sebenarnya bisa mengarahkan balok elektron dengan
magnet dan Medan listrik, ia tahu mereka tidak hanya sinar cahaya yang aneh-mereka harus diisi
partikel.

Dan jika Anda bertanya-tanya bagaimana elektron ini bisa terbang di sekitar independen atom
mereka, itu karena proses yang disebut ionisasi, di mana-dalam kasus ini-muatan listrik mengubah
struktur atom dengan mendorong elektron tersebut pergi ke ruang Sekitar.

Bahkan, itu karena elektron sangat mudah dimanipulasi dan dipindahkan di sekitar sirkuit listrik yang
mungkin. Elektron dalam perjalanan kawat tembaga dalam gerak seperti kereta api dari satu atom
tembaga ke yang berikutnya-dan itu yang membawa muatan melalui kawat ke ujung lainnya. Atom,
itu perlu dicatat lagi, tidak padat potongan kecil materi, tetapi sistem yang dapat dimodifikasi atau
mengalami perubahan struktural.

Tapi penemuan elektron menyarankan ada lebih banyak belajar tentang atom. Karya Thomson
mengungkapkan bahwa elektron bermuatan negatif – tetapi ia tahu bahwa atom sendiri tidak
memiliki muatan secara keseluruhan. Dia beralasan mereka harus mengandung partikel misterius
bermuatan positif untuk membatalkan elektron bermuatan negatif.

Dia telah menunjukkan adanya inti padat dalam atom

Eksperimen pada awal abad ke-20 mengidentifikasi partikel bermuatan positif itu dan pada saat yang
sama mengungkapkan struktur internal seperti tata surya atom.

Ernest Rutherford dan rekan-rekannya mengambil logam yang sangat tipis foil dan meletakkannya di
bawah sinar radiasi bermuatan positif-aliran partikel kecil. Sebagian besar radiasi kuat berlayar tepat
melalui, seperti Rutherford pikir itu akan, mengingat betapa tipis foil itu. Tapi anehnya, beberapa di
antaranya bangkit kembali.

Rutherford beralasan bahwa atom dalam foil logam harus mengandung kecil, daerah padat dengan
muatan positif-tidak ada yang lain akan memiliki potensi untuk mencerminkan radiasi untuk gelar
yang kuat. Dia telah menemukan tuduhan positif dalam atom-dan secara bersamaan membuktikan
mereka semua berkumpul bersama dalam massa yang ketat dengan cara yang tidak elektron.
Dengan kata lain, ia telah menunjukkan adanya inti padat dalam atom.

Fisikawan Cambridge James Chadwick putus asa untuk menemukan neutron


Namun, masih ada masalah. Pada saat ini, massa atom dapat diperkirakan. Tapi mengingat apa yang
diketahui tentang seberapa berat partikel dalam inti harus, gagasan bahwa mereka semua
bermuatan positif tidak masuk akal.

"Karbon memiliki enam elektron dan oleh karena itu enam proton dalam inti-enam muatan positif
dan enam muatan negatif," jelas Cliff. "Tetapi inti karbon tidak beratnya enam proton, beratnya
[setara dengan] 12 proton."

Pada awalnya diperkirakan enam partikel nuklir lainnya akan memiliki massa yang sama dengan
proton namun secara netral dikenakan: neutron. Tapi tidak ada yang bisa membuktikan hal ini.
Faktanya, neutron tidak ditemukan sampai tahun 1930-an.

Fisikawan Cambridge James Chadwick putus asa untuk menemukan neutron. Dia telah bekerja pada
teori selama bertahun-tahun. Pada 1932, ia membuat terobosan.

Pada tahun 1930-an kami telah banyak mengetahui tentang atom, tetapi tidak ada yang telah
menghasilkan gambar langsung dari satu

Beberapa tahun sebelumnya, fisikawan lain telah bereksperimen dengan radiasi. Mereka
menembakkan radiasi bermuatan positif-semacam yang sama yang Rutherford telah digunakan
untuk menemukan nukleus-di diyllium atom. Berilium menendang keluar radiasi sendiri: radiasi yang
tidak positif atau tidak bermuatan negatif, dan yang dapat menembus jauh melalui materi.

Pada saat ini, yang lain telah bekerja di luar bahwa radiasi gamma adalah netral dan sangat
menusuk, sehingga fisikawan diasumsikan ini adalah apa atom berilium dilepaskan. Tapi Chadwick
tidak yakin.

Dia menghasilkan beberapa radiasi baru sendiri dan ditujukan pada suatu zat yang ia tahu kaya akan
proton. Tanpa diduga, proton yang mengetuk ke udara jauh dari bahan seolah-olah mereka telah
terkena partikel dengan massa yang sama-seperti bola snooker dipukul oleh bola snooker lainnya.

Radiasi gamma tidak dapat menangkis proton dengan cara ini, sehingga Chadwick menyadari
partikel yang dipertanyakan di sini harus memiliki massa yang sama dengan proton tetapi tidak
memiliki muatan listrik: mereka neutron.

Semua bit kunci dari atom telah tahu, tapi ceritanya tidak berhenti disana.

Anda bahkan dapat mengerjakan apa atom terlihat seperti dengan menusuk mereka

Meskipun kami telah mengetahui lebih banyak tentang atom daripada yang kami miliki sebelumnya,
mereka masih sulit untuk divisialisasikan. Dan kembali pada tahun 1930-an, tidak ada yang telah
menghasilkan gambar langsung dari satu-yang adalah apa yang banyak orang akan ingin untuk
melihat dalam rangka untuk sangat menerima bahwa mereka berada di sana.

Yang penting, meskipun, teknik yang telah digunakan oleh para ilmuwan seperti Thomson,
Rutherford dan Chadwick, akan membuka jalan bagi peralatan baru yang pada akhirnya akan
membantu kami menghasilkan gambar tersebut. Balok elektron Thomson yang dihasilkan dalam
percobaan tabung Crookes-nya terbukti sangat berguna.
Hari ini balok yang sama dihasilkan oleh mikroskop elektron, dan yang paling kuat dari mikroskop ini
sebenarnya dapat membuat gambar atom individu. Hal ini karena sebuah balok elektron dapat
memiliki panjang gelombang ribuan kali lebih pendek daripada sinar cahaya-begitu pendek, pada
kenyataannya, bahwa gelombang elektron dapat dibelokkan oleh atom kecil untuk menghasilkan
gambar dengan cara yang tidak dapat sinar cahaya.

Neal Skipper di University College London mengatakan bahwa gambar semacam itu berguna bagi
orang yang ingin mempelajari struktur atom zat khusus – yang digunakan untuk membuat baterai
untuk mobil listrik, misalnya. Semakin kita tahu tentang struktur atom mereka, semakin baik kita
dapat merancang mereka untuk menjadi efisien dan dapat diandalkan.

Anda bahkan dapat mengerjakan apa atom terlihat seperti dengan menusuk mereka. Pada dasarnya,
ini adalah cara kerja Mikroskopi gaya atom.

Dalam cairan, saat Anda memanasnya, Anda dapat melihat atom memiliki konfigurasi yang lebih
tidak teratur

Idenya adalah membawa ujung probe yang sangat kecil dekat dengan permukaan molekul atau
permukaan material. Pada jarak yang dekat, probe akan peka terhadap struktur kimia apa pun itu
menunjuk di, dan perubahan perlawanan saat bergerak di atasnya memungkinkan para ilmuwan
untuk menghasilkan gambar dari apa, misalnya, molekul individu terlihat seperti.

Baru-baru ini, para peneliti menerbitkan gambar yang indah dari molekul sebelum dan setelah reaksi
kimia menggunakan metode ini.

Skipper menambahkan bahwa banyak penelitian atomik hari ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana struktur
hal berubah ketika tekanan tinggi, atau suhu ekstrim, diterapkan. Kebanyakan orang tahu bahwa
ketika bahan dipanaskan, sering mengembang. Sekarang mungkin untuk mendeteksi perubahan
atom yang terjadi yang membuat ini mungkin.

"Dalam cairan, saat Anda memanasnya, Anda dapat melihat atom memiliki konfigurasi yang lebih
tidak teratur," ujar Skipper. "Anda dapat melihat bahwa dari peta struktural secara langsung."

Skipper dan fisikawan lainnya juga dapat mengerjakan atom menggunakan balok neutron yang
pertama kali diidentifikasi oleh Chadwick pada tahun 1930-an.

Anda dapat mengidentifikasi atom dengan mendeteksi energi sinar gamma saja

"Apa yang kita lakukan banyak adalah untuk api balok neutron pada gumpalan bahan dan dari pola
berserakan yang muncul Anda dapat mengetahui bahwa Anda berserakan neutron dari inti,"
katanya. "Anda dapat mengerjakan massa dan ukuran kasar dari objek yang melakukan pencerai-
beraian."

Tapi atom tidak selalu hanya duduk di sana, tenang stabil, menunggu untuk diperiksa. Terkadang
mereka membusuk-yang berarti mereka radioaktif.

Ada banyak unsur radioaktif alami. Proses ini menghasilkan energi, yang membentuk dasar tenaga
nuklir – dan bom nuklir. Penelitian fisikawan nuklir umumnya melibatkan mencoba untuk lebih
memahami reaksi di mana inti mengalami perubahan mendasar seperti ini.

You might also like