Proceedings of the 22nd International

Congress of Roman Frontier Studies,

Ruse, Bulgaria, September 2012

Roman Roads in Moesia Inferior.

Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence
Adriana PANAITE

Moesia Inferior lies in the territory of two contem-
porary countries, Romania and Bulgaria, and that is
why, in most cases, the system of Roman roads has
been studied by taking into account the borders of
modern states (Pârvan 1912, 575-585; Gajewska
1974, 62-88; Маджаров 2009). Even so, the re-
searchers were mainly interested in locating some
ancient toponyms, and less in establishing the cours-
es and directions of the roads (Aricescu 1970, 297-
305; Aricescu 1971, 43-52; Aricescu 1975, 313-351;
Aricescu 1977a; Aricescu 1977b). In this paper, we
are trying to present the roads from Moesia Inferior
based on archaeological and epigraphic evidence1.
Traces of Roman roads have been preserved only in
few places. So, the reconstruction of the system of
Roman roads can be carried out based on inscrip-
tions and other archaeological evidence, for example:
parts of roads; settlements, stationes, mansiones etc.
First, we take into account the milestones. So far, in
the territory of Moesia Inferior 109 milestones have
been discovered: 61 date between the 1st and 3rd cen-
tury AD, and 41 are from Late Roman time (fig. 1-2).
The texts are written in Latin, with the exception of
four pieces in Greek (Marcianopolis IGBulg II 797,
Odessos IGBulg I2 251, IGBulg I2 252(a), Markovo IGB
II 834). The oldest milestone dates back to the reign
of Trajan (103 AD) and was discovered at Sacidava
(Rădulescu / Bărbulescu 1981, 353-359), while the la-
test one is from the time of Theodosius and Arcadius
(383-393), discovered in Kipra (SGLI 149).
The road along the Danube (limes) was built
at a very strategic position and fullfilled primarily
a military role. Along it, at a determined distance
there were stations, watch- and signaling towers2.
Differences between distances indicated in itine-
raries and the real ones on the ground are quite
numerous. This is due to the fact that none of the
original stations built along the way has been archa-
eologically investigated yet. Moreover, we still pay
tribute to descriptions made ​​in the late nineteenth
century or the beginning of the next. In addition,
research on these fortifications is mainly related to
their functioning during the Late Antiquity3.
The limes road starts from Singidunum and is
built entirely on the right bank of the river (Barnea
1987, 77-86; Иванов 1999). At the Danube Delta, it
meets the road that runs along the Black Sea coast
to reach Constantinople. Construction began in
the reign of Tiberius with the works at Djerdap –
Iron Gate (Mirković 1996, 27-40), and continued
during the times of Claudius (Petrović 1986, 41-
52), Domitian (ILJ 55, 58) and Trajan (Mirković

1
For detailed presentation of sources in order to reconstruct the Roman road network in Moesia Inferior see: Panaite 2012, 67-80.
2
Tabula Peutingeriana: Dortico XXV Ad Malum XVI Ratiaris XII Remetodia IV Almo IX Pomodiana IX Camistro XII Regianum
VI Augustis XX Pedonianis XI Esco XIV Vio (Uto) IX Anasamo XVII Securispa XIII Dimo XVI Ad Novas IX Latro XVI Trimamio
XII Pristis IX Tegris XIV Appiaris XIII Trasmarisca XII Nigrinianis XIII Tegulicio XI Durostero XVIII Sagadava XII Sucidava XVII
Axiopolis XVIII Calidava XVIII Carsio XXV Bereo XXI Troesmis IX Arubio XXVI Noviodunum XLI Salsovia XXIV Ad Stoma;
Itinerarium Antonini: Dortico m. p. X Bononia m. p. XVII Ratiaria, leg. XIIII G. G., m. p. XVIII Almo m. p. XVIII Cebro m. p.
XVIII Augustis m. p. XVIII Variana m. p. XII Valeriana m. p. XII Oesco, leg. V Mac., m. p. XII Dimo m. p. XII Novae, leg. I Ital., m.
p. XVI Scaidava m. p. XVIII Trimammio m. p. VII Sexantapristis m. p. XII Tigra m. p. XIII Transmariscam m. p. XVI Candidiana
m. p. XIII Teclitio m. p. XII Dorostoro, leg. XI Cl, XII m.p. Sucidava XVIII m.p. Axiopolis XII m.p. Capidava XVIII m.p. Carsium
XVIII m.p. Cius X m.p. Beroe XVIII m.p. Troesmis, leg.I Jovia XVIII m.p. Arrubio IX m.p. Diniguttia IX m.p. Novioduno, leg. II
Herculea XX m.p. Aegiso XXIV m.p. Salsovia XVII m.p. Salmorude IX Vale Domitiana XVII Ad Salices.
3
See further Маджаров 2009, 131-184.
 594

Fig. 1. Milestones from Moesia Inferior I-III centuries AD

Adriana PANAITE
Roman Roads in Moesia Inferior. Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence 595

Fig. 2. Milestones from Moesia Inferior III-IV centuries AD

596 Adriana PANAITE

1996, 27-40), so the road stretched to cross the en-
tire area4.
A number of 40 milestones have been found
along this road and the inscriptions on them
date to the following emperors: 1 – Trajan, 4 –
Antoninus Pius, 5 – Marcus Aurelius, 5 – Septimius
Severus, 3 – Maximinus Thrax, 2 – Gordian III, 2
– Philip the Arab, 1 – Decius, 1 – Valerianus and
Gallienus, 3 – Aurelian and Probus, 9 – Tetrarchy,
4 – Constantine, 1 – Valens5.
The road along the Black Sea coast connects ur-
ban centers of ancient tradition, from the Danube
Delta to Constantinople, the capital of the empi-
re6. The road plays a decisive role in terms of trade.
While economic considerations prevail, the strate-
gic aspect of this route should not be overlooked
either, since the road was one of the main access
ways from the south into this area. Originally, the
road was not “set up”, and the movement was done
mainly by sea. The Romans took over the already
existing route and transformed it into a road in the
real sense of the word. A number of 37 milestones
have been found along it. The inscriptions date
to: 2 – Hadrian, 2 – Antoninus Pius, 8 – Marcus
Aurelius, 5 – Septimius Severus, 2 – Maximinus
Thrax, 1 – Gordian III, 1 – Decius, 2 – Valerianus
and Gallienus, 1 – Claudius II, 1 – Aurelian and
Probus, 1 – Tacitus, 6 – Tetrarchy, 5 – Constantine7.
The road crossing Bulgaria’s northern part, along
a line north of the Balkan Mountains and parallel with
the limes, is only partly shown in Tabula Peutingeriana
and does not appear at all in Itinerarium Antonini.
The segment presented in Tabula Peutingeriana is
the one between Melta and Marcianopolis, with only
one station in between at Nicopolis ad Istrum. The
route connected Bononia – Montana – Čomakovci –
Melta – Nicopolis ad Istrum – Marcianopolis – Odessos.
Seven milestones have been discovered along it. They
date to the reigns of: 1 – Marcus Aurelius/Commodus
(?), 2 – Septimius Severus, 1 – Maximinus Thrax, 1 –
Gordian III, 2 – Valerianus and Gallienus, 1 – Tacitus
and 1 – Constantine.
The central road crossesd Dobroudja from
north to south, from Noviodunum / Aegyssus to
Marcianopolis, passing through Zaldapa, Tropaeum
Traiani, Medgidia and Ulmetum. It is not repre-
sented in any ancient itinerary, its path being esta-
blished on the basis of archaeological and writ-
ten sources8. There are 10 milestones that have
been discovered along it, most of them dating
to the Tetrarchy period (293-305 A.D.), but also
from earlier times (Hadrian, Septimius Severus)9.
Connections between main roads were ensured
by secondary access routes. From the limes road,
more west-east and north-south oriented traffic
routes diverged and reached the province of Thrace
or the Black Sea coast. 18 milestones have been dis-
covered along them. These roads are:
Oescus (Gigen) is the starting point of two strate-
gic sections southwards to Serdica and Philippopolis
(Аврамов 1914; Маджаров 2004).
From Guljanci and Čerkovica camps two junc-
tions go south, following the courses of the rivers
Vit and Osâm. They crossed the main road Oescus
– Philippopolis in Pleven (the Vit river) and Loveč
(the Osâm river) (Велков 1929, 63; Poulter 1983,
76; 1995, 8-9 and fig. 6; Иванов 1960, 276).
In Novae (Svištov), from the main road a se-
condary road with a significant strategic role bran-
ched out, reaching southwards to the river Rosica,
Stari Nikjup (Nicopolis ad Istrum) and continues
through the Shipka Pass to Stara Zagora (Augusta
Traiana). A second road goes to Melta and further
to Philippopolis (Стефанов 1956, 72-73; Poulter
1995, 8-9 and fig. 6).
From Sexaginta Prista (Ruse) southwards two

4
Preparing for the war with the Dacians, Trajan built new fortifications or reinforced existing ones: Stobi, Scupi, Lederata, Dierna,
Drobeta, Pontes, Diana. A navigation canal was also built. Based on epigraphic information it is possible to reconstruct the chronol-
ogy of Trajan's war preparations, which took place in two stages: until 100 AD and between the two wars. The inscriptions show
that the fortifications and the limes road were not built at the same time, construction work progressed from west to east, the dig-
ging of the canal ended in 101 AD and the bridge over the Danube was built between the wars.
5
Panaite 2013 (in print). See also Panaite 2012, 67-80.
6
Tabula Peutingeriana: Histria XL Tomis XII Stratonis XXII Callatis – XXIII – Trissa – XII – Bisone – XII – Dyonisopoli –
XXXII – Odessos – XI – Erite – XVI – Templo Iovis – XVI – Mesambria – XII – Ancialis.
Itinerarium Antonini: Historio XXV Tomos XXXVI Callacis XXX Timogittia XVIII Dionysopoli XXIV Odisso XXIV Marcianopoli
XVIII Scatris XXVI Anchialis.
7
See footnote 5.
8
Barnea 1997, 29-43; Panaite /Alexandrescu 2009, 429-455.
9
The analysis of which shows that the Romans started to build the road from south to north in the time of Hadrian and some parts
were repaired during the Severan dynasty. An extensive restoration campaign occurred during the Tetrarchy period. An additional
argument would be the construction of the road parallel with the limes and the crystallization of the strategic concept of “defense
in depth” in the times of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius.
Roman Roads in Moesia Inferior. Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence 597

Fig. 3. Roman Roads in Moesia Inferior

598 Adriana PANAITE
major sections parted, which connected the limes
with some large urban areas. One led along the Beli
Lom river valley to Razgrad (Abritus) and Devnja
(Marcianopolis), and the other – along Černi Lom
and Jantra river valleys to Gorna Orjahovica, Veliko
Târnovo, Gabrovo and Stara Zagora (Шкорпил
1914, 88-89; Иванов 1981, 48-54; Петров 2002,
313-317)
Durostorum (Silistra) is a junction point of
the major strategic road. A section heading to
Marcianopolis, another to Ajtos, and one to Zaldapa.
From each of these localities the road then projects
to large urban centers in the province (Tropaeum
Traiani), on the coast (Callatis and Odessos) and
Thrace (Anchialos) (Torbatov 1997, 2000a, 2000b;
Петров 2002, 313-317; Poulter 1995, 9).
Capidava was connected with the Black Sea
coast road by two roads, which reached Tomis and
Histria (Pârvan 1913b, 394-396, Panaite 2004, 54-
55; Panaite 2013, in print).
From Axiopolis diverged a section which ran
along Carasu valley to Tomis. This is the shortest
route that crosses transversally Dobrudja from
the Danube to the Black Sea (Panaite 2004, 54-55;
Panaite 2013, in print).
From Carsium there is another important road
connecting the limes and the Black Sea coast, cros-
sing the Dorobantul plateau on an almost straight
trajectory towards Istria (Barnea 1997, 29-43).
Troesmis is the starting point of another road
from the Danube to the Black Sea along the Taita
Valley and the lakes of the northern plateau Babadag
(Topraichioi, Babadag) (Ştefan 1971).
The rivers that flow into the Danube also had
roads along them (mostly on their right banks):
Cibrica, Ogosta, Iskâr, Vit, Osâm, Jantra, Rusenski
Lom.
The second category of sources is represented by
the inscriptions mentioning beneficiarii consularis,
lower rank soldiers in charge of guarding the roads.
In the territory of the province 48 such inscriptions
have been discovered. They come from the main and
the secondary roads. A high concentration of them is
registered in the Montana area, but also in other pla-
ces along the road parallel to the the limes (at Glava
Panega in the Asklepion). In terms of dating, they fall
largely in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, and most of
them date to the second half of the 2nd and the first
half of the 3rd century AD (Schallmayer et al. 1990,
469-506, 758-759; Ivanov 1993, 26-30).
Some inscriptions discovered in Moesia Inferior
and Thracia record annex buildings erected along
the Roman roads for military purposes. These date to
emperors Nero, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius
and have been discovered at Ihtiman (mansio
Helice – Ivanov 1973, 209-213), Bučin (Филов 1912,
16-17), Mihilci (CIL III 6123 = CIL III 14207/34 =
ILS 231), Belozem (statio Parembole – Hollenstein
1975, 28), Nevša (Мирчев 1961, 15-16, #14), Šipka
(Буюклиев / Гетов 1964, 29-33), Bâlgarski Izvor
(ILBulg 211), Pančevo (Кацаров 1926-27, 107-112),
Vojnjagovo (statio Viamata – Маджаров 1985). The
first four inscriptions are dated in 61 AD and attest
to the construction of praetoria and tabernae along
military roads. Praetorium means a military con-
struction for superior rank officers. Another word
is an inn, so a construction for the accommodation
of superior rank officers, namely a fortified resi-
dence on the road. Tabernae is an ordinary inn to
offer overnight shelter and food for civilian travel-
ers. The next four inscriptions are from 152 AD, the
time of Antoninus Pius, when a number of military
constructions with a defensive role appeared on the
road. There were military detachments stationed,
sometimes beneficiarii consularis are also attested.
The last inscription is from the time of Marcus
Aurelius. Unlike others, in this the term stabulum
appears – which in translation means stables, where
animals for travel could be changed.
In Lower Moesia two inscriptions contain the ex-
pression via publica. The first one, written in Greek,
is a complaint to the emperor by the inhabitants of
Chora Dagei, a settlement located near the “public
road” (ISM I, 378). They ask that their obligations
for road maintenance (leitourghiai, angareia = mu-
nera) be reduced. The same inscription mentions
a second location, Laikos Pyrgos, where a “public
road” previously started, and whose inhabitants, ha-
ving the same problems in carrying out the public
tasks, complained about them to the governor.
The second inscription, in Latin, comes from
Ulmetum (Pantelimonu de Sus) (ISM V, 60), and
is most likely a delimitation decision of an estate;
among other elements bordering it there is a refe-
rence to viam publicam.
The roads were under the protection of the
gods, Mercury and Mars in particular. Intersections
of roads had their particular deities: Diviae, Triviae,
Quadriviae (junction of 2, 3 or 4 roads), deities of
Celtic or Illirian origin , who were worshiped in spe-
cific sanctuaries named compita. Protective deities
of the roads attested in Moesia Inferior are Apollo
Agyeus and Quadriviae. Apollo Agyeus appears on
two inscriptions discovered at Tomis (ISM II, 116).
The term Agyeus (= protector of roads) accompa-
nies as epithet the name of deity. The inscriptions
Roman Roads in Moesia Inferior. Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence 599
from Tomis are from the time of Marcus Aurelius.
They were put by their dedicators in relation with
the extensive reconstruction works on the road.
Several Latin inscriptions attest the cult of
Quadriviae in the province – in Novae (ILNovae 22,
23), Oescus (ILBulg 40) and Tomis (Tocilescu 1879,
45, 19). With the exception of one inscription from
Novae, for the rest of them the place of discovery is
unknown. The one in Novae was accidentally disco-
vered near the western gate. We can only suppose
the existence in that area of a temple dedicated to
this deity.
Excavations and field research provide informa-
tion about the structure of the roads or the various
stop points along the roads (statio, mutatio, man-
sio). With the use of this type of data, it is possible
to trace the lines of the local roads (semitae) as well
(Panaite 2006, 57-80; 2010, 373-379).
Information based predominantly on the in-
scriptions allow us to outline the following steps
of the construction and use of the road network in
Lower Moesia (fig. 3):
• Trajan lay the foundations of the system of
roads in Moesia Inferior. After the conquest of
Dacia, the limes stretched way up the Danube Delta,
where gradually new branches appeared, which de-
termined the articulation of a real communication
network. Also at this time the coast road was “mo-
dernized“ and the construction of the road parallel
to the limes began. Trajan’s successor started con-
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Dr. Adriana Panaite
Researcher 3rd degree
Institute of Archaeology “Vasile Parvan” of the Romanian Academy
Department of Greek and Roman Archaeology and Epigraphy
11 Henri Coanda St.
RO-010667 Bucharest
panaite_adriana92@yahoo.com
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