2015.12.09 - Vibration of Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems - Part 1

Vibrations of Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems
Mike Mota
1
Copyright Materials
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Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use
of the presentation without written permission of the
speaker is prohibited.
© The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
2
About the Speaker
 Mike Mota
» VP of Engineering at CRSI
» Member of ACI 318, 318B and 318R (2019)
» Chair of ACI 314 “Simplified Design of Concrete
Structures”
» Member of ASCE-7 (2016)
» Member of STRUCTURE Editorial Board
» Formerly with PCA
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International

Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use
of the presentation without written permission of the
speaker is prohibited.
© The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
4
Vibration of RC Floor Systems
 First design guide
solely dedicated to
vibrations of RC floor
systems
 Based on
approximate methods
 Verified by FEA
solutions
 Case study of actual
voided slab structure
5
Objectives
 Assist design professional when
effects from vibration must be
considered
 Provide simplified methods to
determine key vibration
characteristics of RC floor systems
and compare against acceptance
criteria
 Overview of Mitigation Strategies
 Several detailed design examples
6
References
 ATC DG 1 “Minimizing Floor
Vibration”
 Blevins “Formulas for Natural
Frequency and Mode Shape”
 AISC DG 11 “Floor Vibrations Due to
Human Activity”
Vibrations in Concrete Floors?
 “It’s something that we almost never
encountered for design of concrete
floors ten years ago, but now it has
become quite common to perform
floor vibration calculations for many
concrete structures.”
» Dr. Andy Taylor, SE, KPFF - Seattle
8
Acceptance Criteria
 Human Comfort
» Walking excitation
• Dependent on peak acceleration experienced by
structure
» Rhythmic excitation
• Combination of peak acceleration and relationship
between natural and excitation frequencies
 Sensitive Equipment
» Vibrational velocity
 Not mutually exclusive
9
Fundamentals of Vibration
Theory
 Period, T (Seconds)
» Time for one complete cycle to occur in a
repeating event
 Frequency, f (Hz)
» 1/Period
10
Theory
 Dynamic forces generated by human
occupancy:
» Walking
» Running
» Exercising
 Floors respond in a complex manner
11
Theory
 Dynamic Loading
» Harmonic (sinusoidal)
• Commonly used to represent the forces
produced by rotating machinery
12
Theory
 Dynamic Loading
» Harmonic
13
Theory
 Dynamic Loading
» Periodic
• Caused by rhythmic human activities such as
dancing and aerobics or by impactive machinery
14
Theory
 Dynamic Loading
» Periodic
15
Theory
 Dynamic Loading
» Impulsive
• Impulsive loads occur and dissipate very quickly
• Heel-drop impacts from a person walking or the
impact from a single jump are examples of
impulsive loads
16
Theory
 Dynamic Loading
» Impulsive
17
Theory
 Dynamic Loading
» Transient
• Typically generated by the movement of people
(walking and running)
18
Theory
 Dynamic Loading
» Transient
19
Theory
 Free Vibration
» System is free from external forces
 Natural Frequency
» Fundamental natural frequency
 Mode shape
» Plot of amplitudes due to free vibration
» Each natural frequency has a mode
shape
20
Theory
 Damping
» Damping is usually expressed as a
percentage of critical damping
» Modal damping includes dissipation from
friction and viscous processes in the
system
21
Theory
 Damping
» Critically damped system
• Smallest amount of viscous damping for which a
free vibrating system comes to rest without
oscillation
22
Theory
 Damping
» Underdamped system
23
Theory
 Resonance
» Occurs when the frequency of the input
forces is essentially equal to the natural
frequency of the system
24
Theory
 Resonance
25
Theory
 Resonance
26
Acceptance Criteria
 Human Comfort
» ISO 2361-2
• Recommended
acceleration limits
⁄
• Ref (Allen and
Murray, 1993)
27
Acceptance Criteria
 Background - Murray Criterion
. ∗
=
∗
0.5 ∗ 2β
28
Acceptance Criteria - Definitions
 is the effective weight of the floor
 is the modal damping ratio
 is the dynamic amplification factor
for steady-state response
 is the mass of the floor system
vibrating in its fundamental mode.
29
Acceptance Criteria - Definitions
 R- Reduction Factor Accounts For The
Following:
» full steady-state resonant motion is not achieved for
walking.
» the person that is walking and the person that
perceives the vibration are not simultaneously at
the location of maximum modal displacement.
» For floor structures with two-way mode shape
configurations, it is recommended that be taken
as 0.5.
30
Acceptance Criteria
 Background - Murray Criterion
31
Acceptance Criteria
 Human Comfort
• Peak acceleration less than or equal to
recommended acceleration limit
» Calibrated for steel and concrete floor systems

with fn between 3 and 15 Hz
» Calibrated for concrete topped light framing
with fn less than 8Hz
32
Acceptance Criteria
 Human Comfort
• k = 1.3 for dancing

• k = 1.7 for concert or sporting event
• k = 2.0 for aerobics or jumping
33
Acceptance Criteria
 Human Comfort
Forcing Weight of Dynamic
Activity Harmonic Frequency Participants Coefficient
(psf)
Dancing 1 1.5 – 3.0 12.5 0.50
Concert or 1 1.5 – 3.0 0.25
sporting 31.0
event 2 3.0 – 6.0 0.05
1 2.0 – 2.75 1.50
Aerobics
2 4.0 – 5.5 4.2 0.60
or jumping
3 6.0 – 8.25 0.10
34
Acceptance Criteria
» Maximum velocity Limiting
• Maximum velocity
• Limiting
– Manufacturers’ criteria
– Generic criteria
35
Acceptance Criteria
» Footfall impulse parameters
Walking Pace /
(steps/minute) (lb) (Hz) (lb Hz2)
Fast (100) 315 5.0 25,000

Moderate (75) 280 2.5 5,500
Slow (50) 240 1.4 1,500
36
Acceptance Criteria
» Generic criteria
Vibrational
Equipment or Use Velocity
( ./
 Computer systems
 Operating rooms
 Surgery facilities 8,000
 Bench microscopes at up to 100x
magnification
37
Acceptance Criteria
» Generic criteria
Vibrational
( ./
 Bench microscopes at up to 400x
magnification
 Optical and other precision balances
 Coordinate measuring machines
 Metrology laboratories
2,000
 Optical comparators
 Microelectronics manufacturing
equipment – Class A (inspection, probe
test and other manufacturing support
equipment
38
Acceptance Criteria
» Generic criteria
Vibrational
( ./
 Micro surgery
 Eye surgery
 Neuro surgery
 Bench microscopes greater than 400x
magnification
 Optical equipment at isolation tables 1,000
equipment – Class B (Aligners, steppers,
and other critical equipment for
photolithography with lines widths of 3
microns or more) 39
Acceptance Criteria
» Generic criteria
Vibrational
( ./
 Electron microscopes at up to 30,000x
magnification
 Microtomes
 Magnetic resonance imagers
 Microelectronics manufacturing 500
equipment – Class C (Aligners, steppers,
photolithography with line widths of 1
micron)
40
Acceptance Criteria
» Generic criteria
Vibrational
( ./
 Electron microscopes at greater than
30,000x magnification
 Mass spectrometers
 Cell implant equipment
250
equipment – Class D (Aligners, steppers,
photolithography with line widths of ½
micron, including electron-beam
systems)
41
Acceptance Criteria
» Generic criteria
Vibrational
( ./
equipment – Class E (Aligners, steppers,
photolithography with lines widths of ¼
130
micron, including electron-beam
systems)
 Unisolated laser and optical research
systems
42
Vibration Characteristics
 Floor Stiffness
» Direct effect on natural frequency of the
floor system
»
43
 Floor Stiffness
» Modulus of elasticity
• . 33
» Dynamic modulus of elasticity
• 1.2
44
 Floor Stiffness
» Effective moment of inertia
• ACI Eq. (9-8)
• Bischoff and Scanlon
1 1
45
 Effective Floor Weight,
» Dead load of floor system
» Superimposed dead load
» Actual live load
46
» One-way systems (beams / girders)
•
= span of beam or girder
= effective width of floor
⁄
=2 ⁄ 2 Floor width /3
47
• effective stiffness per unit
width of floor of the members
perpendicular to the span
• effective stiffness per unit
width of floor of the members parallel to
the span
48
•
• Where
49
 Damping
» Damping ratio
• Expressed as percentage of critical damping
• Range of 0.02 – 0.05 for office and residential
occupancies
50
» Measure of how the floor system will
respond to the sources that can cause
vibration
» Related to how occupants will perceive
vibrations
» Simplified procedures for one-way and
two-way reinforced concrete floor
systems
51
» Wide-module joist systems
52
.
•
– Midspan deflections of joists and girders due to total

service dead load and actual live load
53
• Equation for valid for floor systems
with uniformly loaded, simply-supported
members
54
 For continuous spans, 1.2 0.2

 /8
 is the midspan service bending moment due to
service dead load and the actual live load
 Ie = 0.7 Im + 0.15(Ie1 +Ie2)
55
.
 sum of the service uniform dead and actual live

loads on the member /8
 stiffness of the girder ⁄
 stiffness of the column above and below the floor
level under consideration ⁄
56
• Effective panel width for a joist
⁄
 2 ⁄ 2 Floor width /3
 slab moment of inertia per unit width
12 ⁄12
 effective moment of inertia of the joist per unit
 width ⁄
 length of joist
57
58
• Effective panel width for a girder
⁄
 2 ⁄ 2 Floor length /3
 effective moment of inertia of the joist per unit
width ⁄
 effective moment of inertia of the girder per unit
width ⁄
59
• Where
60
» Flat plate system
61
» Voided slab system
62
» Flat plate system / Voided slab system
• Assumptions
– Thin, rectangular, isotropic plate
– Primary vertical deflection due to flexure
63
/
•
ℓ
 ℓ = longer of two center-to-center spans
 = mass per unit area
 Based on Kirchoff Plate Theory
64
• Rectangular plate, corner supports
• Dimensionless parameter
• ‐ long span
• Ref (Blevins – 2000)
1.0 7.12 15.8

1.5 8.92 21.5
2.0 9.29 27.5 65
• Constant
 Accounts for level of cracking in the concrete slab
 Estimated by ⁄
 Square panels: Average 0.7 0.15
 Rectangular panels:
| , | , | , | ,
 |
 Contribution of shrinkage restraint to cracking

 4.5
66
• Constant
 Accounts for effect of rigidity at the joint between the
slab and column
1.9 for 24 in.

2.1 for 24 in.
67
» Two-way joist system
68
• Assumption
 Two-way joist system is a flat plate system with an
equivalent thickness
69
/
•
•
70
71
• Assume all four edges of the plate are simply-
supported instead of assuming point supports at
the corners as in flat plate system
/
•
ℓ
ℓ

ℓ
 7.5
72
» Grillage system
• Assumption
– System behaves as a uniform orthotropic plate
– Properties of the discrete beam ribs are smeared over
the surface to create an equivalent uniform orthotropic
plate
73
» Grillage system
/
• / ℓ ℓ ℓ ℓ
74
» Grillage system
75
END OF PART 1
76
CHALLENGE QUESTION:
Which type of Dynamic Loading is the answer to this

session’s Challenge Question?
A. Periodic
B. Impulsive
C. Harmonic
D. Transient
Please circle the ans

answer
er that is anno
announced
nced so that you
o can use
se
the information to complete your quiz for NY PDH.

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Vibrations of Reinforced Concrete

This presentation is protected by US and International

© The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute

This presentation is protected by US and International

© The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute

» Calibrated for steel and concrete floor systems

• k = 1.3 for dancing

Fast (100) 315 5.0 25,000

• Bischoff and Scanlon

– Midspan deflections of joists and girders due to total

 For continuous spans, 1.2 0.2

 sum of the service uniform dead and actual live

1.0 7.12 15.8

 Contribution of shrinkage restraint to cracking

Which type of Dynamic Loading is the answer to this

Please circle the ans

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