ME LAWS  Section 29.

Renewal of License
 Section 30. Vested Rights: Automatic Registration of Practicing
 RA No. 8465  Section 31.Coverage of Temporary / Special Permits
 House Bill No. 9806  Section 32. Indication of License and Professional Tax Receipt
 February 12, 1998
 Pres. Fidel V. Ramos Article IV. Practice of the Profession
 Senate Bill No. 1793 (Feb. 03, 1998)
 Section 33. Field of Action Authorized for Each Category Prohibition
Article 1. Title, Statement of Policy and Definition of Terms  Section 34. Personnel Required in Mechanical Plant
 Section 35. Preparation of Plans and Supervision of Construction by
 Section 1. Title Licensed Engineers Required
 Section 2. Statement of Policy  Section 36. Practice Not Allowed for Firms and Corporations
 Section 3. Definition of Terms  Section 37. Posting of Certificates
Article II. Board of Mechanical Engineering  Section 38. Poster of Engineers and Mechanics
 Section 39. Foreign Reciprocity
 Section 4. Creation and Composition of the Board of ME  Section 40. Enforcement of the Act by the Officers of the Law
 Section 5. Qualifications of Members of the Board  Section 41. Qualification Requirements
 Section 6. Term of Office
 Section 7. Compensation and Allowances Article V. Penal and Concluding Provisions
 Section 8. Supervision of the Board, Custodian of its Records,  Section 42. Penalties
Secretariat and Support Services  Section 43. Implementing Rules and Regulations
 Section 9. Power and Duties of the Board  Section 44. Funding Provisions
 Section 10. Annual Report  Section 45. Separable Clause
 Section 11. Removal of Board Member  Section 46. Repeating Clause
Article III. Examination, Registration and License.  Section 47. Transitory Provisions
 Section 48. Effectively Clause
 Section 12. Examination Required
 Section 13. Categories
 Section 14. Qualifications of Applicants for Professional Mechanical PIPES COLOR IDENTIFICATIONS
Engineer
 Section 15. Qualifications of Applicants for Mechanical Engineer Green – Water
 Section 16. Qualifications of Applicants for Certified Plant Mechanic Silver Gray – Steam
 Section 17. Scope of Examination Light Blue – Air
 Section 18. Ratings White – Communications
 Section 19. Report of Ratings Orange – Electricity
Violet – Acids and Alkalis
 Section 20. Re-examination
Yellow Ochre – Grease
 Section 21. Oath
Brown – Oil-mineral
 Section 22. Issuance of Certificates of Registration and Professional
Safety Red – Fire-fighting materials
License Safety Yellow – Hazardous services
 Section 23. Integration and Accreditation of Mechanical Engineers Black – Other fluids and drainage pipes
 Section 24. Seal of a Professional Mechanical Engineer
 Section 25. Non-issuance of Certificate for Certain Grounds
 Section 26. Revocation and Suspension of Certificate
 Section 27. Grounds for Suspension and Revocation of Licenses
 Section 28. Reinstatement and Replacement of the Certificates
Steel High Speed Steel is the principal material used in high production metal
Plain Carbon 10XX working tools.
Free Cutting 11XX
Manganese 13XX Manganese Steel is easy to chisel.
Boron 14XX
Nickel 2XXX Rimmed Steel is completely deoxidized steel.
Nickel-chromium 3XXX Wrought Steel is steel that has been hammered, rolled, or drawn in the process
Heat and corrosion resistant 303XX
of manufacture.
Molybdenum 4XXX
Molybdenum-chromium 41XX  It may be plain or carbon steel.
Molybdenum- chromium- nickel 43XX
Molybdenum-nickel 46XX
Molybdenum-chromium- nickel 47XX
Molybdenum- nickel 48XX
Chromium 5XXX
Heat and corrosion 514XX
Resistant 515XX
Chromium-vanadium 6XXX
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum 8XXX
Silicon-manganese 92XX
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum 9XXX
(except 92XX0

For Example: SAE 1030

First digit indicates carbon steel
Second digit indicates modification of steel.
0 – Plain carbon (non-modified)
1 – Resulfurized
2 – Resulfurized and rephosporised
3 – Non-resulfurized, Mn over 1.0%
Last two digits indicate carbon concentration in 0.01%
SAE 1030 means non modified carbon steel, containing 0.30% of carbon.

SAE 1320 – a manganese steel containing approximately 0.20% carbon.

Abrasive – a material that can wear away a substance softer than itself.

 A hard and wear-resistant material that is used to wear, grind or cut

away other materials.

Alloy is a substance with metallic properties, composed of two or more

elements of which at least one is metal.

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

Cast Iron is a ferrous alloy with carbon content between 2 and 4.5 wt%.
Abrasive Cleaning – shooting sand (i.e. sand blasting), steel grit, or steel shot
against work piece to remove casting sand, scale, and oxidation.
Aging is a change in metal structure by which the surface structure recovers
from its unstable condition.
Annealing is heating above the transformation range, usually 1300°F to 1350°F,
and cooling slowly to soften the metal and increase in machining.
 It is the softening of metal by heat treatment and most commonly
consist of heating the metal up to near molten state and then cooling
it very slowly.
 A method used in softening a piece of metal that is too hard to
machine and is done by heating steel slowly above the usual
hardening temperature, keeping it at heat for ½ to 2 hours, then
cooling slowly, preferably in a furnace.
 A generic term used to denote a heat treatment wherein the
microstructure and, consequently, the properties of a material are
altered.
 Frequently, refers to heat treatment whereby a cold-worked metal is
softened by allowing it to recrystallize.
Anodizing – is an electroplating-acid bath oxidation process for aluminum and
magnesium. The work piece is in the anode electrical circuit.
Austempering is an interrupted quenching process resulting in an austenite-to-
banite transaction.
Autofrettage is the process of pre-stressing or over-stressing of a hollow
cylindrical member beyond the elastic range.
Beading is the process used to form shallow round, raised recessed troughs of
uniform width in a straight curved or circular form.
Blanking is an act of cutting out a piece of metal at a desired shape and size.
 It produces usable piece behind as scrap.
 It is a process of shearing in which sheet or plate is cut out to a
definite outline in a press.
 In manufacturing, this is the operation of cutting out flat area to some
desired shape and is usually the first step in a series of operation.
 Gears are manufactured usually in the following processes: milling,
generating, shaving, grinding, and blanking.
Bluing is a treatment of the surface of iron-based alloys, usually in the form of
sheet trip.
Boring is the operation of enlarging a hole by means of an adjustable cutting
tool with only one cutting edge.Cutting a hole by means of rotating tool or
the work may revolve and to the tool remain fixed as in the lathe.
Brazing is a welding operation in which a non-ferrous filler metal melts at a
temperature below that of the metal joined but is heated above 450°C.
 A metal joining technique that uses molten filler metal alloy having a
melting temperature greater than about 425°C.
 This is the metal joining process which uses a non-ferrous filler metal
with a melting point below that of the base metals above 800°F.
 It is a fusion process of in which the metal is heated to a state of fusion
permitting to flow together into a solid joint
Buffing is a fine finishing operation similar to polishing, using a very fine
polishing compound.
Burnishing is a process of fine grinding or peening operation designed to leave
a characteristic pattern on the surface on the work piece.
Calorizing is the diffusing of aluminum into a steel surface, producing an
aluminum oxide that protects the steel from high-temperature corrosion.
Carburizing is the process by which the surface carbon concentration of a
ferrous alloy is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment.
 Hardening the surface of iron-based alloys by heating them below
the melting point in contact with a carbonaceous substance.
Casting are obtained by remelting of ingots in a cupola or some other foundry
furnace and then poring this molten metal into metal or sand molds.
 Centrifugal Casting is the casting produced by a process in which
molten metal is poured and allowed to solidify while the mold is kept
revolving.
 Die Casting – suitable for creating parts of zinc, aluminum, copper,
magnesium, and lead/tin alloys.
o It is the casting produced by forcing molten metal under
pressure into a permanent metal mold (known as die). This
method is mostly used for castings of non-ferrous metals.
 Permanent Mold Casting is the casting produced by pouring molten
metal in a metallic mold. It is used for casting aluminum pistons,
electric iron parts, cooking utensils, gears, etc.
 Sand Mold Casting is the casting produced by pouring molten metal.
It is particularly used for parts of larger sizes.
 Slush Casting is a special application of permanent metal mold
casting. This method is used for production of hollow castings without
the use of cores.
Center Bearing is an operation to make smaller hole in exact center for lathe
center.
Center Drilling is the operation of drilling and countersinking with one tool.
Coaxing – fatigue strength is increased by repeated load just below the
normal fatigue limit, followed by small by step increase of the loading.
Chamfering is the process of removing the sharp edges from a piece of stock.
Chalking is the deterioration of organic coating.
Chucking is the grasping of an outside work piece in a chunk or a jawed
device in a lathe.
Coining is used in the production of coins, is a severe operation requiring high
tonnage, due to the fact that the metal flow is completely confined within the
die cavity.
Cold Working – the material will become progressively stronger, harder, and
more brittle until it eventually fails.
 Copper and most of its alloys can be hardened by it.
 It is the process of deforming a metal plastically at a temperature
below the recrystallization temperature and at a rate to produce
strain hardening.
 The yield strength of common yellow brass (70%Cu, 30%Zn) can be
increased by cold working.
 Cold Rolling is generally employed for bars of all shapes, rods, sheets
and strips, in order to provide a smooth and bright surface finish.
 Cold forging is also called swaging.
 During this method of cold working, the metal is allowed to flow in
some pre-determined shape according to the design of dies, by
a compressive force or impact.
 It is widely used in forming ductile metals.
 Cold heading is extensively used for making bolts, rivets and other
similar headed parts. This is usually done on a cold header
machine.
 The process consists of pressing the blank between
two rotating rolls which have the thread form cut in
their surface.
 It is a manufacturing steel balls for ball bearings.
 Cold spinning is similar to hot spinning except that the metal is worked
at room temperature.
 The process of cold spinning is best suited for aluminum and
other soft metals.
 Cold extrusion is exactly similar to hot extrusion. The most common
cold extrusion process is impact extrusion.
 The operation of cold extrusion is performed with the help of
a punch and die.
Countersinking is the operation of making a cone-shaped enlargement of the
end of a hole, as for a flat head screw.
 It is the operation of beveling the mouth of a hole.
Cracking-off is the system used for breaking scale from the evaporator coils
while the evaporator is in operation.
Drawing is the process of lengthening a piece of stock while the cross
sectional area is being reduced.
 It is a cold forming process that converts a flat blank into hollow
vessel.
 It is often used to mean tempering.
 Cold drawing is generally employed for bars, rods, wires, etc.
 Bar or rod drawing – in bar drawing, the hot drawn bars or rods from
the mills are first pickled, washed and coated to prevent oxidation.
 Hot drawing or cupping. It is mostly used for the production of thick
walled seamless tubes and cylinders.
 Tube drawing is similar to bar drawing and in most cases it is
accomplished with the use of a draw bench.
 Wire drawing – in wire drawing, the rolled bars from the mills are first
pickled, washed and coated to prevent oxidation. They are then
passed through several dies of decreasing diameter to provide the
desired reduction in size.
Draw-filling is the process of finishing off a piece of metal with a real smooth
finish.
Dressing is the operation of “truing” a grinding wheel.
Drossing is the formation of oxides on the molten metal surface.
Electroplating is the electro-deposition of a coating into the work piece.
Electrical current is used to drive ions in solutions to the part. The work piece is
the cathode in the electrical circuit.
Embossing forms shallows raised letters or other designs in relief on the surface
of sheet metals blanks.
Flaking is a stress caused by reduced hydrogen solubility after hot working.
Fluting is grinding the grooves of a twist drill or tap.
Forging is a process associated with trimming.
 It is the process of working metals by the application of sudden blows
or by steady pressure.
  It is the repeated hammering of work piece to obtain the desire
shape.
 It is the process of forming metal parts by the use of a powerful
pressure from a hammer or press to obtain the desired shape, after
the metal has been heated to its plastic range.
 It is the process of heating a metal to a desired temperature in order
to acquire sufficient plasticity, followed by operations like hammering,
bending and pressing, etc. to give it a desired shape.
Drop forging is carried out with the help of drop hammers and is particularly
suitable for mass production of identical parts.
 It relies on closed impression dies to product the desire shape.
Smith or hand forging is done by means of hand tools and it is usually
employed for small jobs.
Machine forging is done by means of forging machines.
With press forging, the part is shaped by a blow squeezing reaction, rather
that rapid impacts.
When the forging is done by means of power hammers, it is then known as
power forging. It is used for medium size and large articles requiring very heavy
blows.
Fouling refers to any layer or deposit of extraneous material on the transfer-
surface.
Fractioning is the process of separating a material into a variety of specifically
sizes groups.
Fretting is the phenomenon occurring when two touching surfaces have a
high contact pressure and when these surfaces have minute relative motion.
Friction Gearing – gearing in which motion or power that is transmitted
depends upon the friction between the surfaces in contact.
Galvanizing – process used to retard compression trust on iron pipe and fitting.
 Process on retard corrosion on iron pipe.
 A zinc coating applied to low carbon steel to improve corrosion
resistance. The coating can be applied in a hot dip bath, by
electroplating or by dry tumbling (sheradizing).
Glazing is the dulling of the cutting particles of a grinding wheel resulting in a
decreased rate of cutting.
Graphitizing causes the combined carbon to transform wholly or in part into
graphic or free carbon. It is applied to cast iron, sometimes to carbon steel.
Gravity Molding – molten metal is poured into a metal or graphite mold where
pressure is not used to fill the mold.
Grinding consists of shaping a piece by bringing it into contact with a rotating
abrasive wheel. It is a type of metal finishing operation.
 It is used as a finishing operation since very fine and dimensionally
accurate surface can be produced.
 Centerless Grinding is a method that does not require clamping,
chucking or holding round piece.
 Electro Chemical Grinding is the other name for electrolytic grinding.
Hardening is a heating above the transformation temperature and quenching
usually in oil, for the purpose of increasing the hardness.
 The process of heating a piece of steel to temperature within or
above critical range and cooling rapidly.
 Process to impact maximum hardness to steel part.
 Age Hardening – is a change in metal by which its structure recovers
from an unstable or metal stable condition that has been produced
by quenching or cold working.
 Case Hardening is a hardening treatment for steel having low carbon
content.
 Induction Hardening is a surface hardening technique in which the
surface of the metal is heated very quickly using a non-contact
method of induction heating.
 Precipitation Hardening – hardening and strengthening of a metal
alloy by extremely small and uniformly dispersed particles that
precipitate from a supersaturated solid solution.
 Selective Hardening consist of either cooling different areas of an
alloy at different rates, by quickly heating in a localized area and
then quenching, or by thermochemical diffusion.
 Solid Solution Hardening is accomplished by distortion of the
crystalline lattice of the solvent metal by the solute atoms, with its
resulting effect on the forces required to accomplish slip on warped or
dimpled planes.
 Strain Hardening – is increasing the hardness and strength by plastic
deformation at temperature lower than re-crystallization range.
 Work Hardening – is the same as strain hardening.
 Type of hardening work to some extent in all metals.
Hard Surfacing is the creation (by spraying, planting, fusion welding, or heat
treatment) of a hard metal surface in a softer product.
Honing is an operation of finishing cylindrical surfaces to a fine degree of
accuracy by means of abrasive sticks.
 Grinding in which very little material, 0.001 to 0.005 in is removed.
 Grinding operation using stones moving in a reciprocating pattern. It
leaves a characteristics cross hatch pattern.
 A method where a bore is finished to a very closed tolerance.
Hot Working is any metal forming operation that is performed above a metal
recrystallization temperature.
 Hot rolling. It is the most rapid method of converting large sections
into desired shapes.
o It usually used to create a bar of material of a particular
shape and dimensions.
 Hot forging. It consists of heating the metal to plastic state and then
the pressure is applied to form it into desired shapes and sizes. The
pressure applied in this is not continuous as for hot rolling, but
intermittent. The pressure may be applied by hand hammers, power
hammers or by forging machines.
 Hot spinning. It consists of heating the metal to forging temperature
and then forming it into the desired shape on a spinning lathe. The
parts of circular cross-section which are symmetrical about the axis of
rotation, are made by this process.
 Hot extrusion. It consists of pressing a metal inside a chamber to force
it out by high pressure through an orifice which is shaped to provide
the desired form of the finished part. Most commercial metals and
their alloys such as steel, copper, aluminum and nickel are directly
extruded at elevated temperatures. The rods, tubes, structural shapes,
flooring strips and lead covered cables, etc., are the typical products
of extrusion.
 Hot piercing. This process is used for the manufacture of seamless
tubes. In its operation, the heated cylindrical billets of steel are passed
between two conical shaped rolls operating in the same direction.
Indexing is an operation to divide the periphery of the job into number of
equal parts.
 Angular Indexing is the process to divide the periphery of the job in
degrees.
 There are two different movements of the crank in: Compound
Indexing.
Injection Molding process used thermo-plastic material.
Knurling is the process of checking or producing checkers on the surface of a
piece by rolling checkered depressions into the surface. It is done to
chamfering.
Lapping is a fine grinding operation used to obtain exact fit and dimensional
accuracy.
 It is done to: finish the job to a fine degree of accuracy, get a high
quality of surface finish, and control the size.
 It is a method whereby a gear is run with another gear that has
abrasive surface material.
Laying out – the shop term used to include marking or instructing or inscribing
the center points, circle, arcs, or straight lines upon metal surfaces, either
curved or flat, for the guidance of the worker.
Machining
 Electro Chemical Machining removes heat by electrolysis in a high
current depleting operation.
 Electro Discharge Machining uses high-energy electrical discharges
into shape electrically conducting work piece.
 Laser Machining is used to cut or burn very small holes in the work
piece with high dimensional accuracy.
 Ultrasonic Machining can be used to shape hard brittle materials such
as glass, ceramic crystals, and gem stones, as well as tool steel and
other materials.
Malleablizing is an annealing process whereby combined carbon in white
cast iron is transformed wholly or in part to temper carbon.
Metal Spraying is the spraying of molten metal onto a product. Methods
include metalizing, metal powder spraying and plasma flame spraying.
Milling is the process of producing a variety of surfaces by using a circular type
cutter with multiple teeth.
 It is a machine operation whereby the tool rotates while the feed is
stationary.
 Abreast Milling it is a milling method in which parts placed in a row
parallel to the axis of the cutting tool end are milled simultaneously.
 Chemical Milling is typically used in the manufacture of printed circuit
boards, is the selective removal of material not protected by a mask.
 Straddle Milling is an operation of milling the complex surfaces with
the help of a group of cutters mounted on the same arbor.
 It is also an operation of milling two opposite sides of work
piece at a time by using two side milling cutters on the same
floor.
Nitriding is the heat treatment of steel that produces extremely hard surface.
The process of consists of exposing the steel to hot ammonia gas for some
hours.
Normalizing is a heating to some 100°F above the transformation range with
subsequent cooling to below that range in still air at room temperature to
produce uniform structure of the metal.
 The uniform heating of steel above the usual hardening temperatures,
followed by cooling freely in air.
Notching is the process of removing excess metal from the edge of a strip to
make it suitable for drawing without wrinkling or to obtain final complicated
shape which was not directly possible by blanking.
Parkerizing is an application of a thin phosphate coating on steel to improve
corrosion resistance.
 This process is known as bonderizing when used as primer for paints.
Parting – shearing the sheet into two or more pieces.
Peening is an operation of stretching or spreading over the metal by means of
the plane of the hammer.
 Cold peening is used to improve the fatigue resistance of the metal
by setting up compressive stresses in its surface.
 Shot Peening – best method used for increasing a spring’s fatigue life.
Pickling is a process in which metal is dipped in dilute acid solutions to remove
dirt grease and oxides.
Piercing is the method of cold working by compression.
Pitting is a form of corrosion that develop a highly localized areas on a metal
surfaces.
Planning – a machinery whereby done with the work accurately fastened has
a reciprocating motion and the tool heal is stationary.
Polishing – abrasion of parts against wheels or belts coated with polishing
compounds.
 It is the process of removing coarse scratches or tool marks.
Precision – casting used in the lost wax process, long used in dentistry, is
applicable to some alloy for high-temperature use that could not otherwise
be made to the required dimensional tolerances.
Punching is the operation of removing scrap blanks from the work piece,
leaving the source piece as the final product.
Overhauling is not to be considered to be a work of machinist.
Quenching – the operation of cooling a heated piece of work rapidly by
dipping it in the water, brine or oil.
 Shallow Quenching
Reaming – an operation of sizing and finishing a hole by means of cutting tool
having several cutting edges.
Recessing is an operation of machining a smaller diameter on the inside
surface of work piece for a specified length.
Rolling is the process of forming metal parts by the use of dies after the metal
is heated to its plastic range.
Rotary swaging is used for reducing the diameter of round bars and tubes by
rotating dies which open and close rapidly on the work.
Rusting is the corrosion of iron-base alloys.
With sand molding, a mold is produced by packing sand around a pattern.
Scoring occurs when the oil film fails, but the in this case, the load and the
speed are so high that the surface metal is melted and the material is
smeared down the profile.
Shaping is a machining operation whereby the tool reciprocates and the feed
is stationary.
Sheradizing is a specific method of zinc galvanizing in which parts are tumbled
in zinc dust at high temperatures.
Sieving is the process of separating different sizes of the same material.
Sintering is the process of heating the cold pressed metal powder.
Sizing is the simplest form of cold forging. It is the operation of slightly
compressing a forging, casting or steel assembly to obtain close tolerance
and a flat surface. The metal is confined only in a vertical direction.
Slitting is an operation generally carried out to divide the parent coiled sheet
into narrower coils.
Smelting is a process of extracting iron in a blast.
Snagging describes very rough grinding such as that performed in foundries to
remove gates, fins and risers from casting.
Soldering is a uniting two pieces of metal by means of a different metal which
is applied between the two in molten state.
Spalling is a surface fatigue of a greater extent than pitting that is the flakes
are much larger. This type of failure occurs in the surface hardened teeth.
Spheroidizing is any heating and cooling of steel that produces a rounded or
globular form of carbide.
Spitting is a form of correction that develop on a highly localized areas on a
metal surfaces.
Spot Facing – cannot be used in drilling machine.
Squaring – the operation of machining the end of a work piece to make the
end of square with the axis.
Stamping is used for manufacturing gears for wrist watches.
Starvation refers to the process of separating or removing the burning of
combustible material from the neighborhood of the fire.
Strain Aging is the behavior of metals where in strength of metal is increased
and the ductility is decreased on heating at a relatively low temperature after
cold working.
Stress Relieving is a heating to a subcritical temperature, about 1100°F to
1300°F and holding at that temperature for a suitable time for the purpose of
reducing internal residual stress.
Super Finishing is a super fine grinding operation used to expose non-
fragmented crystalline base material.
Surface Rolling is the process of cold works where a limited amount of
material, resulted to a higher strength and it leaves a surface under
compressive stress.
Swaging reduces the work piece area by cold flowing the metal into a die
cavity by a high compressive force or impact.
 In impact force introduced to cause the metal to flow on a shaped
mold according to the shape to dies made.
Tapping is the process of cutting internal threads by means of a cutting tool.
Tempering – reheating to a temperature below the transformation range,
followed by any desired rate of cooling to attain the desired properties of
metal.
 It is also known as strain hardening. It is the process whereby certain
degree of hardness is sacrificed in order to reduce brittleness and
increase the toughness of steel tool.
 To avoid brittleness of weld or the residual stress in the welding, it is
normally stress relieved of tempering.
 It is the process of reheating or drawing of metal that has been
hardened to a comparatively low temperature in order to relieve the
hardening strain and increase the toughness of the steel.
 It impart the ductility, toughness, and plasticity of steel.
 It is a process of heating and holding a metal at a designated
temperature for a period of time and then cooling it at a controlled
rate.
Tensioning is the process that cold works a limited amount of material, this
giving a higher strength, and it leaves a surface compressive stress.
Tin-plating is a hot-dip or electroplate application of tin to steel.
Tumbling is the other term of barrel finishing.
Welding -
 Arc Welding
 Atomic Hydrogen Welding is an arc produced by two tungsten
electrodes into which a jet of hydrogen is directed.
 Automatic Welding
 Braze Welding
 Cold Welding is the process of welding two dissimilar metals
 Electric Arc Welding – fusion process in which the metal is heated into
a state of fusion permitting it to flow together into a solid joint.
 Electro Slag Welding is the best process for but welding of two plates
each of which is 25mm thick.
 Gas Welding is a welding operation use hot flame and metal rod.
 Metal Spray Welding
 Plasma Arc Welding is a type of welding whereby a wire or powder
from the nozzle of a spray gun is infused by gas flame, arc of plasma
jet and molten particles.
 Projection Welding
 Resistance Welding – joining metal by means of high current at low
voltage. During the passage of current, pressure by the electrodes
produces a forge weld.
 Spot Welding –
 Steam Welding –
 Submerged Welding – the arc is covered with a welding composition,
and bare electrodes wire is fed automatically.
Upsetting – forging operation of lengthening a piece of stock while reducing
the cross sectional area of work.
Upset Forming involves holding and applying pressure to round heated blanks.
Wiping is the process of connecting load pipes by soldering alloy.
Automatic Screw Machine has only one spindle and it is used for turning screw
machine products or either four to six spindles which enable an operator to
machine four to six pieces simultaneously.
Boring Machine is a machine tool purposely designed for finishing hole. It is
designed to machine internal work such as cylinders, holes, in castings and dies.
 A machine tool used to enlarge a hole by means of adjustable
cutting tool with only one cutting edge.
Broaching Machine is a machine tool used to internal or external surfaces,
such as holes or keyways by the use of a cutter called a broach, which has a
series of cutting edges or teeth.
Drilling Machine is a machine tool used for producing holes in metal by the
use of a cutting tool called drill.
Grinding Machine or Grinder is a machine tool which uses rotating abrasive
wheels to smoothen metal parts and to sharpen or shape tools.
 A machine tool in which abrasive wheel is used as cutting tool obtain
a very smooth finish.
 A machine used in shaping metal by means of an abrasive wheel or
the removal of metals with an abrasive.
Lathe Machine is a machine tool in which the work revolves on a horizontal axis
and acted upon by a cutting tool. It is a machine for shaping a work-piece by
gripping it in a holding device and rotating it under power against a suitable
cutting tool for turning, boring, facing or threading.
 A metal turning machine tool in which the work, while revolving on
horizontal axis, is acted upon by a cutting tool which is made to move
slowly (feed) in a direction more or less parallel to the axis of the work
(longitudinal feed).
 Turret Lathe is a type of lathe which consists of multiple station tool
holders or turrets allowing the production of multiple cuts.
 Engine Lathe is a lathe machine which always has a tailstock, which
can be moved longitudinally along the bed.
 Precision Lathe is a lathe machine that is built for delicate operation or
when too much precision is needed in work.
 Fan is not a part of lathe machine.
 Tailstock, headstock and carriage are parts of lathe machine.
Milling Machine is a machine tool in which metal is removed by means of a
revolving cutter with many teeth, each tooth having a cutting edge which
remove each its share from the stock.
 A machine tool used to form metal parts by removing metal from a
work piece by the use of a revolving cutter with many teeth each
tooth having a cutting edge which removes its share of the stock.
 A machine tool which is used to produce variety of surfaces by using a
circular type cutter with multiple teeth. It is used in the fabrication of
gears and to machine plane and curve surfaces, slots, grooves, teeth,
etc.
 It is used to produce a variety of surfaces by using a circular type cutter
with multiple teeth.
Welding Machine is a machine designed to join light and heavy metals of all
kinds by means of a process using electric current.
Tool Grinder is a machine tool used to sharpen or shape tools by using
abrasive wheel.
Band Saw is a machine tool which is used to cut metal parts by the use of an
endless band with saw teeth moving around two pulleys.
Power Hacksaw is used to cut metal parts of light, medium, and large section
using a reciprocating hacksaw blade.
Drill Press is a machine tool which is used mainly to produce holes in metal parts
by the use of a rotating drill bit, which acts on a securely held piece.
Hydraulic Press consists of a ram which is being actuated by the pressure of
hydraulic fluid that is used in various operations such as bending, drawing,
forged fitting, or disassembling of parts.
Mechanical Press is driven by an electric motor or mechanical power source
and is used in sheet metal work like punching, shearing, bending, drawing and
other sheet metal forming operations.
Shaper is a machine tool in which the cutter moves in a reciprocating motion
to produce flat or partly curved surfaces on metal pieces, which are held
securely in a vise.
 A machine tool used to machine flat or plane surfaces with a single
point cutting tool.
Planer is a machine tool which is used to produce flat surfaces on pieces, which
are too large or too heavy to be worked in a shaper.
Reamer is the tool used in precision work to smooth or enlarge holes.
Slotter is a machine tool which is very similar to a shaper except that ram
reciprocates vertically than horizontally.
Caliper is a tool used in measuring diameters.
Micrometer is a device for accurately measuring diameters.
Torque Wrench is a hand tool used to measure tension on bolts.
Dial Indicator is used to true and align machine tools, fixtures and works, to test
and inspect size trueness of finished works and to compare measurements
either heights or depths or any other measurements.
Feeler Gage is a set of gages consisting of thin strips of metal of various
thickness mounted in a steel case or holder and is widely used for measuring
and checking clearances.
 A group of thin steel strips for measuring clearances.
Distortion Gage is a hand tool used to measure engine crank web deflections.
PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL:
Brittleness involves the loss of ductility because of a physical or chemical
change of the material. It is the property of breaking of a material with little
permanent distortion. Cast Iron is a brittle material.
Creep is when a part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for
a long period of time. This property is considered in designing internal
combustion engines, boilers and turbines.
Design Stress is used in determining the size of a machine member.
Ductility is that property that permits permanent deformation before fracture
in tension.
Elasticity is the ability of a material to be deformed and to return to the
original shape.
 It is the maximum stress at which a material may be subjected without
causing permanent deformation.
Foundry Area is the area of machine shop where the metal is being melted to
form a new shape.
Hardenability is a measure of the depth to which a specific ferrous alloy may
be hardened by the formation of martensite upon quenching from a
temperature above the upper critical temperature.
Hardness is a measure of some material’s resistance to deformation by surface
indentation or by abrasion.
Lay is the direction of the predominant surface pattern.
Machinability is a somewhat indefinite property that refers to the relative ease
with which a material can be cut.
 It may be noted that brass can be easily machined than steel.
Fatigue is when a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses
below the yield point stresses. Such type of failure of a material is known as
fatigue. The failure is caused by means of a progressive crack formation which
are usually fine and of microscopic size. This property is considered in
designing shafts, connecting rods, springs, gears, etc.
Hardness has many different properties such as resistance to wear, scratching,
deformation and machinability etc.
 It also means the ability of a metal to cut another metal.
Magnetic Field Strength is the intensity of an externally applied magnetic field.
Magnetic Flux Density is the magnetic field produced in a substance by an
external magnetic field.
Magnetic Susceptibility is the proportionality constant between the
magnetization and the magnetic field.
Malleability is a material’s susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling or
hammering.
Modulus of Elasticity is the ratio stress to strain within the proportional limit.
 It is the proportionality constant of a material in tension or
compression.
Permittivity is the proportionality constant between the dielectric
displacement and the electric field.
Plasticity is the ability of metal to be deformed considerably without rupture.
Poisson’s Ratio is the ratio of the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain.
Proof Stress is that stress which causes a specified permanent deformation of
material, usually 0.01% or less.
Proportional Limit is the point on a stress strain curve at which the straight line
proportionality between stress and strain ceases.
Red Shortness is brittleness in steel when it’s red hot.
Relative Magnetic Permeability is the ratio of the magnetic permeability of
some medium to that of a vacuum.
Relative Strength is the ratio of the minimum strength of joint to the strength of
solid joint in the pressure vessel.
Residual Stress is independent of loads.
Resilience is the property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock
and impact loads.
 It is measured by the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume
within elastic limit. This property is essential for spring materials.
 It is the ability of a material to absorb energy when deformed
elastically and to return it when unloaded.
Resistivity is the reciprocal of electrical conductivity, and a measure of a
material’s resistance to the passage of electric current.
Rupture is a failure that is accomplished by significant plastic deformation.
Section Modulus is the ratio of moment and stress.
 Also known as tensile strength.
Viscoelasticity is a type of deformation exhibiting the mechanical
characteristics of viscous flow and elastic deformation.
Viscosity is the ratio of the magnitude of an applied shear stress to the velocity
gradient that it produces.
 Absolute Viscosity is determined by direct measurement of shear
resistance.
 Kinematic Viscosity is an absolute viscosity divided by the specific
gravity.

Stiffness is the ability to resist deformation.
Strain is the amount by which a body changes (shorten or lengthen) due to
the application of load divided by the original length.
 It is the percent elongation or compression of material due to
application of load.
Endurance Limit is a maximum stress that will not cause failure when the force
is reversed indefinitely.
Factor of Safety is the factor by which the design stress is safe.
Stiffness is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The
modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.
Waviness is the irregularities of departures from the nominal surface of greater
spacing than roughness.
Yield Point is the stress at which there is a marked increase in elongation
without an increase in load.
 It is a point on the stress-strain curve at which a sudden increase in
strain without additional load.
Yield Strength is the stress required to produce a very slight yet specified
amount of plastic strain.
Young’s Modulus is the ratio of stress to strain when the deformation is totally
elastic.

Strength is the ability of a material to withstand load without fracture.

Stress is the force or load applied to a material per unit area.

Stress Area is the area of an imaginary circle whose diameter is the mean of
the pitch and minor diameter.

Toughness is the capacity of a material to withstand a shock load without

breaking.

It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like
hammer blows. The toughness of the material decreases when it is heated. It is
measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the material has
absorbed after being stressed up to the point of fracture. This property is
desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads.

Ultimate Strength is the highest point on stress strain curve.

 It is the maximum load divided by the original area before straining

occurs.
 It is the stress that would cause failure.
Addendum – is the height of tooth above pitch circle or the distance between
the pitch circle and at the top of the tooth.
 The portion of a gear tooth that projects above or outside the pitch
circle.
Addendum Circle is the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
Angle of Action is the angle through which the gear turns from the time a
particular pair of teeth come into contact until they go out of contact. It is
equal to the angle of approach plus the angle of recess.
Angle of Approach is the angle through which the gear turns from the time a
particular pair of teeth comes into contact until they are in contact at the
pitch point.
Angle of Recess is the angle through which the gear turns from the time a
given pair of teeth are in contact at the pitch point until they pass out of
mesh.
Arc of Action is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from
the first point of contact with the mating tooth travels from the first point of
contact with the mating tooth to the point where contact ceases.
Arc of Approach is the arc of the pitch circle where the tooth profile cuts the
pitch circle when a pair of teeth first comes in contact until they are in
contact at the pitch point.
Arc of Recess is the arc of the pitch circle from contact at the pitch point until
where the tooth profile cuts the pitch circle when the pair of teeth comes out
of contact.
 It is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from its
contact with the mating tooth at the pitch point to the point where
the contact ceases.
Axial Base Pitch is the base pitch in the axial plane.
Axial Pitch is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent teeth
measured in axial direction.
Axial Plane – in a pair of gears it is the plain that contains the two axes, in a
single gear, it may be any plane containing the axis and the given point.
Axis is the axis of revolution of the gear; center line of the shaft.
Backlash is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the
thickness of the engaging tooth on the pitch circles.
 The clearance between the tooth profiles of a gear tooth.
Base Circle is the circle from which an involute tooth is generated or
developed.
Base Helix Angle is the angle at the base of the cylindrical of an involute gear
that the tooth makes with the gear axes.
Base Pitch is the distance measured along the base circle from a point on one
tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
 In an involute gear it is the pitch on the base of the circle or along the
line of action.
Bottom Land is the surface of the gear between the fillets of adjacent teeth.
Center Distance is the distance between the parallel axes of spur gears and
parallel helical gears, or between the crossed axes of helical gears and worm
gears.
 It is the distance between the center of the pitch circle.
Central Diameter is the smallest diameter on a gear tooth with which the
mating gear makes contact.
Central Plane – in a worm gear, this is the plane perpendicular to the gear axis
and contains the common perpendicular of the gear and the worm axes.
Chordial Addendum is the height from the top of the tooth to the chord
subtending the circular thickness arc.
Chordial Thickness is the tooth width measured along the chord at the pitch
point.
 It is the length of the chord subtended by the circular thickness arc
(the dimension obtained when a gear tooth caliper is used to
measure the thickness at the pitch circle)
Circular Pitch is the distance measured along the pitch circle from a point on
one tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
 It is the length of the arc of the pitch circle between the centers of
other corresponding points of adjacent teeth.
 The distance from the center of the next consecutive tooth measured
on the pitch.
Circular Thickness is the length of arc between the two sides of a gear tooth,
on the pitch circles unless otherwise specified.
Clearance is the distance between the root circle of a gear and the
addendum circle of its mate.
  It is the amount by which the dedendum exceeds the addendum of
the mating tooth.
 It is the radial distance between the top of tooth and the bottom of
the mating tooth.
Contact ratio is the number of angular pitches through which a tooth surface
rotates from the beginning to the end of contact.
 It is the ratio of the arc of action to the circular pitch.
 It is sometimes thought of as the average number of teeth in contact.
 For involute gears, the contact ratio is obtain most directly as the ratio
of the length of action to the base pitch.
Cycloid is the curved form by the path of a point in a circle as it rolls along a
straight line.
 When the circle rolls along the outer side of another circle, the curve is
called Epicycloid.
 When it rolls along the inner side of another circle it is called
Hypocycloid.
Dedendum is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the root circle that is
to the bottom of the tooth space.
 The portion of a gear tooth space that is cut below the pitch circle
and is equal to addendum plus the clearance.
 It is the depth of the tooth space below the pitch circle or the radial
dimension between the pitch circle and the bottom of the tooth
space.
Dedendum Circle is a circle coinciding with or tangent to the bottom of the
tooth spaces.
Diametral Pitch is the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter.
 The number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter and which gives some
indications of the size of the gear teeth.
 The gear teeth to each mm pitch diameter.
Efficiency is the actual torque ratio of a gear set divided by its gear ratio.
Effective Face Width is the portion of the face width that actually comes into
contact with mating teeth, as occasionally one member of a pair of gears
may have a greater face width than the other.
Epicycloid is an addendum of a cycloidal gear tooth.
Face contact ratio is the contact ratio in an axial plane, or the ratio of the
face width to the axial pitch.
Face Width is the length of the teeth in the axial plane.
Fillet Curve is the concave portion of the tooth profile where it joins the
bottom of the tooth space.
Full-depth teeth is the teeth in which the working depth equals 2.0 divided by
the normal diametral pitch.
Gear is the larger of two interacting gears or a gear on its own.
Gear Rack is when meshed with gear, it is used to change rotary motion to
reciprocating motion.
Gear Ratio is the number of teeth in the gear divided by the number of teeth
in the pinion.
Gear composition is determined by application, including the gear’s service,
rotation speed, accuracy and more.
Headstock – in a lathe, it comprises the main spindle, the necessary
mechanism for obtaining various spindles speed and also certain gears which
are used to operate the quick change gear mechanism.
Helix Overlap is the effective face width of a helical gear divided by the gear
axial pitch. It is also called the Face Overlap.
Helix Angle is the angle that a helical gear tooth makes the gear axis.
Highest Point of Single Tooth Contact is the largest diameter on a spur gear at
which a single tooth is in contact with the mating gear.
Index or Dividing Head is a mechanism which usually do the indexing in a
machine tool.
 It is used to rotate the work.
Interference is the contact between teeth other than at the intended parts of
their surfaces. This occurs when the number of teeth of smaller gear is less than
the required minimum.
Internal Diameter is the diameter of a circle coinciding with the top of the
teeth on an internal gear.
Internal Gear is a gear with teeth on the inner cylindrical surface.
Involutes are the curve formed by path of a point on a straight line.
Lead is the distance a helical gear or worm would thread along its axis one
revolution of it were free to move axially.
 It is the axial distance a thread advances in one revolution.
Length of Action is the distance on an involute line of action through which
the point of contact moves during the action of the tooth profile.
Line of Action is the straight line passing through the pitch point and tangent
to the base circles.
 It is the path of contact in involute gears.
Line of contact is a line or curve along which two tooth surfaces are tangent
to each other.
Lowest Point of Single Tooth Contact is the smallest diameter on a spur gear at
which a single tooth of one gear is in contact with its mating gear.
Module is the reciprocal of diameter pitch.
 It is the ratio of pitch diameter in millimeter to the number of teeth.
English module is the ratio of the pitch diameter in inches to the
number of teeth.
Normal Base Pitch is the base pitch in the normal plane.
Normal Circular Pitch is the circular pitch in the normal plane.
Normal Circular Thickness is the circular thickness in the normal plane.
Normal Diametral Pitch is the diametral pitch as calculated in the normal
plane and is equal to the diametral pitch divided by the cosine of helix angle.
Normal Plane is a plane normal to the tooth surface at a point of contact, and
perpendicular to the pitch plane.
Outside diameter is the diameter of the gear, measured from the tops of the
teeth; it is the diameter of the outside circle.
Path of action is the locus of successive contact points between a pair of gear
teeth, during the phase of engagement.
Pinion is the smaller of two interacting gears.
Pitch is the distance between similar, equally spaced tooth surfaces, in a given
direction and along a given curve or line.
Pitch Angle is the angle subtended by an arc on the pitch circle equal in
length to the circular pitch.
Pitch Circle is a circle of the radius of which is equal to the distance from the
gear axis to the pitch point.
 An imaginary circle passing through the points at which the teeth of
the meshing gears contact each other.
Pitch Diameter is a predefined diametral position on the gear where the
circular tooth thickness, pressure angle and helix angles are defined.
 It is the diameter of the pitch circle.
Pitch Line is the line passing through the pitch point which is perpendicular to
the line of center.
Pitch Plane is the plane perpendicular to the axial plane and tangent to the
pitch surfaces.
Pitch Point is the point of tangency of two pitch circles and is on the line of
center.
Pitch Surface is the surface of the rolling cylinder that the gear may be
considered to replace.
Plane of action is the surface of action for involute, parallel axis gears with
either spur or helical teeth. It is tangent to the base cylinders.
Plane Rotation is any plane perpendicular to a gear axis.
Point of contact is any point at which two tooth profiles touch each other.
Pressure Angle is the angle between the line of action of the force on the
gear tooth and the line tangent to the pitch circle.
Principal Reference Planes are a pitch plane, axial plane, and transverse
plane, all intersecting at a point and mutually perpendicular.
Ratio of Gearing is the ratio of the numbers of teeth o mating gears.
Roll of Gearing is the angle subtended at the center of a base circle from the
origin of an involute to the point of tangency.
Root Circle is a circle coinciding a tangent to the bottom of the tooth space.
Root diameter is the diameter of the gear, measured at the base of the tooth.
 It is the diameter of the root circle.
Speed Ratio is the angular speed of the driver divided by the angular speed of
the driven gear.
Surface of action is the imaginary surface in which contact occurs between
two engaging tooth surfaces. It is the summation of the paths of action in all
section of the engaging teeth.
Stub teeth is the teeth in which the working depth is less than 2.0 divided by
the normal diameter pitch.
Tangent Plane is a plane tangent to the tooth surfaces at a point or line of Whole Depth is the total depth of a tooth space equal to the addendum plus
contact of material is removed near the tip of the gear tooth. dedendum.

Tip Relief is an arbitrary modification of a tooth profile whereby a small
amount of material is removed near the tip of the gear tooth.
Tolerance is the total permissible variation in the size of a dimension; the
difference between the limits of size.
 Bilateral is a tolerance where the size of a part is permitted to be
either larger or smaller than the given dimension.
 Unilateral is a tolerance where the size of a part may be larger only, or
smaller only, than the given dimension.
Total contact ratio is the sum of the transverse contact ratio and the face.
 It is also equal to working depth plus clearance.
Working Depth is the depth of engagement of two gears and is the sum of
their addenda.
Zone of action is the rectangular area in the place of action bounded by the
length of action and the effective face width.
Dead Center is the kind of center which is being attracted and meshed to the
tailstock spindle which is also static while the work is rotating.

Tooth Flank is the surface which is between the pitch circle and the bottom
land.
Tooth Face is the surface of the tooth between the pitch circle and the
addendum circle.
Live Center – it fits into the main spindle of a lathe and is called because it
acts as a bearing surface on which the work rests. It revolves with the work.
When compared with the hardness of the dead center in the tail stock, it is
usually soft, and is made since it does no work.

Tooth Thickness is the width of tooth measured along the pitch circle.

Tooth Space is the space between the teeth measured along the pitch circle.

Top Land is the top surface of the tooth.

Total Face Width is the actual width dimension of a gear blank.

Transverse contact ratio is the contact ratio in a transverse plane. It is the ratio
of the angle of action to the angular pitch.

Transverse Plane is a plane perpendicular to the axial plane and to the pitch
plane.

Trochoid is the curve formed by the path of a point on the extension of a

circle as it rolls along the curve or line.

 It is also the curve formed by the path of a point on a perpendicular

to a straight line rolls along the convex side of a base curve.

True Involute form diameter is the smallest diameter on the tooth at which the
involute exists. Usually this is the point of tangency of the involute tooth profile
and the fillet curve. This usually referred to as the TIP diameter.

Undercut is a condition in generated gear teeth when any part of the fillet
curve lies inside a line drawn tangent to the working profile at its lowest point.
Key is a machine member employed at the interface of a pair of mating male
and female circular cross-sectioned members to prevent relative angular
motion between these mating.
Keyway is a female mating member which forms a groove in the shaft to
which the key fits.
TYPES OF KEY:
 Gib-Head Key is a flat key with a special gib-head to facilitate easy
driving and removal of the key.
 Saddle Key is tapered and are either hollow or flat. It is used without
keyway on the shaft.
o Flat Saddle Key fits in the keyway in the hub and flat in the
shaft.
o Hollow Saddle Key fits in the keyway in the hub and the
bottom of the key is shaped to fit the curved surface of the
shaft.
 Square Key has a square cross-section with half of its depth sunk in the
shaft and half in the hub.
 Flat Key or Rectangular Key has a rectangular cross-section with the
similar dimension placed in the radial direction with half sunk in the
shaft and the half in the hub and is used where the weakening of the
shaft by the keyway is serious.
 Round Keys has a circular cross-section. It is used for fastening cranks,
hand wheels and other parts that do not transmit heavy toques.
 Barth Keys is a square key with bottom two corners beveled.
 Woodruff Key consists of one-half of a circular disk fitting into a
rectangular keyway in the female member and a semi-circular
keyway in the male member.
 Pin Key is a cylindrical pin placed in a cylindrical groove in the shaft
and hub.
 Sunk Key provided halfway in the keyway of the shaft and half in the
keyway of the hub of the pulley.
 Kennedy or Tangent Key is tapered square key that is assembled with
the diagonal dimension. It is fitted in pair at right angles. It is to
withstand torsion at one direction only.
 Feather Key allows the hub to move along the shaft but prevents
rotation on the shaft.
 Rollpin is a key driven or pressed into a hole that is small enough to
close the slit.
TYPES OF COUPLING:
 Rigid Coupling are couplings which does not allow angular, axial and
rotational flexibility and is used with collinear shafts.
 Flange Coupling is a most common coupling. It consists of two halves
of flanges connected to each other by bolts.
 Collar Coupling is a rigid coupling which is a cylindrical collar pressed
over the ends of two collinear shafts.
 Flexible Couplings are couplings which allows angularity to take care
misalignment of the shafts. It is used to connect two shafts and to
accommodate their misalignment.
 Chain Coupling consists of two chain sprockets connected with a
short continuous length or roller or silent chain.
 Flexible Disk Coupling refers to steel, leather, fabric or plastic material
bolted at alternate points to the two flanges.
 Oldham Coupling can be employer for connecting two parallel shafts
with axial eccentricities from zero to a reasonable amount.
 Gear Type Coupling provides for angular and axial flexibility.
 Hydraulic Coupling often called a fluid coupling, employs a fluid to
provide angular flexibility between the input and output shafts.
 Universal or Hooke’s Coupling is a linkage that transmits rotation
between two shafts whose axes are coplanar but not coinciding.
 Compression Coupling utilizes two split cones which are drawn
together by the bolts in order to produce a wedging action.
Bearing is a machine member which supports guide or control the motion of
another.
Splines are permanent keys made integral with the shaft.
Splined Shaft is composed of a spindle shaft formed by milling and mating hub
with internal splines formed by broaching.
Motive Power is any source of energy used to produce motion.
Shaft is a cylindrical piece of metal used to carry rotating machine parts such
as pulleys and gears to transmit power or motion.
Shafting is system of connected shafts or cylindrical machines used to transmit
rotary motion and power from a driver to a driven element.
Axle is a stationary member of primarily loaded in bending with gears, pulleys
and wheels rotating on it.
Spindle is a shaft or short axles on machines.
Stub Shaft is an integral part of prime mover.
Line Shaft or Main Shaft is a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or
factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven,
commonly by means of countershafts.
Drive Shaft transmits power from a motor or engine to the rest of a machine.
Counter Shaft or Jack Shaft is a shaft intermediate between a line shaft and a
driven machine.
Machine Shafts are those forming an integral part of the machine itself.
Transmission Shafts are those shafts used to transmit power between the
source and the machines absorbing the power.
Coupling is a mechanical device for uniting or connecting parts of a
mechanical system.
Flywheel is a heavy wheel which by its inertia assists in securing uniform motion
of machinery by resisting sudden changes in speed.
 It is a heavy rotating body which serves as a reservoir for absorbing
and redistributing kinetic energy.
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel is one in which the ratio of the wall thickness to the
inside diameter is less than 0.07.
Thick-Walled Pressure Vessel is one in which the ratio of the wall thickness to
the inside diameter is more than 0.07.
Spring is an elastic machine element that stores energy and when released
will recover to its basic form or position.
 It is a device made an elastic material that undergoes a significant
change in shape, or deformation, under an applied load.
TYPES OF SPRING:
 Helical Spring are made up of a wire coiled in the form of helix and is
primarily intended for compressive or tensile loads.
 Conical and Volute Springs are used in special applications where
telescoping spring or spring with a spring rate that increases with load
is desired
 Torsion Springs maybe helical or spiral type.
 Laminated or Leaf Springs consist of a number of flat plates of varying
lengths held together by means of clamps and bolts.
 Disc or Belleville Springs consist of a number of conical discs held
together against slipping by a central bolt or tube.
Chuck is a gripping device with two or more adjustable jaw set radially.
 Independent Chuck – a kind of chuck which has reversible jaws which
could be adjusted separately.
 Universal Chuck – a kind of chuck which should not be used when
extreme accuracy is required.
Mandrel – a tool which when pressed into a finished hole in a piece of work,
provides centers on which the piece may be turned or otherwise machined.
Bolt is a threaded fastener designed to pass through holes in the mating
members and to be secured by tightening a nut from the end opposite to the
head of the bolt.
 Carriage Bolt is a type of bolt intended for used in bolting wooden
parts together or wood to metal. It has a short portion of shank just
underneath a round head, which is designed to keep the bolt from
turning in the wood when the nut is tightened.
 Stud Bolts is a kind of bolt which has no head an instead has threads
on bolt ends.
Screw is a threaded fastener designed to be inserted through a hole in one
member to be joined and into threaded hole in the mating member.
TYPES OF THREADS:
1. UNC is a type of thread that is recommended for general use.
2. UNF is a type of thread that is frequently used in automobile,
compressor, pumps and aircraft work where fine adjustment is
required.
3. UNEF is a type of thread that is particularly used in aeronautical
equipment and where very fine adjustment is required.
4. 8UN is a type of thread that is used on bolts for high-pressure pipe
flanges, cylinder heads, studs, etc.
Gears are machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively
engaging teeth.
Bevel Gears is a kind of gears used to transmit motion from one shaft to
another shaft at an angle to the first.
 This is useful when the direction of the shaft’s motion needs to be
changed.
 It is usually mounted on shafts at 90 degrees and can also work at
other angles as well.
 This type of gear is commonly used in car differentials.
Herring Bone Gears are gears which have a line contact between the teeth.
Worm Gears is a kind of gears used for heavy duty works where a large ratio of
speed is required and are extensively used in speed reducers.
 This is used when large gear reduction is needed, usually from 20:1
to greater than 300:1 gear reduction ratio.
 One interesting property of the worm gear is that the worm can easily
turn the gear but the gear cannot turn the worm.
  This feature is useful for machines such as conveyor system in which
the locking feature can act as a brake for the conveyor when the
motor is not turning.
External Gear is a gear with teeth on the outer cylindrical surface.
Pitch is the axial distance between adjacent threads.
Pitch diameter is the mean diameter of the major and minor diameter.
Major Diameter is the outside diameter of the threads and is the nominal
diameter.
Minor Diameter is the smallest diameter of the threads.
Stress Area is the area of an imaginary circle whose diameter is the mean of
the pitch and minor diameter.
Power Screw is used to move weights and machine parts and uses square,
acme or buttress threads.
Belt is a flexible band used to connect pulley or to convey material by
transmitting motion and power.
Sprocket and Roller Chain are used in transmitting power from one shaft to
another shaft that is parallel. It may be single or multi-strand.
Clutch is a machine member which is used to connect shafts so that the
driven shaft will rotate with the driving shaft.
Brake is a machine element for applying friction to moving surfaces to slow it
down or bring to rest.
Bearing is a machine member which supports, guides and control the motion
of others.
Ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing which uses spherical balls as
rolling elements.
Roller bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing which uses cylindrical balls
as rolling application.
Lubrication is any substance that will form a film between the two surfaces of
a bearing.
Babbitt is a tin or lead base alloy which is used in bearing material.
Basic Hole System is the basis for ASA.
Divider is a tool with hardened steel points used for scribing or laying of
distances.
Lubrication is a fluid film desired between surfaces relative sliding motion.
Cylindrical Cam is a cam where in the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a
plane parallel to its axis.
59 degrees is the recommended best cutting angle of all drill for work on steel
or cast iron.
The draft allowance on metallic pattern as compared to wooden ones is less.
The diameter of the washer is generally slightly more than the diameter of the
bolt.
The imperfection in the crystal structure of metals is dislocation.
A twist drill is specified by shank, material and diameter.
Clutch slippage which clutch is engaged is especially noticeable during
acceleration.
The compression members tend to buckle in the direction of least radius of
gyration.
Tubing is measured by outside diameter.
Different Component Forces are the forces that can be combined.
Circular pitch is measured along the pitch center in the circular gear.
The helical and herringbone gear teeth cut after heat treatment should have
a hardness in the range of 210/300 BHN. The pinion gear teeth hardness on the
other hand, ideally/normally should be at 340/350 BHN.
The progressive change in position of mass is called motion.
Recommended for use in a driving speed exceeding 2000 ft/min: herringbone
gear, silent sprocket, and v-belt
Not: flat leather belt
Eye Bolt provided with a hole at one end instead of usual head.
Forces of equal in magnitude but opposite in direction are parallel called
couple.
Dry – cutting lubricants used in drilling, reaming and tapping for hard spots in
cast iron.
 Cutting lubricants used in drilling, reaming and tapping for brass and
bronze.
Headstock is a device on a lathe machine used for carrying the revolving
spindle.
Stud Bolt is a type of bolt commonly used in the construction that is threaded
in both end.
*Kinds of cast iron: malleable, gray and white
Not: head iron
*Part of the headstock: spindle, back gear, and motor.

Camber is the friction of wheel inclination from the vertical position. Not: anvil

Link is one of the rigid members or bodies joined together to form a kinematic *Used to resemble the shape of tool bit: square nose, round nose and thread
chain. cutting.

Collinear can be a concurrent. Not: center cutting

Using ratchet is the recommended means of supporting the chuck during the
mounting procedure to the lathe spindle.

Plane of rotation is defined as plane perpendicular to a gear axis.

Dried Sap Wood is a type of wood that is usually used in making wood pattern
in the foundry.

The general accepted limit of diamond wheel speed should be in the range
of 5000/6000 fpm.

Compressive Stress is the stress that causes the material to shorten.

Concurrent Forces are forces that meet at a common point.

Composition of force is at the resultant of two or more forces.

Acceleration – if the velocity is variable and regularly/constantly increasing

the rate of change.
Manganese is a steel with SAE

Prepared tool bit will now consist of face, nose and shank.

Chamfer is the conical surface at the starting end of the thread.

Tap is a cylindrical bar of steel with threads formed around it and grooves or
flutes running lengthwise in it, intersecting with the threads to form cutting
edges. It is used to cut internal threads.

Type B Belts are type of V-belts use in a driving pulley with speed of 360 rpm
and transmitting 5 hp.

*Kinds of mandrel: expansion, taper and foundry

Not: contraction mandrel

*Used to temper steel: brine salt bath, oil bath, and water bath

Not: steam bath