Electrical

ARC3413 BUILDING SCIENCE 2
PROJECT 1: LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Wanaka the bungalow
No.22, Lorong Dungun, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur.
GROUP MEMBERS:
GARNETTE DAYANG ROBERT 0315491
JOLENE HOR WEI FERN 0313751
TE LI THENG (JUSTINE) 0314198
OOI ZHI-QIAN (JANE) 0313999
CRYSTALLINA ALECIA KAYA 0318742
MAHI ABDUL MUHUSIN 0314421
DANAR JOVIAN ADITYA PUTRA 0314575
TUTOR:
MR. EDWIN CHAN YEAN LIONG
SUBMISSION DATE:
1st june 2016
TABLE OF CONTENT
abstract
1.0 introduction
1.1 Aim and Objectives 4
1.2 Reason of choice 5
1.3 Zoning of building 6
1.4 Building components and characteristics 7 – 21
2.0 lighting
2.1 Literature Review 22 - 27
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT
2.1.2 IMPORTANCE OF LIGHT IN ARCHITECTURE
2.1.3 LUMEN
2.1.4 ILLUMINANCE
2.1.5 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING
2.1.6 ARTIFICIAL DAYLIGHTING
2.1.7 DAYLIGHTING FACTORS AND DISTRIBUTIONS
2.1.8 LUMEN METHOD
2.2 METHODOLOGY 28 - 39
2.2.1 PRECEDENT STUDIES
2.2.2 PREPARATION
2.2.3 MEASURING DEVICE
2.2.4 DATA COLLECTION
2.3 PRECEDENT STUDY
2.3.1 introduction to the building
2.3.2 floor plans
2.3.3 building design intenetion
2.3.4 lighting and daylight evaluation
2.3.5 methodolgy
2.3.6 recommendation
2.3.7 illuminance measurements
2.3.8 daylighting measurements
2.3.9 design interiors to maximize day lighting contribution
2.3.10 considerations from the analysis of cambria office
building
2.4 NATURAL LIGHTING 40 - 46
2.4.1 DATA COLLECTION
2.4.2 DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS
2.5 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING 47-60
2.5.1 LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS
2.5.2 LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION
2.6 analysis and lighting conditions of the zones 61-70
2.7 Conclusion 71-73
1
3.0 acoustic performance
3.1 Literature Review 74-76
3.1.1 introduction to acoustic
3.1.2 architecture acoustic
3.1.3 sound intensity level
3.1.4 reverberation time
3.1.5 sound reduction index
3.2 methodology 77-78
3.2.1 precedent studies
3.2.2 preparations
3.2.3 measuring device
3.2.4 data collection
3.3 precedent study 79-85
3.3.2 floor plan indicating cafe
3.3.3 reverberation analysis
3.3.4 analysis of sound transmission class (stc)
3.3.5 new proposed baffled system
3.3.6 conclusion
3.4 site Study 86-131
3.4.1 OUTDOOR NOISE SOURCE
3.4.2 TABULATION OF DATA
3.4.3 INDOOR NOISE SOURCE
3.4.4 ACOUSTICS FIXTURE & SPECIFICATION
3.4.5 CALCULATION OF SIL
3.4.7analysis and conclucsion
References 132
2
1.0 Introduction
Lighting at work is an important issue as it affects the health and safety of the building’s
occupants. Hazards are more easily avoided with good lighting. Poor lighting within the building
could cause health issues such as migraine, eyestrain, and headaches. Suitable lighting is
necessary to create the optimum environmental conditions for maximum productivity of the
workers.
Acoustics design is another important factor in order to control the levels of noise within
different spaces. Requirements for every space differ based on its function. A good acoustic
design preserves the desired noise and eliminates the unwanted sound to provide a
comfortable environment for the users.
In a group of seven, we have chosen the Wanaka Bungalow as our site of study. We visited the
place several times in order to collect all the necessary data, which include measured drawings
of the plan, measurement of lighting and acoustics.
Figure 1.0a – Entrance from the side of Jalan Dungun
3
1.1 aims and objectives
The aim and objectives are as followings:

• To understand the day-lighting, artificial lighting and acoustic characteristic.
• To determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting & artificial lighting and
sound & acoustic within the intended space.
• To critically report and analyse the space and suggest ways to improve the lighting
and acoustic qualities within the space.
• To also be able to produce a complete documentation on analysis of space in relation
to lighting requirement.
• To able to evaluate and explore the improvisation by using current material and
technology in relevance to present construction industry.
This projects also aims to help us to get basic understanding and analysis of lighting and
acoustics design layout and arrangements by using certain methods or calculations. We will be
choosing three spaces and by understanding the volume and area of each functional space will
also help in determining the lighting requirements based on acoustical or lighting inadequacy
that is reflected in the data collection.
4
1.2 REASON OF CHOICE
Located in Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, the Wanaka was once a bungalow
residence, which was then converted into an office. On some occasions, the house is used to
hold small events and functions such as wedding receptions. This makes the building more
interesting to study as we get to understand the lighting and acoustic in a space used for
different functions. Besides that, we chose this building as a place to conduct our studies
because of location that is strategic, and has a lot of potential in terms of our studies. It’s
located right beside the road, which is interesting because then the acoustics would play an
important role in this house as well as the light penetration within the building. We wanted to
study how much the noise from the road affected the acoustic and noise in the building. There
are many opening as well in the building which allow light to light the place. There is even an
oculus at one part of the building which allow a lot of natural daylighting to the space. Materials
installed interiorly create an ambiance, which differs each room’s ambiance and creates
different kinds of usage for each room. However, since it was originally designed as a
residential space rather than an office space which is what it is used as today, the lighting and
acoustic standards might not be met or might be too high compared to the standards.
Therefore, we have decided that this building was very suitable to conduct our lighting and
acoustic studies.
5
1.3 zoning of BUILDING
Ground floor
First floor
6
1.4 Building components and characteristics
ZONE I : OFFICE 1
Component Absorption Reflectance Surface

Building Component - Wall
Detail Coefficient Value Area
WALL A1
Concrete CONCRETE
Plaster finish 0.06 80 16.950
White, Matte
5.65 x 3.0
WALL A2
Concrete
CONCRETE
Plaster finish 80
0.06 4.446
White, Matte
3.19 x 3.0
SLIDING
DOOR
GLASS
Clear glass 8
0.18 5.124
panels
2.44 x 2.1
7
WALL A3
Concrete
CONCRETE
Plaster finish 80
0.06 5.778
White, Matte
4.81 x 3.0
SLIDING
DOOR
GLASS
Clear glass 8
0.18 8.652
panels
4.12 x 2.1
WALL A4
Concrete
CONCRETE 80
Plaster finish 0.78
0.06
White, Matte
3.61 x 3.0
SLIDING
DOOR
GLASS
Clear glass 8
0.18
panels 10.05
3.35 x 3.0
WALL A5
Concrete
Plaster finish CONCRETE 80 9.0
White 0.06
Matte
3.0 x 3.0
WALL A6
CONCRETE
Concrete
0.05
Plaster finish 80
9.36
White
PLASTER
Matte
0.02
3.12 x 3.0
8
WALL A7
Concrete
Plaster finish CONCRETE
80
White 0.06 3.15
Matte
1.05 x 3.0
WALL A8
CONCRETE
Concrete
0.06 80
Plaster finish 10.128
White, Matte
4.02 x 3.0
V-GROOVE
DOOR WOOD 10 1.932
Polished Wood 0.10
0.92 x 2.1
WALL A9
Concrete
Plaster finish CONCRETE 80
5.646
White, Matte 0.06
3.59 x 3.0
SLIDING
DOOR
GLASS 8
Clear glass
0.10 5.124
panels
2.44 x 2.1
9
Building Component - Floor
Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

FLOOR
Terrazzo TERRAZZO 48.70
60
White, Black 0.015
Polished
Building Component - Ceiling

OFFICE CEILING
WOOD
Wood
Walnut 0.22 10 48.70
Polished
10
ZONE 2 : OFFICE 2

Building Component
WALL B1
Concrete
CONCRETE
Plaster finish
0.06
White, Matte 80 4.260
1.42 x 3.0
WALL B2
Concrete CONCRETE
80
Plaster finish 0.06 6.126
White, Matte
3.75 x 3.0
SLIDING
DOOR
Clear glass GLASS
8
panels 0.18 5.124
2.44 x 2.1
11
WALL B3
Concrete
Plaster finish CONCRETE 80
13.530
White, Matte 0.06
4.51 x 3.0
WALL B4
Concrete
CONCRETE 80
0.06
White, Matte
2.12 x 3.0
WALL B5
Concrete
Plaster finish 80
CONCRETE 2.730
White
0.06
Matte
0.91 x 3.0
WALL B6
Concrete 80
Plaster finish CONCRETE 4.950
White 0.06
Matte
1.65 x 3.0
WALL B7
Concrete
Plaster finish
80
White CONCRETE 6.120
Matte 0.06
2.04 x 3.0
12
WALL B8
Concrete
CONCRETE 80
0.06
White, Matte
1.84 x 3.0
WALL B9
Concrete
CONCRETE 80 5.460
Plaster finish
0.06
White, Matte
2.45 x 3.0
PANEL DOOR
Glossy finish WOOD 10
beige 0.18 1.890
0.90 x 2.1
WALL B10
Concrete CONCRETE
80
White, Matte
0.86 x 3.0
Building Component

WALL B11
Concrete
CONCRETE
Plaster finish 80
0.06 21.310
White, Matte
10.04 x 3.0
FIXED WINDOWS
Clear glass window GLASS 8
8.810
8.81 x 1.0 0.10
13
OFFICE FLOOR TERRAZZO 60

Terrazzo 0.015 54.70
White, Black
Polished

OFFICE CEILING 80
Plaster finish PLASTER
0.02 54.70
White, Matte
14
ZONE 3 : kitchen

Building Component
WALL C1
Concrete 80
CONCRETE
Plaster finish
0.06
White, Matte 9.708
3.88 x 3.0
V-GROOVE
DOOR WOOD
10
Polished Wood 0.18 1.932
0.92 x 2.1
WALL C2
Concrete CONCRETE 80
White, Matte
4.51 x 3.0
15
WALL C3
80
Concrete CONCRETE 11.640
Plaster finish 0.6
White, Matte
3.88 x 3.0
WALL C4
Concrete CONCRETE 80
13.530
Plaster finish 0.06
White, Matte
4.51 x 3.0
16
DRY KITCHEN TERRAZZO

FLOOR 0.015
Terrazzo 60 17.40
White, Black
Polished
DRY KITCHEN PLASTER 17.40

CEILING 0.02
Plaster finish
80
White
Matte
17
ZONE 4: FOYER

Building Component
WALL D1
Concrete
CONCRETE
Plaster finish 80 13.451
0.06
White, Matte
WALL D2
Concrete
CONCRETE
Plaster finish 80
0.06
White, Matte 8.532
1.40 x 4.5
2.48 x 0.9
18
WALL D3
Concrete
CONCRETE 80
White, Matte
0.06
2.26 x 4.5
LOUVERED
WINDOW
Clear glass GLASS
80 2.400
panels 0.18
0.80 x 3.0
WALL D4
Concrete
CONCRETE 80
0.06
White, Matte
4.70 x 3.0
LOUVERED
GLASS
WINDOW
GLASS
Clear glass 8
0.18 2.520
panels
1.26 x 1.0
(each)
PANEL DOOR
Walnut smooth
WOOD
finish wooden 10
0.10 3.129
door
1.49 x 2.1
WALL D6
Concrete
CONCRETE
Plaster finish 80
0.06 4.005
White
Matte
2.00 x 3.0
19
FLUSH DOOR
WOOD
Polished Wood 10
0.10 1.995
0.95 x 2.1
WALL D7
Concrete
Plaster finish
CONCRETE 80 5.235
White
0.06
Matte
2.41 x 3.0
FLUSH DOOR WOOD

10 1.995
Polished Wood 0.10
0.95 x 2.1
Building Component
WALL D5
Concrete
Plaster finish
White CONCRETE 80 19.035
Matte 0.06
7.01 x 3.0
FLUSH DOOR
WOOD
Polished Wood
0.10 10 1.995
0.95 x 2.1
20
FOYER FLOOR CONCRETE

Concrete 0.05
Patches of different 80 35.66
grey tones
Smooth finish
Building Component
FOYER CEILING PLASTER 35.66

Plaster finish 0.02
White 80
Matt
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2.0 Lighting
2.1 Lighting Literature Review
2.1.1 Introduction to Light
Light are electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of electromagnetic spectrum. Light
that can be detected by the human eye are usually known as visible light and have a
wavelength in the range of 400–700 nanometres. Light source are mediums that produces light
and the main source of light on Earth is the Sun. There are two types of lighting which are
natural lighting and artificial lighting. Natural lighting comes from the source of the sun whereas
artificial lighting comes from an instrument that produces light.
Diagram 2.1a Visible Radiation
2.1.2 Importance of Light in Architecture.

The perception of space is directly connected to the way light integrates with it. What we see,
what we experience and how we interpret the elements is affected by how light interacts with
us and with the environment. Regarding architecture, in whatever dimension it can be analysed,
either as space, as material or as colour, it is essentially dependant on the lighting situation
that involves both the object and the observer. Light is not only related to the visual experience
of form and space but also thermal qualities. The characteristics of light, heat, air movement
and comfort are the key factors in determining a building’s energy consumption, and if careful
considerations are paid to design then the use of artificial light can be minimized.
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2.1.3 Lumen
The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux and it is a measure of the total
quantity of visible light emitted by a source. It is equal to the amount of light emitted per second
in a unit solid angle of one steadier from a uniform source of one candela. Luminous flux is the
power in which light is emitted from a source. Therefore, the amount of light that is emitted from
a source is measured in lumen value. The brighter the light is, the more lumen it measures, the
dimmer the light is, the less lumen it measures. The following table shows the amount of lux
needed for different applications at working (1.5m) height.
AREA/ ACTIVITY LUX LEVEL
Car parks, roadway 20-30
Corridors, stores and warehouses, changing <100
rooms and rest areas, bedrooms, bars
Stairs, escalators, loading bays 150
Washrooms, foyers, lounges, archives, dining 200
rooms, assembly halls and plant rooms
Background lighting 300
e.g. IT office, packing, assembly (basic), filing,
retail background, classrooms, sp assembly
halls, foyers, gymnasium and swimming pools,
General industry, working areas in
warehouses,
General lighting 500
e.g. offices, laboratories, retail stores and
supermarkets, counter areas, meeting rooms,
general manufacturing, kitchens and lecture
halls
Detailed lighting 750
e.g. manufacturing & assembly (detail), paint
spraying and inspection
Precision lighting 1000
e.g. precision manufacturing, quality control,
examination rooms
Fine precision lighting 1500
e.g. jewellery, watch making, electronics & fine
working.
Table 2.1a Suggested Lux Level
Source: Carbon Trust and lighting manufacturer Veelite
2.1.4 Illuminance
When light is emitted from a source, lumens will light up the surface. Illuminance is defined as
the number of lumens falling at square meter of a surface. Illuminance is measure in the unit
LUX and the measurements are normally recorded with the help of an illuminance meter or a
photometer. The closer the illuminated area to the light source, the higher the illuminated
values are. Incident rays landing on the horizontal surfaces are known as horizontal
illuminance whereas vertical illuminance is referred to as rays landing on the illuminance
landing on the vertical surfaces. On a normal sunny day, the illuminance produced during the
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daylight has a range of 150,000 lux to 1,000 lux. On a grey winter day, the moonlight is about
0.3 lux.
2.1.5 Natural Daylighting

Natural daylighting is a passive method of lighting up a space. It is the controlled admission of
natural sunlight and diffuse skylight into a building to reduce electric lighting and saving energy.
By providing a direct link to the dynamic and perpetually evolving patterns of outdoor
illumination, daylighting helps create a visually stimulating and productive environment for
building occupants, while reducing as much as one-third of total building energy costs.
According to MS 1525 (2007), the reduction of energy consumption for artificial lighting due to
appropriate allowance for natural lighting is much more greater than cooling energy require due
to extra glazed building envelope. Hence, daylight apertures such as skylights and windows
are important to not only create a more pleasant experience but also to reduce electric power
lighting. However, the fenestration must be carefully located to avoid the admittance of direct
sunlight into the user’s eyes. The visible transmittance of the daylight fenestration system
should not be less than 50% in order to take advantage of the natural lighting. (“MS 1525, 2007)
2.1.6 Artificial Lighting

Artificial lighting by definition is any light that does not come from sunlight. Artificial lighting are
technical instruments that produces light through the conversion of electrical energy into
radiation and light. Artificial lighting have two types of light source which is the incandescent
lamp whereby light is generated when the filament is radiated at high temperature and
luminescent lamp when light is produced through excited electrons. We do not receive sunlight
24 hours and therefore it is important to have artificial lighting as a substitute. Also, some
spaces requires artificial lighting to create different experiences such as museums and
galleries where dimmer lighting is preferred to create a more warmer and intimate space.
Artificial lighting is also important to certain range of visibility for quality of the space. Example,
it is essential to ensure that occupants have a clear visual of where they are as well as to
ensure the comfort of the occupants. The table below shows the maximum lighting power
allowance for the following types of spaces.
TYPE OF USAGE MAXIMUM LIGHTING POWER (W/m2)
Restaurants 15
Office 15
Classrooms/ Lecture Theatres 15
Auditorium/ Concert Halls 15
Hotel/ Guest Rooms 15
Lobbies/ Atrium/ Concourse 20
Supermarket/Departmental Stores/Shops 25
Store/ Warehouse/ Stairs/ Corridors 10
Car Parks 5
Table 2.1b Maximum Lighting Power of Various Spaces
Source: MS1525, 2007
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2.1.7 Daylight factors and distributions
The daylight factor (DF) is commonly used to determine the ratio of internal light level to
external light level and is defined as follows:
Ei
DF = x 100%
Eo
Where:
DF: Daylight factors
Ei: illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane
Eo: simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere
of overcast sky.
There are a few factors that affects the Ei which are:
i. the sky component (SC): direct light from a patch of sky visible at the point
considered;
ii. the externally reflected component (ERC): the light reflected from an exterior
surface and then reaching the point considered
iii. the internally reflected component (IRC): the light entering through glazing and
reflected from an internal surface
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problem
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Note: Figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing
Table 2.1c Distribution of Daylight Factor
The light intensity decrease by the square of the distance from the point source. Therefore,
500 lux directed over ten square meters will be dimmer than the same amount spread over
one square meter
Diagram 2.1b Importance of positioning in lighting.

Illumination decreases by the inverse square law with distance from the light source.
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SPACE DAYLIGHT FACTOR
Discussion Group 14
Residential Living Room 1
Residential / Office Kitchen 2
Office – Detail Work 4
Office - Drafting 6
Office – Corridor 0.5
School – Classroom 2
School – Art Rooms 4
Hospital – Wards 1
Hospital – Waiting Room 2
Sports Facilities 2
Table 2.1d Suggested Daylight Factor
2.1.8 Lumen Method

The quantity of light reaching a certain surface is usually the main consideration in designing a
lighting system. This quantity of light is specified by illuminance measured in lux, and as this
level varies across the working plane, an average figure is used.
Lumen method is an indoor calculation methodology used to identify the number of luminaries
or lamp fixtures required to achieve a given average illuminance level of space. It is done by
calculating the number of lamp installed to ensure it has enough level of illuminance. The
method is a commonly used technique of lighting design, which is valid, if the light
fittings (luminaires) are to be mounted overhead in a regular pattern.
E x A
N=
F x UF x MF
Where:
N: number of lamps required.
E: illuminance level required (lux)
A: area at working plane height (m2)
F: average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF: utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room
surfaces.
MF: maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt.
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Room index, RI is the ratio of room plan area to half the wall area between the working and
luminaire planes :
L x W
RI =
Hm x (L + W)
Where:
L: length of room
W: width of room
Hm: Mounting height, i.e. the vertical distance between the working plan and the luminaire.
Mantenance factor, MF, is multiple of factors

MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMF
Where:
LLMF: lamp lumen maintenance factor
MSF: lamp survival factor
LMF: luminaire maintenance factor
RSMF: room surface maintenance factor
Normally, when MF cannot be found, the value 0.8 is used.
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2.2 Methodlogy
Precedent study chosen is to guide how light functions and affect a certain space. This enables
to conduct the case study properly.
2. 2.2 PREPARATION
1. Preliminary study and identification of the type of spaces were studied to choose the
suitable case study.
2. Precedent studies were done to have a better understanding of how lights functions or affect
in a certain space.
3. In obtaining approval to use site as case study, visitations, calls and emails were made to
the different chosen places.
4. The plan drawings were obtained from the management office.
5. The spaces were determined.
6. Grid lines with distance of 1.5m was plotted on the plan for recording purposes.
7. Digital Lux meter meter was supplied by tutors.
8. The equipment was tested before attending the site visit.
9. A basic standard and regulations such as CIBSE, ASHRAE and MS1525 were also studied
before hand to analyze and compare the readings later on.
2.2.3 MEASURING DEVICE
Figure 2.2a Digital Lux meter
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2.2.4 DATA COLLECTON
Data were collected at non peak hours between 10am-12pm and 5pm-6pm, and peak hours
between 2pm-4pm. The readings were taken at 1m level above the ground at each
corresponding time with both daylighting and artificial lightings. Materials used in the space
were studied and recorded to indicate the coefficient value and reflectance value towards the
daylighting and artificial lighting.
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2.3 Precedent studies
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ( DEP ) CAMBRIA OFFICE, PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) created this building as

a district office that advance the concept of high-performance green buildings in Cambria. Most of the
building’s 34,500 ft2 (3,205 m2) is used for office space, alongside a conference room, laboratory space
and file storage rooms. The main objective for this building is to provide a comfortable and productive
work environment and minimize its environmental obstructions to the workers.
The building is oriented on an east-west axis to take advantage of north-south solar exposures and
minimize east-west windows. South facing light shelves attached to the windows allow more indirect
daylight in, reducing the need for artificial lighting. Small deciduous trees planted along the south side of
the building help reduce a potential heat island effect, as heat emanating from the buildings and
pavement can change the temperature in the surrounding area.
The building has achieved a LEED 2.0 Gold Certification in the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC
2004). Roof insulation, high-performance windows, ground-source heat pumps, daylighting, motion
sensors on restroom lights, and an 18.2-kW photovoltaic (PV) system for on-site electricity production
are some of the features that account for its successful reputation as a green building. Paint works and
adhesives used in the building were low-level volatile organic compounds and finish materials were
chosen with their potential for being recycled in the future.
Figure 2.3a Cambria DEP building
Building Statistics:
Completion Date: September 2000
Cost: $90/square foot

Size: 34,500 gross square feet
User Group: Office

Occupancy: 128 Staff
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2.3.2 FLOOR PLANS
Figure 2.3b First Floor Plan Of Cambria Office Building
Figure 2.3c Second Floor Plan Of Cambria Office Building
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2.3.3 BUILDING DESIGN INTENTION
Reduced energy use for electrical lighting was identified as a critical issue to be addressed
during the early stages of Cambria building design. Hence, the building configuration of
Cambria Office was elongated along an east-west axis to gain better solar access and optimize
daylight penetration into the building.
The rooflines were sloped in order to allow the use of north- and south-facing clerestory
windows on the second floor for day lighting, which also provided an angled surface for
mounting PV panels. Light shelves were added on the south side of the first floor to help direct
some daylight deeper into the office spaces. These day lighting features are illustrated in the
figures below.
Figure 2.3d -Daylighting Design Features Of Cambria Office Building (Left ) And “Light Shelves” (Right)
Which Shade Summer Sun And Bounce Natural Light Across The Ceiling Plane Much Deeper Into Open Office
Spaces.
To further enhance the success of the day lighting, the second floor plan was designed to place the
large open office spaces adjacent to exterior walls and locate enclosed offices in the center of the
building rather than at the perimeter. As a result, these private offices do not block access to daylight,
and the vast majority of occupants are afforded access to this daylight and visceral advantages. In
addition, a major programming effort was undertaken by the DEP to ensure that most of the occupants
were located in these large open office spaces on the second floor because of their access to day
lighting. The first floor was designed to accommodate meeting spaces, storage, support functions, and
workspace for field staff who spend the majority of their time away from the office.
Figure 2.3e Private Vs Public Office/Meeting Rooms And Its Spatial Division With Consideration To Natural
Daylight
32
DEP decided on the use of a lighting system that provided 30 fc (foot candles) of ambient light
with under cabinet task lighting at workstations for supplemental light. Foot-candle is a non-SI
unit of illuminance or light intensity which conveys the illuminance cast on a surface by a one-
candela source one foot away. Daylighting was a very significant part of the design of Cambria
office Building and resulted in the use of clerestory windows, overhangs, light shelves, and a
dimming system.
Orientation of the building reduces heat gain and encourages day-lighting. The light shelves
pro-vide shade from the hot summer sun and simultaneously, bounce natural light through the
top of the window, across the highly re-flective ceiling plane and deep into the office spaces.
Figure 2.3f Illustration of the high-performance features of the Cambria building
The initial lighting design called for a lighting power density (LPD) of 0.82 W/ft2 (8.8 W/m2).
Subsequent refinement of the lighting system resulted in a final design LPD of 0.75 W/ft2 (8
W/m2), not including task lighting. The LPD of the task lighting in the office areas is
approximately 0.5 W/ft2 (5.4 W/m2).
The second floor is primarily open office plan and houses the majority of building occupants.
Virtually all fenestration faces either north or south and the lighting design incorporates
clerestory windows facing north and south along the center of the building. The south-facing
clerestory windows are equipped with motorized sunscreens controlled by a photosensor to
block direct- beam radiation..
2.3.4 LIGHTING AND DAYLIGHT EVALUATION
The lighting systems at the Cambria building were evaluated to determine the illuminance
distribution delivered by the lighting design and to determine the energy performance of both
the day lighting and artificial lighting systems. Goals of the analysis are as follows:
33
1. Quantitatively assess the illumination distribution.
2. Determine the energy savings due to the lighting design without daylighting controls.
3. Determine the amount of electric lighting offset by daylighting and the energy saved in
lighting.
4. Analyze the operation of the daylighting design and optimize its performance.
5. Document successes and weakness of the lighting design.
2.3.5 METHODOLOGY
Figure 2.3g Photometers Figure 2.3h Outdoor Illuminance
The outdoor and indoor illumination levels were continuously recorded from Friday to Monday, July 13–
16, 2001. Figure 2.3h shows the outdoor illuminance. The first three days were mostly sunny with
occasional cumulus clouds, and the final day was cloudy in the morning with some clearing by the
afternoon. The indoor light levels were measured on the working surfaces in cubicles along a north-
south cross section in the first-floor, southwest quadrant and the second-floor, southwest and northwest
quadrants.
On the first floor, three photometers were placed in each cubicle, one in front of the keyboard and one
on the working surfaces on either side of the cubicle. On the second floor, two photometers were placed
in each cubicle, one in front of the keyboard and one on the working surface to the left of the keyboard.
2.3.6 RECOMMENDATION
Measurement of the illuminance from the electric lights only was taken between 9:00 p.m. and 10:00
p.m. on Friday, July 13. The recommended minimum illuminance level on a horizontal surface for
open offices is 30 to 50 fc (300 to 500 lux). For general reading of handwriting with a pen or
printed materials in 8–10 point font, the recommended minimum illuminance is 30 fc (300 lux).
34
2.3.7 ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENTS
WORKSTATIONS FOR THE FIRST-FLOOR OFFICE AREA ( SOUTHWEST )
Figure 2.3i Illuminance Measurements at Workstations for the First-Floor, Southwest Office Area from July 13–16,
2001
Measured illuminance levels in the first-floor office area are shown in the figure above. The ambient
electric lights were on during Friday and Monday during working hours and Friday evening for testing.
The task lights were off in the cubicles 18 and 26 ft (5.5 and 7.9 m) from the south wall, and they were
on for part of the testing period in the cubicle 10 ft (3.0 m) from the south wall. The ambient electric
lights provided 25– 35 fc (250–350 lux) on the working planes. The natural light added 10 fc (100 lux) at
the cubicle closest to the outside wall to 3 fc (30 lux) at the cubicle furthest from the outside wall.
These light levels are at the minimum levels for working at a computer terminal and performing easy
reading tasks; however, some individuals prefer more light for reading. The task lights raise the light
levels on the side working surfaces to 60–100 fc (600–1,000 lux). The reflected light from the light
shelves only penetrates approximately 3 ft (1 m) along the ceiling. The light shelves are not sufficiently
effective as
1- the glass area is too minium as the wide window frames block much of the incident light,
2- low reflectance off the light shelves
3- The high angle of the summer sun.
4- Absence of useful day lighting (i.e., dimming of electric lighting) in the first-floor office area
during this testing period.
35
Figure 2.3j - Lighting conditions on the first floor on June 7, 2001
Cambria’s east-west orientation is an essential strategy of its day lighting system. Overhangs shade the
second-floor windows on the south elevation. Light shelves are installed on the south-facing first-floor
windows. These light shelves, combined with shading devices, help reflect the light to the ceiling plane
and minimize direct gain through the view glass as seen by the figure above. The interior finishes were
selected to improve the light reflection and provide contrast. The first floor ceiling tiles have a light
reflectance of 89%, the second floor has high vaulted white ceilings with an open truss construction, the
bottom 2.5 ft (0.8 m) of the walls are a light, natural wood color, the top portion of the walls are painted
off-white (light reflectance of 75%), and the cubicle dividers are off- white.
Figure 2.3k - Lighting conditions in the second-floor, northwest office area, with the overhead electric lights on and
view of the dark interior carpets
The daylighting on the second floor is reduced because of the poor reflection off the high ceiling,
blockage by the roof trusses, the dark floor, and the windows on the outside walls are too low to provide
light beyond the first row of cubicles. In addition, the illuminance levels on the second floor would be
improved with direct lighting luminaires.
36
2.3.8 DAYLIGHTING MEASUREMENTS
WORKSTATIONS FOR THE SECOND-FLOOR, OFFICE AREA ( SOUTHWEST )
Diagram 2.3a - Illuminance measurements at workstations for the second-floor, southwest office area
Illuminance from the ambient electric lights was measured Friday evening between 9:00 p.m. and10:00
p.m. Illuminance levels at the workstations with only the ambient electric lights were approximately 15 fc
(150 lux). This is lower than the first floor because the indirect luminaires do not reflect well off the high
ceiling with trusses. The combination of the ambient electric lights and daylighting provided 20–40 fc
(200–400 lux) at midday. The natural light levels over the weekend were 10–25 fc (100–250 lux) on the
working surfaces and 20–30 fc (200–300 lux) in the open circulation areas.
ANALYSIS:
1- The daylighting on the second floor is reduced because of the poor reflection off the high
ceiling,
2- Daylighting blockage is further caused due to blockage by the roof trusses, the dark floor, and
the windows
3- The outside walls are too low to provide light beyond the first row of cubicles.
4- The illuminance levels on the second floor would be improved with direct lighting luminaires.
5- The light levels with day lighting and the ambient electric lights are below the recommended
minimum levels in all the areas except for the cubicles on the south side that are 10 and 26 ft
(3.0 and 7.9 m) away from the outside wall. Task lighting would probably be used to increase
the illuminance on the working surfaces.
37
WORKSTATIONS FOR THE SECOND-FLOOR, OFFICE AREA ( NORTHWEST )
Diagram 2.3b - Illuminance measurements at workstations for the second-floor, northwest office area
Figure above shows the lighting conditions in the northwest office area near midday on June 2001 with
the ambient electric lights on. The light distribution is fairly even as expected from the illuminance
measurements.
ANALYSIS
1- 1-The ceiling is bright near the clerestory windows and has a darker area in the middle
2- The south-facing clerestory windows can be the source of undesirable lighting conditions at
certain times.
3- At low sun angles, clerestory windows admit direct beam radiation, and they can be very bright
at other times, causing contrast and glare problems. Automatic sunshades are installed on the
interior of the windows to block the direct beam radiation. The sunshades are controlled by an
exterior photo sensor.
4- The sunshades block an excessive amount of light and defeat the purpose of the clerestory
windows.
Other options for these windows are to diffuse the incoming light with frosted or patterned
glass or a light-diffusing film on the glass or direct the beam radiation to the ceiling with a
louver system The drawback of these solutions is the view of the sky will be lost .The natural
light levels on the north side were slightly reduced because the east half of the clerestory sun
shades were down position for maintenance.
38
2.3.9 DESIGN INTERIORS TO MAXIMIZE DAYLIGHTING CONTRIBUTION.
From the analysis of the two floors of cambria office building, it can be concluded that daylighting
and indirect lighting fixtures benefit from lightly colored interior surfaces that reflect light. Dark colors are
counter to design for daylighting. Dark ceilings and structural elements were negative contributors to
reduced savings and poor daylighting distribution. Finishing the interior, especially the ceiling, would
provide surfaces with higher reflectivity and brighten the space, which would allow for increased use of
daylighting and less waste from the indirect fluorescents and exposed trusses.
Measurements indicate that daylight is sufficient because of the large amount of glazed area. However,
the dark colors absorb much of the light and provide contrast to the bright outdoors. This results in a
visually difficult environment. The distribution of natural daylight and indirect electric lighting would be
improved with lighter colored interior finishes
2.3.10 CONSIDERATIONS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF CAMBRIA OFFICE BUILDING
The illuminance levels In cambria office building are low due to lower than expected daylight
contributions, low LPDs, indirect lighting used throughout the building, and high ceilings on the second
floor.
2- Indirect lighting should effectively only be used close to highly reflective ceilings. In the case
for Cambria Office building, The indirect lighting on the first floor works well, but the indirect
lighting on the second floor does not function to its maximum potential because the light
source is too far from the ceiling and the roof trusses obstruct some of the light penetrating
through the windows. Direct lighting or a combination of direct and indirect lighting would work
better for the second floor.
3- The light shelves on the first floor are ineffective at providing light to the space. The ceilings
are too low, there is not enough glass area, and the reflectance off the light shelves is too low
to provide adequate light.
4- On the second floor, light from the clerestory windows does not penetrate beyond the first row
of cubicles. There is not enough light entering through the windows and the roof trusses block
some of the light. The day lighting along the perimeter walls is not sufficiently effective
because the windows are too low, the glass area is not large enough, the large wood frames
limit the glass area and block some of the light, and the first row cubicle walls are too high and
block daylight penetrating into these cubicles.
5- The rows of electric lights should run parallel to the daylight sources and should be controlled
separately so that they can be dimmed as necessary as the daylight levels vary with distance
from the source.
39
2.4 NATURAl LIGHTING
2.4.1 Data collection
Peak , Morning
Readings at 1.0m, Readings at 1.5m
Ground Floor
Diagram 2.4a Illuminance at Ground Floor- Day

First Floor
Diagram 2.4b Illuminance at First Floor- Day
40
Non-peak , Evening
Readings at 1.0m, Readings at 1.5m
Ground Floor
Diagram 2.4c Illuminance at Ground Floor- Evening

First Floor
Diagram 2.4d Illuminance at First Floor - Night
41
2.4.2 Daylight Factor Analysis
Illuminance due to
Daylight
Suggested daylight at a point indoors
Level in
Zone Daylight
Malaysia, Eo 𝐃𝐅𝐱𝐄𝐨
Factor
(Lux)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
4 4 x 16400
16400 =
Office 100
=656
Zone 1: Office 1
4 x 16400
4 =
16400 100
Office
= 656
Zone 2: Office 2
2 x 16400
2 =
16400 100
Kitchen
= 328
Zone 3: Kitchen
0.5 0.5 x 16400

16400 Walkway / =
100
Corridor
= 82
Zone 4: Foyer
Table 2.4a Calculations to find suggested indoor illuminance
42
Office 1
Suggested illuminance due to daylight at office 1 is 656
PEAK (DAY) NON PEAK

(lux) (EVENING) (lux) Daylight
COORDINATES
(lux)
1m 1.5m 1m 1.5m
A1 462 413 99 53 360
A2 2100 1689 83 55 1634
A3 1530 1213 72 46 1167
A4 264 189 79 45 144
A5 246 210 109 94 116
A6 210 163 98 70 93
A7 164 123 75 52 71
B1 579 475 187 136 339
B2 1140 869 213 289 580
B3 543 426 184 132 294
B4 306 248 159 142 106
B5 225 151 241 123 28
B6 197 178 178 112 66
B7 219 187 116 98 89
C1 553 475 178 146 329
C2 493 410 236 122 288
C3 402 367 189 178 189
C4 262 213 136 98 115
C5 267 326 256 301 25
C6 194 153 196 110 43
C7 210 179 164 103 76
D1 469 346 186 97 249
D2 287 254 227 123 131
D3 283 197 168 111 86
D4 236 245 142 100 145
E1 297 213 124 98 115
E2 246 217 229 115 102
E3 10 19 23 34 -15
E4 242 276 121 97 179
F1 156 75 104 78 -3
F2 123 92 214 110 -18
Table 2.4b Daylight amount at Zone 1
43
Observation
Point A2 and A3 shows the highest reading of illuminance obtained in zone 1.
Discussion
Point A2 and A3 is located right at the opening where natural lighting enters office 1 and
receives the most natural daylighting. Because of the angle of light diffusion, the reading at
1.0m is higher compared to 1.5.
Observation
At point E3, the lowest reading of -15 is obtained.
Discussion
The point is located at a corner behind a wall which blocks any daylight that enters the site.
There is no artificial lighting installed which will help to illuminate the point leaving it dark in the
dark.
Observation
Looking at point D1, E1 and F1, the readings decrease drastically even though the points are
located at the same column near the window.
Discussion
The sliding door opening stops at D1 and there are no other openings to illuminate point E1
and F1. Besides being far away from the opening and does not get illuminate as much by
natural daylighting, there is very little artificial lighting that is installed to brighten the space
based on the required standards.
Observation
The suggested illuminance due to daylight of zone 1 is 656. Unfortunately, the average
readings of zone is about 100lux.
Discussion
There is only one unobstructed opening that allows light to penetrate into office 1. Other than
that, the rest of the part of office 1 receives very little daylight and mostly depend on artificial
lighting to light up the space.
44
Office 2
PEAK (DAY) NON PEAK
COORDINATES
(lux)
1 1.5 1 1.5
A8 1124 1523 154 103 1420
A9 1355 1754 143 98 1656
B8 1485 909 354 411 498
B9 2908 2934 288 165 2769
B10 1432 952 216 167 785
B11 1247 1578 121 96 1482
C8 1120 889 100 87 802
C9 854 986 112 94 892
C10 404 755 143 101 654
C11 475 685 284 158 527
C12 786 846 276 199 647
D8 85 108 162 177 -69
D9 224 326 84 56 270
D10 251 350 212 153 197
D11 265 463 294 216 247
D12 366 478 231 112 366
E8 164 253 87 163 90
E9 104 175 149 71 104
E10 114 134 316 218 -84
E11 123 377 299 174 203
F8 1789 1253 123 85 1168
F9 1563 1123 236 339 784
F11 80 115 103 70 45
Table 2.4c Daylight amount at Zone 2
Observation
The suggested illuminance due to daylight is 656. Based on this chart, it is clear that at most of
the points in this space is well lighted with daylight. In fact, some of the points have way too
much daylight penetrating into the building.
Discussion
There is a large opening that allows a lot of light to penetrate into the building.
45
Observation
Daylight reading and illumination reading at point B9 has the highest value in the whole space.
At night, the reading is no longer the highest.
Discussion
Point B9 is located right under the oculus in zone 2 where the space receives direct sunlight
into the office. The reading at point 1.0m is lower than the reading taken at point 1.5m since it
is further away from the light source and therefore the density of light energy is less. At night,
when the room is dependable on artificial lighting, B9 no longer is the point with the highest
illumination level since the high illumination level was due to the oculus.
Observation
Daylight level is high at A8 and A9
Discussion
A8 and A9 is located at a point near to the window opening that allows a lot of daylight into the
office therefore it is the most illuminated point in zone 2 during the day.
Observation
Daylight level is low at D8 even though it is fairly near to the opening.
Discussion
Although point D8 is near to the opening where the space receives daylight, however, as there
is a cabinet in a way, it produces shadows which blocks the daylight from illuminating point D8.
On top of that, there is an indoor planter box where there is a tree that blocks the daylight at
that point.
46
Dry kitchen
PEAK (DAY) NON PEAK
Daylight
Coordinates (lux) (EVENING) (lux)
1m 1.5m 1m 1.5m (lux)
D5 138 98 131 95 3
D6 123 103 173 93 10
D7 167 121 120 108 13
E5 142 97 146 95 2
E6 194 105 167 97 8
E7 156 110 179 108 2
F5 115 95 102 93 2
F6 146 107 197 100 7
F7 122 116 173 104 12
Table 2.4c Daylight amount at Zone 3
Observation
At point E6, reading at 1.0m which is the working plane for the kitchen is the highest during the
day
Discussion
Point E6 is illuminated by 3 artificial lightings in the kitchen and therefore is the most well
illuminated point.
Observation
At point F5 and E7 there is little to no daylight illuminating the space. The daylight reading
shows the lowest number which is 2.
Discussion
The point is located in the corners of the kitchen and therefore there is very little daylight at the
area.
Observation
D7 shows the highest reading of illumination due to daylight.
Discussion
Point D7 is located near to the kitchen wall which has an opening for daylight from zone 2 to
enter the space. Therefore, the reading obtain reflects the amount of daylight from zone 2 that
penetrates into the building.
47
FOYER
PEAK (DAY) NON PEAK
COORDINATES
(lux)
1m 1.5m 1m 1.5m
C3 106 75 113 36 39
C4 65 79 246 98 -19
D3 98 53 85 137 -84
D4 50 87 100 74 13
D5 71 54 43 87 -33
D6 123 68 64 96 -28
E3 147 100 58 67 33
E4 110 156 111 84 72
E5 87 62 91 135 -73
E6 119 96 69 103 -7
F3 126 187 98 53 134
F4 139 198 105 65 133
F5 145 139 81 116 23
F6 197 97 53 87 10
Table 2.4d Daylight amount at Zone 4
Observation
D3 shows a very low negative reading
Discussion
There are no window openings nearby and therefore no natural daylighting. The space is lit up
solely by artificial lighting only.
Observation
The readings at F3 and F4 show high reading in the day and low reading in the evening
resulting in a high daylight value.
Discussion
Point F3 and F4 are located nearest to the window opening and therefore receive the most
daylight.
48
2.5 Artificial LIGHTING
2.5.1 Lighting specifications
Name of Light Round Pendant Light

Types of Light Artificial Light
Type of Fixture Vertical Lone Light Fixture
Type of Light Bulb Used Compact Fluorescent Spiral Bulb
Light Bulb Brand Philips
Lighting Function Task Lighting
Type of Luminaries Cool Daylight
Power, W 12
Light Output, lm 1760
Color Temperature, K 3300
Color Rendering Index, CRI 77 (Good)
Average Life (at 2.7hrs/day) 6
Lifetime of Lamp (hrs) 6000
Lumen Maintenance Factor 0.8
Table 2.5a Light Specification for Compact Flurescent Spiral Bulb
49
Name of Light Round Pendant Light
Type of Fixture Vertical Lone Light Fixture
Type of Light Bulb Used Compact Fluorescent Stick Bulb
Lighting Function Task Lighting
Type of Luminaries Warm White
Power, W 18
Light Output, lm 1500
Color Temperature, K 2700
Color Rendering Index, CRI 90 (Excellent)
Average Life (at 2.7hrs/day) 6
Lifetime of Lamp (hrs) 6000
Table 2.5b Light Specification for Compact Fluorescent Stick Bulb
50
Name of Light LED Surface Mounted Light
Type of Fixture Ceiling Mounted Light Fixture
Type of Light Bulb Used LED Bulb
Lighting Function Ambient Lighting
Power, W 8.5W
Light Output, lm 740lm
Color Temperature, K 2700K
Color Rendering Index, CRI 80 (Very Good)
Average Life (at 2.7hrs/day) 15.2 years
Lifetime of Lamp (hrs) 15000 hours
Table 2.5c Light Specification for LED Bulb
51
Name of Light LED Wall Mounted Light
Type of Fixture Wall Mounted Light Fixture
Type of Light Bulb Used LED Bulb
Power, W 8.5W
Average Life (at 2.7hrs/day) 15.2 years
Table 2.5d Light Specification for LED Bulb
52
Name of Light LED Track Light
Type of Fixture Linear Track Lighting Fixture
Type of Light Bulb Used Reflector Bulb
Lighting Function Accent Lighting
Power, W 8W
Average Life (at 3hrs/day) 25 years
Table 2.5e Light Specification for Reflector Bulb
53
Name of Light LED Wall Mounted Light
Type of Fixture Wall Mounted Light Fixture
Type of Light Bulb Used Candle LED Bulb
Power, W 6.5W
Average Life (at 3hrs/day) 25 years
Table 2.5f Light Specification for Candle LED Bulb
54
2.5.2 Lumen Method Calculation
Zone 1: Office 1
Total Floor Area (m! ) 48.7

Type of Lighting Fixtures Compact Fluorescent Spiral Bulb
Number of Lighting Fixtures/ N 11
Lumen of Lighting Fixtures/ F (lm) 1760
Height of Luminaire/ H (m) 0.30
Work Level (m) 0.85
Mounting Height/ H (m) 1.9
Assumption of Reflectance Value Ceiling – 0.7
(Refer to Table in page*) Wall- 0.5
Room Index / RI (k)
5.0 x 9.4
=
1.65 5.0 + 9.4
= 1.97
Utilization Factor (UF) 0.65

Standard Illuminance (lux) 300
IT Office standard illumination is used as all of the staffs working
there are on their laptops.
Illuminance Level (lux)
11 ( 1760 x 0.65 x 0.8)
E=
48.70

4004
E=
48.70

55
E = 206.72 lux

300 lux – 206.72 lux = 93.28 lux
93.28 more lux is required to fulfil the MS1525.
Number of Lighting Fixture E x A
required to reach the required N=
F x UF x MF
illuminance
93.28 x 54.7
N=
1760 x 0.58 x 0.8
5102.42
N=
816.64
N = 6.2 lamps
N = 7 lamps
7 more compact fluorescent spiral lamps are required to be installed

to fulfil the MS1525 standards.
Table 2.5g Lumen Calculation Zone 1
Based on the lumen method calculations, the first office depend a lot on artificial lighting. There
is insufficient natural daylighting in this space. This is as Wanaka Bungalow was built as a
house and the first office was meant to be a living room before it was converted into an office.
Hence, it was built to create a warmer and intimate space.
56
Zone 2: Office 2

Type of Lighting Fixtures Compact Fluorescent Reflector Bulb LED Bulb
Stick Bulb
Number of Lighting Fixtures/ N 7 2 4
Lumen of Lighting Fixtures/ F 1500 900 740
(lm)
Work Level (m) 1.0
Assumption of Reflectance Ceiling – 0.7
Value Wall- 0.5
(Refer to Table in page*)
Room Index / RI (k)
6 x 5.8
=
1.65 (6 + 5.8)
= 1.79

IT Office standard illumination is used as all of the staffs working there
are on their laptops.
Illuminance Level (lux) 7 x 1500 x 0.58 x 0.8 E 4 x 740 x 0.58 x 0.8
E= 2 x 900 x 0.58 x 0.8 E=
54.7 54.7
=
54.7
4872 1373.44
= 835.25 =
54.7 54.7
=
54.7
= 89.07 lux = 25.11 lux
= 15.27 lux
89.07 + 15.27 + 25.11

=129.45 lux
300 lux – 129.45 lux = 170.55 lux
57
required to reach the required N=
F x UF x MF
illuminance
170.55 x 54.7
N=
1500 x 0.58 x 0.8
9329.085
N=
696
N = 13 lamps
12 more compact fluorescent stick lamps are required to be installed to

fulfil the MS1525 standards.
Table 2.5h Lumen Calculation Zone 2
Compared to zone 1, the illuminance level in zone 2 is higher. 12 more compact fluorescent
stick lamp are needed to meet the standards. The space at night is not very suitable to carry
out work. The space is not installed with the right amount of lighting.
58
Zone 3: kitchen

Type of Lighting Fixtures Vertical Lone Light Fixture
Number of Lighting Fixtures/ N 3
Lumen of Lighting Fixtures/ F 1760
(lm)
Work Level (m) 0.85
Mounting Height/ H (m) 1650
Assumption of Reflectance Ceiling –0.5
Value Wall- 0.3
Room Index / RI (k)
4.2 X 4.8
=
HM (4.2 + 4.8)
20.16
=
1650 (9.0)
20.16
=
18.3
= 1.1

N x F x UF x MF
E=
A
3 x 1760 x 0.48 x 0.8
E=
20.16
59
2027.52
E=
20.16
E = 100.57 lux
300 lux – 100.57 lux = 199.43 lux

N=
required F x UF x MF
199.43 x 20.16
N=
1760 x 0.48 x 0.8
4020.50
N=
675.84
N = 5.92
= 6 lamps

6 more lamps are required to be installed to fulfil the MS1525

standards.
Table 2.5i Lumen Calculation Zone 3
After calculations, 199.43 more lux is required to fulfil the MS1525. 6 more lamps are required
to be installed to fulfil the MS1525 standards. Accidents may happen in the kitchen if there is
insufficient lighting in the kitchen.
60
Zone 4: foyer

Type of Lighting Fixtures Candle LED Bulb Reflector Bulb
Number of Lighting Fixtures/ N 3 2
Lumen of Lighting Fixtures/ F 700 900
(lm)
Work Level (m) 1.5
Assumption of Reflectance Ceiling – 0.5
Value Wall - 0.3
Room Index / RI (k)
5.85 x 3.75
=
1.65 (5.85 + 3.75)
21.94
=
15.84
=1.38
N x F x UF x MF N x F x UF x MF
E= E=
A A
3 x 700 x 0.55 x 0.8 2 x 900 x 0.55 x 0.8
= =
16.2 16.2
924 792
= =
16.2 16.2
= 57.04 lux = 48.89 lux
61
57.04 + 48.89
=105.93 lux
200 lux – 105.93 lux = 94.07 lux
Number of Lighting Fixture
required E x A
N=
F x UF x MF
94.07 x 20.16
N=
900 x 0.55 x 0.8
1896.45
N=
396
N = 4.79
= 5 lamps

5 more reflector lamps are required to be installed to fulfil the

MS1525 standards.
Table 2.5j Lumen Calculation Zone 4
62
2.6 Analysis and lighting conditions of the zones
Diagram 2.6a Section of Wanaka Office
Diagram 2.6b Placement of artificial lighting and angle of light
Diagram 2.6c Light Contour Section – Day
63
Diagram 2.6d Light Contour Section – Night
Light contour
Ground Floor, Day time
Diagram 2.6e Zone Light Contour of ground floor- day
64
First Floor, Day time
Diagram 2.6f Zone Light Contour of first floor- day
Ground Floor, night time
Diagram 2.6g Zone Light Contour of ground floor- night
65
First Floor, night time
Diagram 2.6h Zone Light Contour of first floor- night
Zone 1: Office 1
It can be concluded based on the daylight factor analysis that zone 1 has insufficient
natural daylighting. This is as Wanaka Bungalow was built as a house and the first office was
meant to be a living room before it was converted into an office. Hence, it can be assumed that
the building was initially built to create a warmer and more intimate space.
There is a patio that allows light to illuminate office 1 as its four sides are glass. Light
diffuses into the patio then into the office. However, there is a white board that is opaque and
blocks the light coming through the patio into the office. There are also grills installed that
blocks some of the light entering the space. Also due to the angle of penetration of light from
the outdoors into the patio and then into the office, not all of the light is able to enter into the
office. This causes the space to be darker than it should be. Figure 2.6a shows the openings
that allow daylight into office 1.
66
Figure 2.6a Zone 1 Office
There is also a big tree that grows right outside office 1. When the readings are
obtained and compared outside the building and also outside the compound of Wanaka, there
is a big difference in illuminance measurement. This also adds up to the reason on why office 1
is poorly light up with natural daylight.
The first office depends a lot on artificial lighting. There is insufficient natural
daylighting in this space. After the lumen method calculation to find the illumination level, the
results show that even the artificial lighting of the zone 1 is insufficient. 93.28 lux is need to
meet the MS1525 standards. To full fill the requirement, 7 more compact florescent spiral
lamps should be installed. In addition, the lamps installed has a temperature of 3300K, which is
categorised as warm lighting. Should the office use lamps with higher temperate, perhaps the
space will feel less dim and the people working there will feel less strain to their eyes while
doing work. At night, the place is very dim.
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Figure 2.6b Zone 1 Office
Figure 2.6c Zone 1 Office in the evening
Figure 2.6d Tree outside zone 1 office
Figure 2.6e Tree shading the office 1
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Zone 2: Office 2
There is a large opening above 1.0m that allows daylight into the office 2. There is also
an oculus that allows even more natural lighting into the space. In the daylight factor analysis
(part 2.4.2) it can be observed that there is sufficient daylight during the day and artificial
lighting is unnecessary. During all our site visits, we realised that the lights in this space were
never turned on unless there was no more daylight. Unlike the precedent study case that we
have chosen, Cambria Office, Pennsylvania which have windows that are low and does not
allot much light to penetrate, the large openings that are slightly higher has proven that
openings above 1.0m can light the space up well.
Figure 2.6f Zone 2 Office illuminated by natural daylight
Figure 2.6g Oculus at zone 2 that allows direct sunlight into the space
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Figure 2.6h sufficient daylight to illuminate the whole space
In the morning until late afternoon around 4pm, the blinds are needed to block the
excessive daylight that comes into the office that causes disturbance glare. Even with the
blinds down, the space is still well illuminated. This is because the oculus in the office lets in a
lot of direct sunlight. Compared to zone 1 which is also an office, this space is better
illuminated. This is as zone 2 do not have any trees outside which blocks the daylight from
coming into the office unlike zone 1. Also, the height where the window is places allows a lot of
light to penetrate into the building.
When the sun starts to fall, the right back part of the office may not receive sufficient
daylight and artificial lighting is needed to illuminate the space. There are two windows are the
back of the room that allows light to come into the space resulting in less problems during
dawn. On top of that, the white plaster walls has a high reflective index that reflects light well,
adding to the illumination of the space.
As this space is well lit and there is a lot of daylight, some of the light travels into zone
1, office 1 and also zone 2, kitchen. Both the spaces are separated from zone 2 by sliding
glass doors which allow light to penetrate.
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Figure 2.6i Lighting of the office when the blinds are down during the day
Zone 3: Office 3
Figure 2.6g Lighting of zone 3: kitchen.

Figure 2.6h Paper pasted on the glass that blocks the light penetrating into the space.
By looking at figure 2.6g, it can be seen that the lighting in the kitchen is very warm
and not safe for a kitchen. The bulb used for this space is 3300k which has a warm temperate
can be shown easily in figure 2.6g. Accidents may happen frequently as there is not enough
lighting in this space. The shadow by the cabinets on the kitchen workspace makes it even
darker. Natural lighting or cool temperature light is a more suitable choice of lightbulb for the
kitchen. Under cabinet track light can be installed to fix the safety if the warm temperature of
the room is kept. The warm lighting of the space creates more dim shadows in the space. The
high cabinets in the space also creates shadows.
Not much natural lighting is allowed into the space as firstly, there is not direct
windows to the outdoor. However, there is a glass sliding door that allows some light to
penetrate into zone 3, kitchen but since there are opaque papers stuck on the glass the light is
blocked from coming into the space. All in all, the kitchen is not well lighted to suit its function
as a kitchin as there is not enough of lighting for it to be a safe place to cook and prepare food.
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Zone 4: Foyer
Figure 2.6i Shadows created at the foyer making the space dark
Figure 2.6j Window that allows the light to penetrate into the foyer area
There are two big opening at the foyer that allows light to penetrate into the foyer.
However, firstly, the car porch outside is shaded with a tensile roof fabric to prevent the
interiors of cars parked on the porch from getting heated. On top of that, there are a lot of cars
on the porch that indirectly shades the foyer from the sun by the shadow created.
Nearer to the window, it might seem like there is a lot of light. However, at a point
slightly further away from the window where there are shadows created, the illumination
readings shows low measurements. On top of that, the furniture and paintings at the foyer has
very dull colours which has a lower reflective value and therefore light cannot be reflected to
illuminate the space better.
There is an opening at the other side of the foyer that allows quiet and adequate
amount of light into the foyer. However, the beam blocks and reflects most of the light before it
actually reaches the foyer. After the lumen method calculation, we can conclude that 5 more
lamps in the area would be able to light the space up well at night.
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2.7 conclusion on lighting analysis of Wanaka
bungalow
The design of the spaces that we analysed were successful in term of the placement of
the openings such as the windows and also the sliding door especially at zone 2 where there is
a lot of daylight that is able to penetrate in and artificial lighting is not needed at all during the
day which can save cost. Zone 2 really depends on daylight to illuminate the space during the
day. The high opening at office 2 is very successful in terms of illuminating the whole office
making it undependable with artificial lighting. On top of that, the oculus also helps a lot in
providing direct daylighting into the space. Of course at night it is inevitable that artificial lighting
is needed.
However, at spaces such as zone 1, there is not enough daylight. This is as the space
is not initially designed as an office instead as a home. Zone 1 was designed as a living room
and less daylight was needed in the space to reduce the glare should there be a television. The
intention of the architect was to create a warmer and intimate space rather than an open office
with a lot of group interactions. Therefore, in terms of converting zone 1 into an office is not a
good idea and not encouraged.
The artificial lighting installed in all of the spaces studied is not acceptable and does
not meet the MS1252 standards. After all the lumen calculations has been done in this analysis,
the results shows that there are still a number of lamp that needs to be installed in each of the
spaces including zone 2. Without calculations, it is also quite obvious that spaces such as zone
1 which is office 1 and also zone 3 which is the kitchen does not have enough lighting. The
artificial lighting should be improved to create a more productive environment for the people
working there. Bulb with higher power or more blubs can be added to solve this issue. The
warm lighting at the kitchen and office 1 is definitely not suitable for its functions as it creates a
darker and warmer space, it is dangerous for those who are doing food preparation or cooking
as they do not have good vision.
All in all, Wanaka the bungalow does have a lot of potentials since it has many
openings that allows a lot of light to enter the space. However, artificial lighting is still needed in
the spaces to aid the users in the building. Converting the house into an office does not seem
like a too bad idea however, there are a few changes that needs to be done such as installing
more artificial lighting with cooler temperature rather than warm temperature for a more
conducive and productive environment at the office. Overall, considerations have to be taken
not only to illuminate the spaces but at the same time take care of the well-being of the users in
the spaces by making sure their eyes do not strain while doing work in the space.
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3.1 ACOUSTIC Literature Review
3.1.1 Introduction to ACOUSTIC
Acoustics is the branch of physics or the science concerned with the production, control,
transmission, reception, and effects of sound. Its origins began with the study of mechanical
vibrations and the radiation of these vibrations through mechanical waves in gases, liquid and
solid, and still continues today. Research was done to look into the many aspects of the
fundamental physical processes involved in waves and sound and into possible applications of
these processes in modern life. Many people mistakenly think that acoustics is strictly musical
or architectural in nature. While acoustics does include the study of musical instruments and
architectural spaces.
Diagram 3.1a – Lindsay’s Wheel on acoustical studies
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3.1.2 architecture ACOUSTIC
Architectural acoustics is concerned with improving the sound in rooms: we might want to
reduce the background noise in a recording studio; improve the design of a public address
system to make speech more intelligible in railway stations, or put acoustic treatments on walls
to make music in a concert hall sound better. We carry out research into new methods for
measuring and predicting how sound moves within rooms and buildings such as schools and
auditoria. Another key element is measuring peoples’ responses to sound so we can
understand what people want from a room design. This enables us to develop innovative ways
to design rooms and building elements.
3.1.3 Sound intensity level

Sound intensity is measured as a relative ratio to some standard intensity, lo. The response of
the human ear to sound waves follows closely to a logarithmic function of the form R = k log I,
where R is the response to a sound that has an intensity of I, and k is a constant of
proportionality. So, the formula of the sound intensity level is
𝑰
The formula: 𝑺𝑰𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝑰𝒐
3.1.4 Reverberation time

Reverberation time (RT) is defined as the length of time required for sound to decay from its
initial level. This study is the most important factor for acoustical engineers and architects when
assessing a space with noise problems. A reverberation is created when a sound or signal is
reflected causing a large number of reflections to build up and then decay as the sound is
absorbed by the surface of objects in the space including the furniture, the people and the air.
This happens when the reflection of the sound continues even when the source of the sound
has already stopped, also causing a decrease in its amplitude until it reaches zero.
𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝑽
The formula: 𝑹𝑻 = 𝑨
where RT is reverberation time, s

V is volume of the room, 𝑚!
A is absorption coefficient
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Every architectural space needs to have its own analysis of specific reverberation time in order
to achieve its optimum performance based on the function of the space. For example, spaces
with a higher RT would encounter problems with noise as sound travels room with a high RT
generally has a problem with noise as sound travels for long distances without being absorbed.
Rooms with a high RT almost always have an issue with echo as sound is reflected from hard
surface to hard surface.
3.1.5 Sound reduction index

Sound Reduction Index is used to measure the level of sound insulation provided by a
structure such as a wall, window, door, or ventilator. The understanding of a sound reduction
index is important to incorporate acoustic system design into a given space to decrease the
possibility of sound from permeating from a loud space to a quiet space.
𝟏
The formula: 𝑺𝑹𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝑻)
where SRI is sound reduction index, dB

T is transmission of sound frequency
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3.2 Methodlogy
Precedent study chosen helps to have a better understanding how surrounding sound,
materials, appliances affects the acoustics of a certain space.
3.2.2 preparations
1. Preliminary study and identification of the type of spaces were studied to choose the
suitable case study.
2. Precedent studies were done to have a better understanding of how acoustics functions
and affecting my the surrounding in a certain space.
3. In obtaining approval to use site as case study, visitations, calls and emails were made to
the different chosen places.
4. The plan drawings were obtained from the management office.
5. The spaces were determined.
6. Grid lines with distance of 1.5m was plotted on the plan for recording purposes.
7. Sound level meter meter was supplied by tutors.
8. The equipment was tested before attending the site visit.
9. A basic standard and regulations such as CIBSE, ASHRAE and MS1525 were also
studied before hand to analyze and compare the readings later on.
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3.1.3 Measuring device
Figure 3.2a - Sound level meter
Figure 3.2b - Digital Single Lens Reflex
3.1.4 data collection
Data were collected at non peak hours between 10am-12pm and 5pm-6pm, and peak hours
between 2pm-4pm. The acoustics’ readings were taken according to the intersection of the grid
lines at 1m above ground. It was ensured that the sound level meter stabilizes with the
surrounding noise before the readings were taken. The noise source, furnitures and materials
used in the spaces were analyzed and recorded as these may affect the sound level recorded.
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3.3 precedent study
MUSIC CAFÉ, AUGUST WILSON CENTRE

FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE
Prominently located on Liberty Avenue, The August Wilson Center for African
American Culture is designed to be a signature element of downtown Pittsburgh. Rich
materials and bold geometric forms set the stage for a magnificent cultural experience in which
any visitor is sure to participate. It is timeless, flexible and powerful in its simplicity
The facility is a center for the visual and performing arts for international music and education.
Designed by Perkins+Will, the two-story, 64,500 gsf facility includes a 486-seat proscenium
theater, 11,000 gsf of exhibit galleries, a flexible studio, a music café, and an education center.
The building exploits the solar orientation of this tight triangular urban infill. The north facing
façade takes full advantage of this limited solar exposure with a predominately glass wall that is
transparent yet able to incorporate graphics and projected images, visually permeable by day
and a stage for dramatic lighting at night.
The acoustic properties of the Music Café has been analyzed and a new design has been
proposed with dimensions, to compare and make a conclusion about the features that can
enhance the existing acoustic design. As a signature building filled with performance spaces,
the acoustics of the August Wilson Center are a key element to the building’s success and
function.

Figure 3.3a - View from Liberty Avenue of the existing design for the August Wilson Cente
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DESIGN INTENTION
MULT-IPURPOSE MUSIC CAFÉ, AUGUST WILSON CENTRE
Figure 3.3b- Interior perspectives of music cafe
The café is located transparent to the sidewalk, accessible directly from the street
and also from within the center. The music café’ is designed to function as a multi purpose
space as both a traditional museum café and sidewalk café during the day. A seating terrace is
located outside and adjacent to the café. Wired for Internet access and designed to
accommodate a wide range of emerging technologies, the Café provides an electronic link to
visitors worldwide.
The Café’ also function as an alternative performance space for intimate performances for
special occasions such as indoor jazz concerts , spoken word, poetry and other new
performance in a club setting at night.
Figure 3.3c - Interior of music cafe
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3.3.2 FLOOR plan indicating cafe
SPACE DESCRIPTION
Diagram 3.3a - First floor plan of august wilson centre indicating the location of the music café
The music café’ is a large rectangular box covered by glass walls, a hard floor, and sound
absorbing treatment on the ceiling behind baffles and ductwork. The space is designed to
acknowledge the café’s mechanical and natural sound produced, need for acoustical design
elements, with hanging metal baffles and acoustical blanket over 80% of the underside of the
floor structure above.
Based on the user description provided by the architect of August Wilson center, a
reverberation time of approximately 1.0 second is ideal for such multi-purpose spaces. This
would place the space somewhere between speech and speech/music use. According to the
Architectural Acoustics: Principles and Design a significally high STC value of over 60+ is
desirable across the music café and the user lobby.
This is important to both spaces, as two different functions might simultaneously be carried out
in either space. A spoken word performance or a public speech performance in the café could
be disturbed if a large crowd was gathering in the lobby for a performance in the main theater
causing noise diffusion into the café. Similarly, the lobby must remain quiet during a
performance in the main theater if patrons are entering or exiting the auditorium since a main
set of doors is directly across from the café.
This function is very important as it relates back to our chosen site, where spaces are multi
functionary and divided by shared walls, which do not separate the spaces completely.
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3.3.3 reverberation analysis
Reverberation is the persistence of sound after a sound is produced. A reverberation, or reverb,
is created when a sound or signal is reflected causing a large number of reflections to build up
and then decay as the sound is absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space – which could
include furniture, people, and air.
The reverberation times for the music cafe’ were calculated in order to understand how the
space achieves its acoustic function
Diagram 3.3b - Music Café Reflected Ceiling Plan – Existing Design
Table 3.3a - Music Café Reverberation Time – Existing Design.
Figure x illustrates that the existing reverberation times do not support the ideal time
recommended for such spaces. One important consideration, however, is that the acoustical
data of the metal baffle ceiling system (Chicago Metallic) is not regarded in the measurements
as it is not provided by the manufacturer. Including the baffles in the calculation would reduce
the very high reverberation times at the lower frequencies, but it would also reduce the
reverberation times at the higher frequencies, which are already lower than ideal number for
the space, in relation to its usage.
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3.3.4 analysis of sound transmission class (stc)
Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is an
index rating of how well a building partition
attenuates airborne sound.
Analysis of the sound transmission class
(STC) on the wall between the café and the
main lobby reveals a potential for
unwanted noise transfer between the two
spaces. At 46, the calculated STC falls far
below the ideal value of 60+. This problem
is generated due to the use of glass doors
and partitions between the spaces instead
of proper separating walls. Changing the
glass type from 1⁄2” tempered glass to 1⁄2”
laminated glass improves the STC to 49,
but this is only a marginal increase.
To really improve this potentially negative
situation, architectural changes can be
applied to counter the passage of
unwanted noises.
Figure 3.3d – Proposed baffle system
These changes may include changing the glass to another material such as wood or creating a
small vestibule at the entrances.. Adding absorptive insulation (e.g., fiberglass batts, blow-in
cellulose, recycled cotton denim batts) in the wall cavity increases the STC for fiberglass to
more than 50 with cotton denim, depending on stud and screw spacing. Doubling up the
drywall in addition to fiberglass insulation can yield an even higher STC provided the wall gaps
and penetrations are sealed properly
In contrast to that, improving the reverberation time is a much more realistic change. In order to
do this, a new baffle system is proposed by eliminating the metal baffles and acoustical blanket,
replacing them with floating fiberglass sound absorbing panels that are faced in perforated
metal.
Figure 3.3e - Existing hanging metal baffle system from Chicago Metallic.
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3.3.5 new proposed baffled system
Diagram 3.3c - Music Café Reflected Ceiling Plan – New Design
Table 3.3b - Music Café Reverberation Time – New Design
Table 3.3c - Music Café New Baffle Schedule of Materials
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3.3.6 conclusion
The proposed solution for improving reverberation times is both economical and aesthetically
pleasing for the analyzed space, the multi-purpose music cafe. The noise reduction qualities of
the barriers separating these spaces from the lobbies that surround them have also been
identified as problematic, but solutions to these problems are far more complex and are not
feasible within the current architectural design. As a designer working with an architect, it is
ultimately the architect’s decision to maintain a visual quality or sacrifice appearance for
performance.
Although it successfully delivers as a visual treat and a convenient resting spot for café-goers
and music lovers, the music café does not acoustically deliver to its maximum potential.
Proposals for a better acoustic system would be also be in terms of materiality.
Improving the reverberation time by eliminating the metal baffles and acoustic blanket and
replacing them with floating fiberglass sound absorbing panels that are faced in perforated
metal seems like the ideal option to counter this problem.
The new reverberation times are very close to the ideal values that are optimum as acoustic
reverberation. According to Architectural Acoustics: Principles and Design optimum
reverberation times at 125 hertz should be 1.3 times the ideal reverberation time at 500 hertz
and a multiplier of 1.15 should be used at 250 hertz. These multipliers are used to correct for
the fact that the human ear is less sensitive at lower frequencies. With these factors included,
the new design is very near the target. The new ceiling system will provide superior acoustical
performance at a reduced cost.
Overall, the biggest challenge in analyzing and working with the systems of the August Wilson
Center has been the unique character of the architecture. The spaces created are far from
standard and certainly strive to embody signature qualities. However, as is often the case, this
unyielding visual character makes the engineering of the building systems a complex task.
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3.4 site study
3.4.1 outdoor noise source
Figure 3.4a – Location of site in relation to Site Plan
Given our site’s close proximity to Jalan Dungun highway, Damansara, most of the outdoor
noise source is contributed by vehicular traffic along this route, gradually increasing during
peak traffic hours.
In addition to that, outdoor noise is also received from lorong dungun on either sides of the
block. There is also very little outdoor noise from the adjacent housing lots next to the
bungalow and the parking areas nearby, Howver the main external noise sources are from the
vehicular traffic.
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3.4.2 tabulation of data
Diagram 3.4a – Ground Floor Plan – Office 1
DATE: 27th April 2016 DATE: 27th April 2016

TIME: 10am-12pm TIME: 2pm- 4pm
HEIGHT: 1.5m HEIGHT: 1.5m
GRID A B C D E F GRID A B C D E F
1 43 43 43 45 50 48 1 45 45 44 50 53 55
2 43 43 43 45 51 51 2 45 48 47 55 55 57
3 45 45 45 48 50 3 47 50 49 57 57
4 48 48 48 48 50 4 52 52 52 62 68
5 48 48 48 5 57 58 58
6 45 45 45 6 56 58 58
7 45 45 45 7 55 56 56
Table 3.4a – Data tabulated for Office 1
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Diagram 3.4b – Ground Floor Plan – Office 2

TIME: 10am -12pm TIME: 2pm -4pm
GRID A B C D E F GRID A B C D E F
8 45 45 48 45 45 45 8 47 51 51 59 57 55
9 45 45 48 45 45 45 9 50 53 53 55 56 57
10 48 50 48 50 50 10 55 55 55 60 66
11 48 50 50 50 11 55 55 60 66
12 48 50 12 57 60
Table 3.4b – Data tabulated for Office 2
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Diagram 3.4c – Ground Floor Plan – Kitchen
TIME: 10am – 12pm TIME: 2pm – 4pm
GRID D E F GRID D E F
5 45 48 45 5 63 66 63
6 45 48 45 6 68 73 70
7 45 48 45 7 65 70 71
Table 3.4c – Data tabulated for Kitchen
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Diagram 3.4d – Ground Floor Plan – Foyer
TIME: 10am – 12pm TIME: 2pm – 4pm
GRID C D E F GRID C D E F
3 50 50 55 54 3 55 60 74 58
4 50 50 60 56 4 55 60 68 60
5 43 43 45 5 70 60 60
6 43 43 48 6 60 70 75
Table 3.4d – Data tabulated for Foyer
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3.4.3 indoor noise source
AIR CIRCULATORS
Diagram 3.4e – Placement of fans in First Floor
Fans are essential in buildings in order to circulate the air in the rooms as well as cool
down the air. These are highly efficient air moving devices. Fans are placed in both the stair
way and foyer In order to provide a cool entrance and a comfortable and conductive foyer
space for visitors.
The fans produce a certain amount of noise in these rooms compared to the air conditioners.
Air conditioners produce less noise pollution compared to fans. Fan noise levels however can
be reduced by replacing or maintaining them on a regular schedule. Additional energy losses
and noise is produced when fan motors are operated in higher loads.
A small, perfectly balanced, clean, modern ceiling fan in pristine condition should be whisper
quiet. But the reality is that with almost any ceiling fan, over time the weight shifts, the blades
move slightly, and screws can loosen, meaning that without skilled care, they’re probably going
to go from a quiet whirr to a slightly more pronounced motor sound that could keep light
sleepers awake or be slightly distracting in a quiet room.
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Diagram 3.4f – Placement of fans in ground floor
The ground floor has a combination of both fans and air conditioners. Running a ceiling fan and
an air conditioner at the same time can increase room comfort as well as save energy.
The windows of the air conditioned rooms and offices are usually closed, due to this less
outside sound enters the rooms. Even the noise from the air-conditioners are fairly low. Due to
this there is quietness inside the rooms. The noise inside the air conditioned room can be
further reduced by soundproofing the room.
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HUMAN ACTIVITY
Diagram 3.4g – Nodes of Human Activity in First floor
The human noise in the first floor is caused in the stairway which is a circulation node and also
in the entrance of the foyer contributed by exterior noise by human activity outside.
Diagram 3.4h - Nodes of Human Activity in the Ground Floor
The nodes of human activity on the Ground floor is contributed mainly by the Office spaces and
the kitchen, which is also used a multi-purpose meeting room.
Since the offices are used for telecommunication operation, outsourcing information, the noise
production is fairly moderate throughout the day, slightly rising during peak hours.
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3.4.5 acoustics specifications
acoustic equipment specifications
Name of Unit Ceiling Cassette Unit

Model Yck 10C
Total Cooling Capacity (Btu / h) 10000
Input Power (W) 942
Running Current (A) 4.16
Power Source ( V/Ph/Hz ) 220 – 240 / 1 / 50
Refrigerant Type / Control R-22 / Outdoor Cap. Tube
Indoor Air Flow ( Cfm ) 410
Sound Pressure Level ( Dba ) 41
Unit Dimension ( Panel ) – H x W x D ( mm ) 250 x 570 x 570
Indoor Unit ( 20 x 640 x 640 )
Outdoor Unit 540 x 700 x 250
Unit Weight ( kg ) Indoor Unit 16 + 2
Outdoor Unit 29
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Name of Unit Ceiling Suspended Unit
Model ACM 10 C/ALC 10C
Input Power (W) 942
Refrigerant Type R-22
Indoor Unit ( 305 x 910 x 730 )
Unit Weight ( kg ) Indoor Unit 30
Outdoor Unit 28
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Name of Unit Wall Mounted Unit
Model AWM 10NP – ALC 10CN
Input Power (W) 980
Refrigerant Type R-22
Indoor Unit ( 340 x 874 x 274 )
Unit Weight ( kg ) Indoor Unit 9
Outdoor Unit 25
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Name of Unit Regulator 3 Blades Ceiling Fan
Model F-M 15A0 (60”)
Colour White
Blade Size 150 cm ( 60” )
Dimension 1500 mm ( W ) x 439 mm ( H )
Fan Size ( cm ) Low 81 – 118
High 216 – 264
Air Delivery ( m3 / min ) Low 15 – 20
High 67 – 82
Motor HP 0.11
Motor Type 14 Pole Condenser Motor
Noise Level ( dB ) <54
Nett Weight ( kg ) 7.3
Length from pully to PCB cover ( mm ) 439
Length from pully to blade ( mm ) 348
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3.4.6 calculation of sound intensity level
Office 1
Non-peak hour
Highest reading: 51dB
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
51 = 10 log I
Iref
10
5.1
= I
-12
1x10
I = 1.259x10
−7
Lowest reading : 43dB

SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
43 = 10 log I
Iref
10
4.3
= I
-12
1x10
I = 1.995x10
−8
Total intensity = 1.259x10−7 + 1.995x10−8

= 1.459x10−7
1.459x10- 7
Total SIL = 10 log
1x10- 12
= 52dB
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Peak hour
Highest reading : 68dB
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
68 = 10 log I
Iref
10
6.8
= I
-12
1x10
I = 6.310x10
−6

SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
62 = 10 log I
Iref
10
6.2
= I
-12
1x10
I = 1.585x10
−6
Total intensity = 6.310x10−6 +1.585x10−6

= 7.895x10−6
7.895x10- 6
Total SIL = 10 log
1x10- 12
= 69dB
The average noise level during peak hours is higher compared to the average noise data
collected during non-peak hours. The drastic change of sound level occurs in office 1 is due to
the amount of people occupying the space.
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Office 2
Non-peak hour
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
50 = 10 log I
Iref
10
5
= I
-12
1x10
I = 1x10
−7

SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
45 = 10 log I
Iref
10
4.5
= I
-12
1x10
I = 3.162x10
−8

= 1.459x10−7
1.459x10- 7
Total SIL = 10 log
1x10- 12
= 52dB
100
Peak hour
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
66 = 10 log I
Iref
6.6
10 = I
-12
1x10
−6
I = 3.981x10
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
57 = 10 log I
Iref
5.7
10 = I
-12
1x10
−7
I = 5.012x10
= 4.482x10−6
4.482x10- 6
Total SIL = 10 log
1x10- 12
= 67dB
collected during non-peak hours. The drastic change of sound level occurs in the office 2 due
to the amount of people occupying the space.
101
Kitchen
Non-peak hour
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
48 = 10 log I
Iref
10
4.8
= I
-12
1x10
I = 6.310x10 −8

SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
45 = 10 log I
Iref
10
4.5
= I
-12
1x10
I = 3.162x10
−8
Total Intensity = 6.310x10− 8 + 3.162x10− 8
= 9.472X10− 8
-8
Total SIL = 10 log 9.472x10
1x10- 12
= 51dB
102
Peak hour
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
73 = 10 log I
Iref
7.3
10 = I
-12
1x10
I = 1.995x10−5
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
65 = 10 log I
Iref
6.5
10 = I
-12
1x10
I = 3.162x10
−6

= 2.311x10−5
2.311x10- 5
Total SIL = 10 log
1x10- 12
= 75dB
collected during non-peak hours. The drastic change of sound level occurs in the kitchen due
to the amount of people occupying the space.
103
Foyer
Non-peak hour
Highest reading :60dB
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10−12
Iref
60 = 10 log I
Iref
6
10 = I
-12
1x10
I = 1x10
−6
Lowest reading :56dB
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10−12
Iref
56 = 10 log I
Iref
5.6
10 = I
-12
1x10
I = 3.981x10
−7
Total intensity = 1x10−6 + 3.981x10−7
= 1.398x10−6
1.398x10- 6
Total SIL = 10 log
1x10- 12
= 62dB
104
Peak hour
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
70 = 10 log I
Iref
7
10 = I
-12
1x10
I = 1x10
−5
SIL = 10 log I , 1ref =1x10 −12
Iref
68 = 10 log I
Iref
6.8
10 = I
-12
1x10
I = 6.310x10
−6
Total intensity = 1x10−5 + 6.310x10−6
= 1.631x10−5
1.631x10- 5
Total SIL = 10 log
1x10- 12
= 72dB
collected during non-peak hours. The drastic change of sound level occurs in the foyer due to
the amount of people occupying the space.
105
ZONE 1 & ZONE 3
Diagram 3.4i -
Building element Material Sound Reduction Transmission Area, S ( m2 )

Index, SRI (dB)
Coefficient, T
Wall Concrete plaster 44 3.981x10
−5
23.238
with finishes
Door Polished wood 28 1.585x10
−3
1.932
Concrete Wall
TL = 10 log (
1
)
T
44 = 10 log (
1
)
T
10
4.4
= (
1
)
T
T = 3.981x10−5
106
Door
TL = 10 log (
1
)
T
28 = 10 log (
1
)
T
10
2.8
= (
1
)
T
T = 1.585x10−3
T av = ( 3.981x10− 5 x 23.238) + ( 1.585x10− 3 x 1.932) / 25.17
= 3.987x10− 3 / 25.17
= 1.584x10− 4
Overall SRI = 10 log (

1
)
T
= 10 log ( 1
)
1.584X10- 4
= 38dB
The sound intensity level data calculated during peak hour in zone 1 is 69dB whereas zone 3 is
75dB. Based on the overall SRI, this shows that the sound level in these zones are able to
reduce to 38dB. This may be due to the air gap that exist between the walls and also the door
that is usually closed. The sealed door of Zone 3 (dry kitchen) occupying some of the area of a
concrete wall reduces the average SRI of that wall from 44 dB to 38 dB. The final sound
insulation is influenced by relative areas but is always closer to the insulation of the poorer
component than to the better component.
107
ZONE 2 & ZONE 3

Index, SRI (dB)
Coefficient, T
−5
13.530
with finishes
Concrete Wall
TL = 10 log (
1
)
T
44 = 10 log (
1
)
T
10
4.4
= (
1
)
T
T = 3.981x10−5
108
T av = ( 3.981x10− 5 x 13.530) / 130
= 3.981x10− 5 / 130
= 3.981x10− 5

1
)
T
= 10 log ( 1
)
3.981X10- 5
= 44dB
reduce to 44dB. This may be due to the air gap that exist between the walls .
109
ZONE 1 & ZONE 2

Index, SRI (dB)
Coefficient, T
−5
6.126
with finishes
Door Glass 30 1x10
−3
5.124
Concrete Wall
TL = 10 log (
1
)
T
44 = 10 log (
1
)
T
10
4.4
= (
1
)
T
T = 3.981x10−5
110
Door
TL = 10 log (
1
)
T
30 = 10 log (
1
)
T
10
3
= (
1
)
T
T = 1x10−3
T av = ( 3.981x10− 5 x 6.126) + ( 1x10− 3 x 5.124) / 11.25
= 5.368x10− 3 / 11.25
= 4.771x10− 4

1
)
T
= 10 log ( 1
)
4.771X10- 4
= 33dB
reduce to 33dB. This may be due to the air gap that exist between the walls that consists of a
glass sliding door which too increases the transmission loss.
111
Reverberation time is calculated to determine the amount of sound energy that is absorbed into
different types of construction materials in the structure as well as the interior elements such as
building occupants and furniture that are housed within the closed space.
The reverberation time are done in form of data collection in order to study the result of
successive reflections in the enclosed spaces of the bungalow after the sound source is turned
off. The building components and other relevant information such as the type of materials used,
the dimension specifications and the absorption coefficients are collected and tabulated to
achieve the optimum accuracy on understanding the behaviour of sound in terms of the
reflection and absorption efficiency.
Calculated Space
Ground Floor Office 1

Reverberation times are calculated based on different material absroption coefficient at 500Hz
for peak hours and non- peak hours.
- Material Absorption Coefficient at 500 Hz for peak hours.
- Material Absorption Coefficient at 500 Hz for non-pek hours.
112
Surface type Surface area, S (𝒎𝟐 ) Absorption coefficient, s Sound Absorption,
SA
Wall – Concrete 65.238 0.06 3.914
Door – Glass 28.950 0.18 5.211
Door – Wood 1.932 0.10 0.193
Ceiling – Wood 48.70 0.10 4.870
Floor – Terrazzo 48.70 0.015 0.731
Occupants 19 0.46 8.740
Total absorption 23.659
A = 23.659
V = (1a+1b+1c)
= 68.88 + 24.84 + 43.2 + 7.92
= 144.84
0.16𝑉
𝑅𝑇 =
𝐴
0.16(144.84)
𝑅𝑇 =
23.659
23.174
𝑅𝑇 =
23.659
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 𝒔
113
Ground Floor Office 2
Surface type Surface area, S (𝒎𝟐 ) Absorption coefficient, a SA
Wall – Concrete 78.946 0.06 4.737
Door – Glass 5.124 0.18 0.922
Door – Wood 1.890 0.10 0.189
Window – Glass 8.810 0.18 1.586
Ceiling – Plaster 54.70 0.02 1.094
Floor – Terrazzo 54.70 0.015 0.821
Occupants 16 0.46 7.360
114
A = 16.709
V = 164.10
0.16𝑉
𝑅𝑇 =
𝐴
0.16(164.10)
𝑅𝑇 =
16.709
26.256
𝑅𝑇 =
16.709
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 𝒔
115
Ground Floor Kitchen
Wall – Concrete 48.408 0.06 2.904
Door – Wood 1.932 0.10 0.193
Floor – Terrazzo 17.40 0.015 0.261
Occupants 6 0.46 2.760
116
A = 6.466
V = 57.60
0.16𝑉
𝑅𝑇 =
𝐴
0.16(57.60)
𝑅𝑇 =
6.466
9.216
𝑅𝑇 =
6.466
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝒔
117
Wall – Concrete 79.948 0.06 4.797
Door – Wood 9.114 0.10 0.911
Window - Glass 2.40 0.18 0.432
Floor – Concrete 35.66 0.06 2.140
Occupants 9 0.46 4.140
118
A = 13.133
V = 132.02
0.16𝑉
𝑅𝑇 =
𝐴
0.16(132.02)
𝑅𝑇 =
13.133
21.123
𝑅𝑇 =
13.133
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 𝒔
119
3.4.7 analysis and conclusion
ANALYSIS
Zone 1 : OFFICE 1
Figure 3.4a Meeting room
Figure 3.4b Working space
120
Figure 3.4c Entrance of Office 1
Figure 3.4d Staircase
It is mentioned that Wanaka was a residence and currently used as an office building. The primary
noises that contributes to Office 1 is the human activities as the business that they run involves
assisting virtually through phone calls. Human voices could reach up to 93dB. Secondary noises comes
from the surrounding appliances such as ceiling ventilations, telephone ringing and the use of computer.
During peak hours, the data collected is the highest compared to non-peak hours. The sound intensity
level calculated for peak hours is 69dB whereas for non-peak hours is 52dB. The drastic change from
121
peak hours to non-peak hours is caused by the amount of occupancy in Office 1. Office 1 does not only
function as a working space but also they held their discussions or meetings in this space.
Figure 3.4e Acoustic Ray Diagram Office 1
Based on the acoustical ray diagram above, it shows a result of high echo effect in the meeting room.
The meeting room is known to be the most active area with its high readings of sound intensity level
and higher rate of human activity in this area according to the observation. Zone 1, or office 1 has a
total volume of 144.84𝑚! enclosed by solid concrete walls with four sliding doors. In this enclosed
workspace, the sound sources come from the air circulators such as ceiling fan and air conditioners,
and the human activity such as group meetings and discussions during the peak hours. Based on the
tabulated RT table, the sound produced is calculated to decay in 0.98s after multiple reflections
between walls A4 and A6 from its source. The maximum distance between the two walls is 9.12m for
the travelling of sound produced during discussions. The large volume of office 1, with its maximum
distance allows the sound to decay in short time.
Based on the SRI, the SIL in the office 1 could be reduced to 38dB. The partition wall between zone 1
and zone 3 functions to reduce the transmission of airborne sound.
122
Zone 2 : OFFICE 2
Figure 3.4f Working space
Figure 3.4g Secondary noise source
123
Figure 3.4h Barrier between Office 1 and Office 2
Similar to Office 1, the primary noises that contributes to Office 2 is also human activities and the
secondary noises are the surrounding appliances. However, the readings collected in Office 2 is slightly
different compared to Office 1. Data collected highest is during peak hours compared to non-peak
hours. The sound intensity level calculated during peak hours is 67dB and at peak hours is 52dB. The
reason why there is a slight difference in readings between Office 1 and Office 2 is because Office 2
has more openings and a sliding door in between Office 1 and Office 2.
Figure 3.4i Acoustic Ray Diagram Office 2
124
Based on the acoustical ray diagram above, it shows a result of echo effect in the office. Zone 2, or
office 2 has a total volume of 164.10𝑚! . In this enclosed workspace, the sound sources come from
the group discussions during the peak hours. Based on the tabulated RT table, the sound produced is
calculated to decay in 1.57s after multiple reflections from its source. The large volume of office 2, with
its maximum distance also allows the sound to decay in short time.
Based on the SRI, the SIL in the office 2 could be reduced to 33dB. The partition wall with sliding door
that splits zone 2 and zone 3 helps to reduce the transmission of airborne sound from leaking into other
spaces.
125
Zone 3 : KITCHEN
Figure 3.4j Interior space
Figure 3.4h Entrance to the kitchen
The primary noises that contributes to the kitchen is also human activities. This space functions not
only as an eating area but also a discussion and socializing area. Secondary noises in the kitchen are
caused by the kitchen appliances such as microwave, sink, espresso machine, and refrigerator.
The data collected shows that during peak hours has higher intensity level compared to non-peak hours.
126
Figure 3.4k Acoustic Ray Diagram Kitchen
Based on the acoustical ray diagram above, zone 3, or the dry kitchen with a total volume of 57.60𝑚!
has drastic reflection on sound behaviour between the surfaces. The sound produced is calculated to
decay in 1.43s after multiple reflections from its source. The small volume of dry kitchen, with its
minimum distance allows the sound to decay in longer time. In this enclosed environment, the sound
sources come from the group discussions during the peak hours.
Based on the calculation, the SIL during peak hours is 75dB and 51dB during non-peak hours. Based
on the SRI, the SIL in the kitchen could be reduced to 44dB. The partition wall and door opening
between zone 2 and zone 3 functions to reduce the transmission airborne sound.
127
Zone 4 : Foyer
Figure 3.4l Interior space of foyer
Figure 3.4m Entrance towards foyer
128
Figure 3.4n Interior space of foyer
Figure 3.4o Interior space of foyer leading towards the staircase
The foyer is located on the first floor of the Wanaka. This space is hardly in used, hence most of the
time this place is usually very quiet. When there is a noise source in the space, the SIL increases.
Human activity is the primary noise that contributes to the space whereas the secondary noises are the
ceiling ventilation. The readings are highest when taken during peak hours and lowest during the non-
peak hours. The SIL calculated during peak hours is 72dB and lowest is 62dB.
129
Figure 3.4p Acoustic Ray Diagram Foyer
Based on the acoustical ray diagram above of zone 4 which is the foyer, it shows a poor result on the
reverberation process compared to the echo. The distance between the two walls is only 3.87𝑚 span
for the travelling of sound produced from the air circulators which is the ceiling fan. The sound
produced is calculated to decay in 1.57s after multiple reflections between the walls from its source.
With its small volume, the decaying process takes a longer second to end, therefore leads to its high
sound intensity within the space despite the lack of human activity in the zone.
130
Conclusion
In conclusion, the reverberation time for Office 1 is 0.98s, which is suitable for an office space. Since it
is a working space, the reverberation time should be short so it does not disrupt other people when one
is talking or doing work on their computers. For kitchen, the reverberation time is 1.43s which is also
suitable for the space, as a kitchen does not usually occupies a big amount of people. The
reverberation time for foyer is 1.57s which is too, a suitable duration of time for the noises to decay
because foyer is usually an open space so noise decays easily to the surroundings.
However, for Office 2, the reverberation time is 1.53s which is not suitable for an office space. The
suitable reverberation time is 1.0s. Based on the analysis of Office 2, this space is more enclosed
compared to Office 1.
Despite the unsuitable reverberation time for Office 2, in overall, the acoustics in Wanaka is efficient
enough to prevent noises from leaking from one room to another room allowing privacy in the spaces.
Although, to improve the acoustics of Wanaka, baffled system is suggested in between Office 1 and
Office 2 to prevent noises from leaking and disrupting the daily routines of people.
131
REFERENCES
Acoustics Froontiers. (2013). Retrieved from Room Acoustics Analysis:

http://www.acousticfrontiers.com/services/design/room-acoustic-analysis/
Acoustics, B. (2015). Retrieved from Acoustics Research Group:

https://acoustics.byu.edu/content/what-acoustics
Control the Noise. (n.d.). Retrieved from Sound Insulation: http://www.controlthenoise.com/17
Telfor Journal. (2013). Analysis of Reverberation Time Field Measurmeents Result in Building
Acoustics, 145 - 150. Retrieved from Telfor Journal:
http://journal.telfor.rs/Published/Vol5No2/Vol5No2_A12.pdf
Chan, Edwin. "Artificial Light Sources & Form Of Artificial Lighting". 2016. Lecture.
Sulaiman, Azim. "Light And Form". 2016. Lecture.
Edwards, L. & Torcellini, P. (2016). A Literature Review of Effects off Natural Light on Building
Occupants(pp. 8-25). Colarado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved from
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30769.pdf
L, E. & P, T. (2016). A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants (pp. 8-
26). Colarodo: National Renewable Enerrgy Laboratory. Retrieved from
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30769.pdf
Light Matters | Tag | ArchDaily. (2016). Archdaily.com. Retrieved 1 June 2016, from
http://www.archdaily.com/tag/light-matters
Majoros, H. (2011). Artificial Lighting. Lecture, Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
Natural Daylighting and Sustainable Buildings | Sustainable Cities Collective.

(2016).Sustainablecitiescollective.com. Retrieved 1 June 2016, from
http://www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/david-thorpe/1028301/we-must-maximize-use-daylight-
buildings-reduce-energy-use
Wymelenberg, K. (2014). The Benefits of Natural Light. Architectural Lighting. Retrieved 1 June 2016,
from http://www.archlighting.com/technology/the-benefits-of-natural-light_o
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ARC3413 BUILDING SCIENCE 2

PROJECT 1: LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC

Figure 1.0a – Entrance from the side of Jalan Dungun

The aim and objectives are as followings:

Component Absorption Reflectance Surface

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

Component Absorption Reflectance Surface

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

OFFICE FLOOR TERRAZZO 60

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

Component Absorption Reflectance Surface

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

DRY KITCHEN TERRAZZO

Building Component - Ceiling

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

DRY KITCHEN PLASTER 17.40

Component Absorption Reflectance Surface

FLUSH DOOR WOOD

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

FOYER FLOOR CONCRETE

Component Detail Absorption Coefficient Reflectance Value Surface Area

FOYER CEILING PLASTER 35.66

Diagram 2.1a Visible Radiation

2.1.2 Importance of Light in Architecture.

2.1.5 Natural Daylighting

2.1.6 Artificial Lighting

There are a few factors that affects the Ei which are:

Diagram 2.1b Importance of positioning in lighting.

2.1.8 Lumen Method

Mantenance factor, MF, is multiple of factors

2.2.3 MEASURING DEVICE

Figure 2.2a Digital Lux meter

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ( DEP ) CAMBRIA OFFICE, PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) created this building as

Figure 2.3a Cambria DEP building

Completion Date: September 2000

Cost: $90/square foot

User Group: Office

Figure 2.3b First Floor Plan Of Cambria Office Building

Figure 2.3c Second Floor Plan Of Cambria Office Building

Figure 2.3f Illustration of the high-performance features of the Cambria building

2.3.4 LIGHTING AND DAYLIGHT EVALUATION

Figure 2.3g Photometers Figure 2.3h Outdoor Illuminance

WORKSTATIONS FOR THE SECOND-FLOOR, OFFICE AREA ( SOUTHWEST )

2.3.10 CONSIDERATIONS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF CAMBRIA OFFICE BUILDING

Diagram 2.4a Illuminance at Ground Floor- Day

Diagram 2.4b Illuminance at First Floor- Day

Diagram 2.4c Illuminance at Ground Floor- Evening

Diagram 2.4d Illuminance at First Floor - Night

0.5 0.5 x 16400

PEAK (DAY) NON PEAK

Table 2.4c Daylight amount at Zone 3

Name of Light Round Pendant Light

Total Floor Area (m! ) 48.7

Utilization Factor (UF) 0.65

7 more compact fluorescent spiral lamps are required to be installed

Total Floor Area (m! ) 54.7

Utilization Factor (UF) 0.58

89.07 + 15.27 + 25.11

12 more compact fluorescent stick lamps are required to be installed to