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  • State of Art 1992

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    Saumya Ranjan
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    This document defines various basic notations used in fracture mechanics of concrete, including: 1) aL - initial crack length, a - crack length, d - thickness of specimen 2) KI, KII, KIII - stress intensity factors for Modes I, II, III 3) G, G1c, GIIc - fracture energy, critical energy release rate for Modes I and II It lists key terms like tensile strength, crack spacing, Young's modulus, and stress intensity factor. The document appears to be defining notations for an upcoming report on fracture mechanics by an ACI committee.

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    Fracture Mechanics State of Art 1992

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    This document defines various basic notations used in fracture mechanics of concrete, including: 1) aL - initial crack length, a - crack length, d - thickness of specimen 2) KI, KII, KIII - stress intensity factors for Modes I, II, III 3) G, G1c, GIIc - fracture energy, critical energy release rate for Modes I and II It lists key terms like tensile strength, crack spacing, Young's modulus, and stress intensity factor. The document appears to be defining notations for an upcoming report on fracture mechanics by an ACI committee.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    183 views70 pages

    State of Art 1992

    Uploaded by

    Saumya Ranjan
    This document defines various basic notations used in fracture mechanics of concrete, including: 1) aL - initial crack length, a - crack length, d - thickness of specimen 2) KI, KII, KIII - stress intensity factors for Modes I, II, III 3) G, G1c, GIIc - fracture energy, critical energy release rate for Modes I and II It lists key terms like tensile strength, crack spacing, Young's modulus, and stress intensity factor. The document appears to be defining notations for an upcoming report on fracture mechanics by an ACI committee.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 70

    2 3

    BasicNotations
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    SYNOPSIS Introduction
    Inthef i
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    to fit55erie
    5o ff o
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    a nce ? Nota ta l.
    l Theformsoff r a
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    b l
    eu ntilr ecently
    capabi
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    ;a ndm osti mportantly，(5)thee f
    fectofs truc
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    h(iιnominal werea ppl icableo nlyt ohomogen 田 u sbrittlemater ialssuch制 g l
    a ss， ort ohomogeneous
    st問 5
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    ability.The brit
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    J i
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    slzee仇c
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    rede nergyr e
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    .ctorappeareda l readyi nt he
    stat
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    y xperimentale vi
    denceo nt heexistenc
    eo fthes izee仔'e
    ct，h i
    thertoi gnor
    edi nd es
    i g
    n 帥 rly1 950 '
    s( e.g.， Bresler姐 dWollack， 1
    952)ands eriousi nvesti
    g ationss tar句 di nthe1 960's
    practi
    cea ndc odep ro
    visio
    n s，i
    5d ocumented. (e.
    g.，Kapl a.
    n
    ， 1961， 姐dothers). Butthe叩swerw出 ，a .tt ha
    .ttime， n ega t
    i ve( e
    .
    吋g K esler，
    Chapter2g ivesab ri
    efr eviewo fthen ecessar
    yb a
    sicr e
    sultso fline
    are las
    ticf rac
    turem echanics NausandLo t，
    t 19 7
    1) .Asi snowunderstood， ther eas onw剖 t hati nc o ncretes tructuresone
    (l EFM).I nconcrete，d e
    parturesf romt h
    isc a
    1s5ic
    alt heoryarec ausedb yt heexistenceo fdist巾Ijt e
    d mustt akei nt oaccοunts train-soft
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    cracking(ordamag e)inap ro
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    intola.
    rg erf ractur e
    sp ri
    ort of ai
    lure， 組db rid
    gings tressesa tt hef rac tu refront. A formo f
    tinuouscrack.InC hapter3n onlinea
    rf rac
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    acterizin
    gt hesoftenings tre
    ss-displace
    me n
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    fracturem民 h姐 iωthatc 組 bea p
    p J
    iedt osuchs tructur e
    sh asbeendevelopedo nJyd uring
    orst問 s-st凶 nrelati
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    u chast hoseofHiller
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    ocal
    thel a
    std ecade .
    strain
    -soften
    ingm odels，etc.)a red e5c
    ribeda ndrandomp ar
    tic
    l esimula
    tiono fa ggregatem icrost
    ruc-
    tureisdiscuss
    ed.Thep rincip
    leso fimplementationo fthesem odelsinfini
    tee lementp rogram sareal50 Concreted田 i gnh副 a.l e
    ra.
    dys 田 nt wor evolut
    io n
    s.Thef irt，
    s whichmadet het e
    c hnology
    outli
    ned.C hapter4p resentssimplern on
    linearf ra
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    presenta daptationso flinea
    r of∞n c retes truct ure日p o
    ssible，wast hedevelopmento ft heelast
    icno ・te nsion姐 a lysisd uring
    ela
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    ve ，alongw ithdetermination 1900・1930 .Thesecondr evolu
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    ofg eometry-dep
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    ysis，whichoc 叩 r redd uring1940-1970 .There釘 egood
    thea pproximat
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    c eo fthen ominalstressatmaximuml oa
    do ns tructu
    res ize，i
    sd iscussedin reasonst ob elievet h 抗 t heint r
    oductiono ff ra
    cturemechanic8i ntot h ed esigno fc oncrete
    Chapter5 ，ands tr
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    onsei5c hara
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    ttl
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    t r
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    Chapt
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    rentm ethodsf orexperimenta
    la ndanaly
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    r st ober ip
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    minationo
    method，t
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    5 cr
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    fferentsize. This，
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    int. a.
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    uctures. Thea pplicationo ff racturemechanicsi smostu rg entf or
    Iti
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    dt hat，aft
    e rad ecadeofrapidpr o
    gressin問 search，thetimea ppearsripeforintroducing structur回 s uch槌 ∞n cretedamsandn uclearr ea
    ct orve sse
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    f
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    tym argins， safetycon 白 血s a
    .rep ar t
    icularlyhigha .
    nd出 econsequenαso fap otent iald isas
    t e
    renormous.
    thusimprovingsafetya ndeconomyo fd es
    ign， butal50p avethewayf o
    rs a
    fera ndmoree ffi
    cientuseo f S urvey so fc onc r
    et efracturemechanicshaver ecentlybeenpreparedbyv ariouscommit-
    high-perf
    ormancec onc
    r e
    tesa ndp ermitdesignex t
    rapolatio
    nsb eyo n
    dt heran geofp revio
    use xperiments tees(Wittmann， 1983， 叩dElfgren，1989).However， duet other apid l
    yadvancingr e s
    e a
    .rch，
    andd e
    sign. thec onte ntso ft hep r esentstate-
    of.叶le-artreport訂 eq ui t
    ed iff
    erent.A u nified， systema tic
    presentaも'ion， rath erthanac ompilationo fa l
    lt hec ont ributiosbyva
    n .r iousa uthors， isa t
    -
    KEYWORDS:B ritt
    le且es，
    s conc
    rete，c
    oncre
    testruc
    turs，
    e cra
    ckspa
    cingandw idth，cra
    ckin，
    g a
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    rnage
    temptedi nt hepr esents tate
    -of-artrepo比 Ther eporti saimedp rimar ilya tr e
    s a
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    姐 i desi
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    ili
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    r-re
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    edc o
    ncr
    ete，nonlocalcontinuummodels，
    ne偲 ssarilys pecialistsi nfracturemech 組 ics.However， its houJda lsobeo fi ntere
    stt od 田 i g
    n
    re
    inf
    o r
    cedc
    onc
    rete，s
    izeef
    fet，
    c str
    ainsof
    tenig，
    n stru
    ctu
    raldesi
    gn，t
    esti
    ngmethods， ult
    imateloa
    ds.
    6 7

    e
    ngin田 r
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    4
    46.

    Fra
    .
    ct
    Chapter1
    ur
    emech
    . W H YFRACTUREMECHANICS?
    組 i
    cs，i
    nab roadsen
    se，i
    sa.fa
    .l
    iuret
    heor
    ywhich(1)use
    sener
    gycri
    te-
    ε .
    . E

    ，
    r
    iaposs
    iblyi
    nconj
    unct
    ionwithstr
    eng
    thcr
    ite
    ria， 組d(2
    )whic
    ht a
    kesin
    to配 ∞un色f
    ail
    ure
    p
    rop
    agatio
    nthro
    ughthestr
    uct
    ure
    .

    .1F
    1 iveReasonsf
    orF
    rac
    tur
    eMechanicsApproach t t?LU_
    j_ U

    Sin
    田 ∞n cr
    etestr
    uctu
    reshaveb田 ndesi
    gned姐 dsuc
    cess
    full
    yb u
    ilta cc
    ord
    ingtocod
    es A B
    w
    hichtot
    all
    yi gn
    orefra
    ctureme
    chanicst
    h回 ry，i
    tmight日eemunnec 閃 s
    arytoch姐 get
    he
    c
    urr
    entpr
    aιt
    ice.Neve
    rthel
    ess，
    ther
    ea r
    efiv
    ec o
    mpe
    llin
    gre出 onsfo
    rd o
    i ngso
    .
    Reason1
    :EnergyRequiredf
    orCrackFormation ~:I h

    Fromthest
    ric
    tlyphy
    sic
    alv i
    ewpoit，
    n itmustber eco
    gni民 dthatw h
    ilec ra ε
    ki n
    itiat
    ion
    maydependonstre
    ss，t
    heactua
    lf or
    matio
    nofcrack
    srequi
    resac e
    rtainenergy t heira
    ←c
    ture
    ene
    r g
    y-whichr ep
    res
    entsthesur.
    a
    fceenerg
    yo fasoli
    d. Hence，energycriteriashouldbe -
    園
    ・ ・~・ ・
    嗣
    .
    自
    ・ .
    3・
    .・.・
    ・
    固圃.
    us
    ed.T hi
    s釘 gumentmightsu缶cet oaphysi
    cis
    tb utnot乱 desi
    gner. Butt he ea
    r .r
    eo ther
    re
    asons
    . (d) (
    e)
    Reason2
    :ObjectivityofC
    alc
    ula
    tio
    ns l
    oad load
    Anyp hysical山 eor
    ymustbeo bjectiveint h
    es ens
    et hatther e
    sulto fcalc
    u la
    tionsmade
    withitmustn otdependons u
    b jectiveωpectss uch舗 thec hoiceofcoo r
    dinates，th echoice A
    ofmesh， et.I
    c fathωryi sfoundt obeu nobjec
    tive，itmustber ej
    ec七ed.Therei snon eed
    toev en∞mparei tもoe xperime
    n ts.Ob jec
    t i
    vitycomesa heado fexperimentalv er
    ificati
    on.
    Ap o
    werfula pproa
    cht of i
    niもee lementa n
    alysisofc oncr
    etec rackingis出 ec oncepto f
    smea.
    redc rack
    ing，introd
    u cdbyRa
    e s
    h i
    d( 1968
    ).Aαordingt ot hi
    sa pproach，thes tressina
    fin
    iteelementisl i
    mitedbyt het en
    siles tren
    gtho f出 emateria :
    f
    l， ， anda fterr ea
    ch ingthis
    streng
    thl i
    mit，thestr
    essinthef i
    niteelementmustd ecrea
    se.Asi n
    iti
    allypracti田 d，出es t
    ress d
    efL crackI
    ength
    wasassumedt odecreas
    es uddenlyt oz e
    ro， i
    nav ertic
    aldropjb ut6 0
    0 ni七W剖 r ea
    lizedt hat

    …
    bett
    erandmorer e
    ali
    sti
    cr es
    ultsa.reu s
    uallyobtainedifthes t
    ressisre ducedgradually， i
    .
    e.， (
    f)
    thematerialisassumedt oexhi
    b itstrain-so
    fteni
    ng( Scan
    lon， 1
    971;L i
    nandS cordelis， 1
    975)
    ; ，~ energy

    i
    S田 Fig.1.1a
    .Thec onceptofst r
    ain-softe
    ning，though，provedt obeamixedb les
    sing.A fter
    st
    ra.
    in-so
    fteningh吋 b eenimple mentedi nlargefi
    niteelementprogram.sandw i de
    lya pp
    lied，
    i
    twasd iscove
    redthatt he∞n v ergen偲 properti
    esa.reincor
    rectandt hec a
    lculationr es
    ults ch
    ani
    csor
    nonl
    oca
    lfi
    nit
    eelements
    arenotobjectivewithregardtot hea.
    n a
    lyst'
    sc ho
    iceof山 emesh， i
    ..，
    e ther e
    sultssign
    ifi白 川l y
    c
    B
    S
    h
    a
    i
    a
    i
    r
    n
    n
    a
    i
    g
    n
    l
    ei

    a
    rp
    ft

    ro
    h

    b
    emeshi
    tandOh，1
    lemsa
    9
    .
    r
    8
    sr
    3
    ee
    a
    n
    e

    c
    f

    o
    i

    u
    n

    n
    e
    d(B
    ;Darwin，1
    tere
    話 姐t
    985
    dwhenc
    ，1976，1982jBa
    jR
    r
    o
    a
    t
    c
    s，Nauta
    kingi
    .
    iantandC

    smodeleda sd i
    s
    e

    c
    d

    r
    o
    l

    e
    t
    i

    ei
    n，

    n
    1

    t
    9

    e
    7

    r
    9，

    ele
    1

    m
    9
    ，KustersandBlaauwendraad，1
    e
    8

    n
    0

    tc
    ，1
    9
    r
    9
    8
    a
    c
    8
    5
    k
    3
    ;
    )
    .
    s，
    {
    山刊 l
    ocα
    Ifi
    ni
    c
    t
    r
    ite
    rionand
    eelements
    N
    o.o
    felements

    F
    ig.1
    .1S
    pur
    iou
    sMeshS
    ens
    iti
    vit
    y
    8 9

    b剖 吋 ont he山 e ngthc on


    cept( tmsapp o
    ra.c
    hwasi ntrod
    u句 di n
    tof in
    iteelem e
    nta na
    lysisby (
    α)
    Clo ugh， 19
    62，組dbyNgoandScordelis， 1967)
    . platecu
    Theproblemo fspurio
    usm包 hs en
    siもivityωnbei ll
    ustra
    ted，forexample ，byt herecta
    n-
    gularp anelinF i
    g.1.1 bandc ，whichiss ubje
    ctedt oau niformvertica
    ld isplacementatthe

    耐r
    i
    n
    g
    topb oundary.As m
    a l
    lr egi
    onn earthec e
    n t
    ero ft h
    el e
    ftsideis掛 sumedt ohaveas li
    ghtl
    y
    s
    g
    e
    t
    m
    r
    l
    h
    a
    o
    e
    l
    w
    m
    ec
    le
    i
    e
    r
    rs
    n
    n
    a
    tm
    ck
    t

    e
    i
    r

    s
    n
    en
    g
    gfroml
    h
    t

    e
    ht
    ef
    tt
    so
    h

    fv
    gmusta
    回 出er
    or

    l
    e
    i
    r
    w
    a
    gh
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    yd
    y
    i
    sl
    f
    o
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    f
    e
    c
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    .Thes
    r
    a
    e
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    e

    z
    e
    l，
    so
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    andc
    b

    o乱 bando
    ta
    i n
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    onseq
    dbyi
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    sshown.Bys
    fs ing
    lee
    e
    n

    l
    n
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    c

    e
    m
    l
    r

    e
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    e
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    b
    .s
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    n
    l
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    a
    .
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    .
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    c
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    tt
    n
    r

    si
    h
    a
    .
    gw
    c

    ti
    ec
    kbands
    i
    thtwof
    sf
    ra
    .c
    o
    k
    u
    i
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    n
    ta

    dt
    gf
    .
    i
    n
    h
    r
    r
    i
    a
    o
    n
    t
    s
    t
    e
    t
    t
    他
    )何
    (Fi
    g .l.lb，c)
    . Thet yp
    icalnumericalresul
    tsf o
    r出 向 回 w ell錨 v ariousotherp roblemsare
    ill
    ustra
    .tedinF i
    g.1.1d，e，
    f
    .l nt h
    el oa
    d-de:
    f
    iectio
    nd i乱gram( F
    ig.l.1d)，itiss伺 nt htt
    a
    . hepeak def.
    l
    loada swell剖 t hepost-pea
    ks ofte
    ningisstrongl
    yd ependentont hemeshs i
    ze， b
    eingro u
    ghly
    proportionaltoh-1/2 wherehi sthee lementsiz
    e.P l
    ottingthel oad( re
    action)versusthe
    lengtho fthec rakb組 d，
    c largediff
    eren
    ces制 a gainf ound(Fig
    .l .le)
    . F
    ig.1
    .2LoadD
    ese
    cti
    onDiagramo
    fDu
    cti
    leandB
    rit
    tleS
    tru
    ctu
    res
    Thee nergywhichisd i
    ssipat
    eddueもoc rac
    kingdeαe 出回 w itht herefinementofthefini
    te
    elementmesh( Fig.l.lf
    )andc on
    vergesto0a sh→ O .
    Thef or
    egoingunobject
    ivityisphysi
    callyunacceptable
    .Theo n lywa.ytoa.voi
    ditissome
    formo ff r
    acturemech a.
    nic
    s.Bys pecif
    yingもhee nergyd i
    ssipa
    tedbyc racki
    ngp erunitl e
    ngth
    oft hec ra
    cko rt hecrackband， theo v
    erallenergyd iss
    ipatio
    nisf or
    cedt obei n
    dependent
    ofth eelements ubd
    ivision(thehorizq
    ntald ashedl i
    neinF i
    g.l.lf)， a
    .ndsoist hemaximum
    1000.
    Reason3
    : LackofYieldPlateau
    B剖 edonl oad-de
    flectiond iagra
    .ms， onemayd i
    sting
    uishtwob as
    ict ypeso fs tructur
    al (b)
    f
    ailur
    e:p l
    asticandb ritt
    le. Thet ypicalc h
    aract
    erist
    ico fplasti
    cf a
    ilur
    ei st hatt hes tru
    c-
    tured evel
    opsas ing
    le-degree-of-freedommechanisms ucht h抗 failu
    rei nv ariousp artsof
    thestructureproc田d ssim ultan
    e ously，i
    np roport
    iont oas i
    ngleparameter.Suchf a
    i l
    uresa r
    e
    manifestedbyt heexistenceofal ongy i
    eldp l
    a t
    eauont heload-d
    eflect
    iondiagram( F
    i g.1.2a
    ).
    I
    ft hel oad
    -deflec
    tiondiagramd oe sn o
    tha .vesuchap l
    ateau， th
    ef ai
    lur
    ei sn otp l
    a sti
    cbu t slze:
    br
    ittle(orbrittle
    -duc
    tile)( Fi
    g. 1 .2b).Ift herearenos igni
    fican
    tgωmetrice 仇c t
    ss uch制 plasticmoteri
    al
    (d)

    平
    theP-se f
    fectinb uc
    kl i
    ng， thea b
    s enceofap la
    .teauimplie
    st heexisten
    ceo fsofteningi nthe large
    materia
    .1due七of ract
    ure，c ra
    ckingo ro t
    herda.magejiti m
    pliesthat山 efa.
    ilureprocessc a.
    nnot
    developas i
    ngled e
    gree-off reedommechanismb utconsist
    so fpropagationoft hefailurezone
    ε
    ・
    "
    tbroughout七hes truc
    ture.Soもhef a
    ilureisnon-simultaneousa
    .ndp ropag乱ting
    .
    Toi ll
    ustra
    tet h
    isb ehavior，considerth epunchings he
    arf a
    .i
    lureofas lab( F
    ig.1 .3).The
    )L/

    )
    t
    ypical( app
    r oxim
    ate)d istribu
    tionso ftens
    iles tressσalongthefa.
    ilu
    res ur
    fa
    .cea redrawni n μt
    eigm i
    L
    th
    ef igu
    re.Ift hematerialisplastic，thecrosssectio
    ng ra
    .dua
    llyp l
    asti
    cize
    su ntila11itsp oi
    nts
    a
    rea tthey i
    eldl i
    mit.However ，
    ift hematerialexhi
    bitssofteni
    ng， th
    ent hesもres
    speakmoves ~-- I/ 、
    .
    .
    .
    .E
    a
    c
    i
    I
    r
    sm
    ft
    os
    i
    h
    st
    ldo
    est
    h
    n
    r
    ef
    l
    uc
    a
    yi
    t
    i

    u
    l
    u
    ft
    r
    rez
    h
    ei
    es
    sl
    o
    t
    a
    e，
    n
    r
    r
    u
    g
    c
    l
    t
    e，
    e
    u
    h
    a
    r
    v

    o
    i
    n
    ei
    w
    gar
    ss
    ev
    m
    e
    al
    r，
    e
    l
    d
    ，
    t
    h
    uc
    i
    e
    nw
    es
    ds

    t
    h
    r
    e
    t
    i
    s
    r
    c
    ess(
    h日 s
    sp r
    of
    soft
    en
    e出 ep
    i
    led e
    i

    v
    n
    I
    e
    l
    g
    )i
    舗 t

    op
    ni
    i
    cl
    sa
    t
    i
    .s
    swa
    mi
    t
    ee
    k
    .
    ta
    e
    .
    n
    ps
    .Thes
    al
    t
    r
    y
    e
    s
    s
    i
    si
    sd
    tr
    sn
    ro
    e
    s
    o
    sr
    t5
    pb e
    ed
    0f
    hi
    u

    n
    c
    a
    ti
    ro
    dt
    o
    f
    f
    h
    n
    .
    e
    一、、/〆~~
    p
    eak-stres
    sp oint，andt herefor
    et hel im
    ita.naly
    sissoluti
    onsg r
    osslyover-estima
    .teth efa
    .ilu
    re
    ↑
    !
    ↑↑
    ↑
    F
    ig.1
    .3P
    rog
    res
    siv
    eNa
    tur
    eofF
    ail
    ureI
    l
    lu5
    tra
    .t
    edf
    orPunchingS
    hea
    rof
    aSla
    b
    10 1
    1

    1
    000
    .
    Reason4
    :EnergyAbsorptionC
    apa
    bil
    ityandD
    uct
    ili
    ty
    Thea r
    eaundertheent
    ireloaddefl
    ecti
    ondiagramrep
    res四 t
    stheenergywhicht hes tr
    uc-
    t
    urewi
    llabsorbduri
    ngfailu
    reandmustt h
    erefo
    rebeBuppl
    i e
    dbyt heloads.Consideration
    o
    f出 i
    s四 位gyi simpor同且te sp
    ecia
    llyfordynamicload
    ing，anddeterminestheductilityof
    t
    hestru
    ctur
    e.Plas
    ticlim
    itanalys
    isc孤 gi
    venoi nf
    ormat
    ionont hepost-pe
    akd e
    clineo fthe
    l
    oadandtheenerg
    ydissi
    patedi sp
    n山 i r
    oα別 . Someformoffrac
    turemechanic
    sisne 四 四 位y. 円10stlab
    Reason5
    :Si
    zeE
    ffe
    ct tests
    Thes izeeffec
    ti s， fo
    rd esigne ngineers，probablythemostcompellingre品目onf oru sing
    f
    racturem echanics， ands oat h o
    ro ughd is
    cus si
    oni sino rd
    e r
    .
    Thes izeeffe
    ctisd efinedth roughacomp 釘 is
    ono fg e
    ome tric
    allys imil
    ars tru
    ctureso fdi
    ι larger
    f
    erentsizes，andisc onvenientlycharact e
    rizedi nte rmsoft hen ominalstressσN atmaximum moststructures
    (
    ultimate)l oad，九. Wh entheσN v ・ alue
    sf org eometricallys im
    ilars tru
    c tu
    r田 o fdifferent
    s
    izesaret hes晶me ，wes ayt ha
    .ttherei snos izeeffec
    t.Ad ependen ceofσN ont hes tructu
    r e log (
    s;z
    e)
    size( di
    m ensio
    n )isca l
    ledt hesi問 effect
    .
    Then o minalstre sn田 dn
    s otr epres田 t姐 ya ctua
    .lstressi nt hest r
    uctureb utma .ybe F
    ig.1.
    4FTa
    ctureM?chmesSizemeetf
    orGeometriqllySimilustmc-
    t
    ure
    so fDi
    Jfe
    rentSi
    zes
    defineds imply回 σN =P u/bdwhent hes imila
    rityi stw か dimensional，or出 凡/ cFwhen
    thes imilarit
    yj sthre e
    -dimensionalj b-t hicknesso ft h
    etw 令 dimensionals tr
    ucture， 組dd
    chara
    . c
    terist
    icd imensiono ft h
    es tructure，w hichma .ybec hosena .
    sa.nyd imension，e.g.パhe
    dept hoft hebeam ，oritss pan， s
    inceo nlyt her e
    lativevalueso fσN m atter
    .
    A ccordingt othec la
    .ss
    icalt he
    ories， sucha selasti
    ca nalysiswit hallowablestres，
    s plasi
    . ic
    im
    I i tan a
    .lys
    is，asw
    . e
    ll却 姐yo thert h田 rie
    swhichu s esomet ypeofs trengthlimi
    to rf ailu
    re nom.
    criteri
    oni nt ermsof耐 e sses(e..，v
    g iscoelst
    a
    . ic
    ity，visco
    plasticit)，
    y σN isc onst
    ant，出品 i s， stress
    inde pendentoft hes tructuresize
    .T hisma .ybei llust
    rated，e..，
    g byc onsiderin
    gt hee la.
    st
    ic O
    N
    組 dp lasticformulasf
    . orthe柑 e ngtho fbea.msi nh ending， shearandt orsion( r
    ega.
    rdin gthe
    definit
    ionσN =凡/ b dfort orsin，
    o notet ha
    .tonema .yset凡 =T u/rwhereTu ==u ltimate
    torque，九==f orceact in
    gonanarm ，r， sucht haもr/ Ho rr/ai sconstantf o
    rs imi
    larstructures
    ofdifferen
    ts iz
    esjH =c r
    osss ectio
    nd e pth，a=c racklength).Iti sseent hat油 田ef ormulas
    釘 eo fthesameforme xc
    eptf oraf a
    .ctor.Thus， i
    fwep loもl o
    gσN v s.l gd，
    o t h
    ef a
    ilures ta
    tes
    accordingt oas もrengtho ry i
    eldc r
    iteriona rea lwa
    .ysg ivenbyah orizontalline(d a
    s hedl i
    ne re.
    ldef
    l.
    inFig.1 .4
    ).Sof ai
    lures乱c cordingtos trengtho ryi e
    ldc ri
    teriae x
    :hib
    itnos i田 e f
    fe
    ct. F
    ig .5L
    .1 o
    ad-
    Def l
    ect
    ionD
    iag
    ram
    sofG
    eom
    etr
    ica
    llyS
    imi
    larS
    tru
    ctu
    res
    Byc o n
    t ra
    .
    st，fail
    ur e
    sg overn吋 b yl ine
    are las
    ticf r
    a c
    turemech a
    .nic
    se xhib
    i tarathers trong o
    fD i
    ffe
    ren
    tSiz四

    si
    zee ff
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    Uc Uel Uc U
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    .5E
    1 xplanationo
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    Structu
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    .Thes izeeffec
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    .1 .13
    .Thel oad-dis
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    her esponseofb oth
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    n edbyf ra
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    Mode I 江 E
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    e( aswellast hety p
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    ) tisworthn oti碍 t h.
    atHawkins( 1984)
    id
    entifi
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    nty-ninep r
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    si nt heACICodew hichseemt obee mpi
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    n
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    ment，cracks p.
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    ud uralsizee 宜ect，国 wella .st h
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    Fig2 ，
    .1ModesIIImdI
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    0，

    Cha
    pter 2.ESSENTIA_L !!-~S!!_LTS FROMLINEAR stress
    ELASTICFRACTUREMECHANICS relief
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    Inlin
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    happensat出 ec racktipandt haももh eenti


    revolumeo ft h
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    ingui
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    I a
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    2
    .1S
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    Intro
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    .2.3
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    姐 dm aybee xpr田sed部:

    σL=Iufl(
    l
    })(
    2付 t ，σu=J(llfi~[(())(2附)ー1/2 ， σUI = kmLYI(6)(2πrt /2
    12
    /
    1
    (
    2.
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    1and111re
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    amet
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    emannero floa
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    0)
    =0ωα(1-s inαs in3α ム
    )，f( 0)=∞sα(1+sinαsin3α)， fl2
    (0)= Cοsαsin2αcos3α， where
    α=0 /2 ;seee.g.，Kn ott(197)，
    3 Broe
    k( 19
    74)，OwenandFawkes( 198
    3 )，He
    llan(198
    4)，回d
    Kanninen姐 dP o
    p elar(198
    5).

    2
    .2EnergyC
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    Thef ac
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    ud edt hat， i
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    ed出:

    θ
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    )_ T
    TI ，Lla， TTI ..aJ
    d
    b=ーすf 2-E l
    H(a
    +す )-I I( J
    α ーτ ) (
    2.2
    )
    26 27

    inwhichII= U- W = p o
    tent
    ialen釘g yoft h
    es tructur
    e，W = workofloads， andU = s
    iz回， t
    hestre
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    ensi
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    og iv
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    pproxim 叫ionwhichma.ybeu s吋 toc a
    .l
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    nsteadofEq.2.3，t h
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    Forthatp urposeonema .ymodelt hecrac
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    orAa/2.I nsteadofusing姐 i nt
    erele
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    拭 k， onemay ，forthes akeofconvenience， KI=K1c (
    2.7
    )
    modelthec ra
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    tst oh avezぽ ostif
    fne
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    foneu s
    esamesh nwhichKlc=c
    i rit
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    eisnotmoret h姐a.bout0 .1oft hecros
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    ialpr
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    E'.HE q.2.
    7iss
    ubs
    titu
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    .2.6，th
    enomi
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    err
    orofc o
    nsideringacrackbandi n
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    llyless山 拍 1%;s 閃 B aZa
    .nt a
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    tai
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    :
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    (
    2.8
    )
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    2.3
    )
    I
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    .28，
    .
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    o epres
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    si
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    ty.F orG く G ， ，thecrackcannotp r
    opagate，andforthecaseG >G ， l
    og 十ogd+∞M
    σN = (
    2.9
    )
    e
    i
    q
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    ，
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    /
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    whichisn
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    whichG =GfanddG/θα<0， andt he
    nt hecrackcangrowu nderloadcon
    trolinastabl
    e 佃 i吋 i
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    manner.
    Thee n
    ergyrele
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    dont heb
    asisofthes
    tres
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    .3LimitsofA
    ppl
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    I
    nr e
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    sc a
    nnotta
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    t. Thef旨actu
    reproce
    ssz o
    ne
    GI= Ki
    /E'， GII=K
    ldE
    '， Gm =
    =Kl
    II/
    μ (
    2.4
    ) musth
    thefr
    a
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    9
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    gth
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    .2.
    f
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    ，
    i
    立w hichμ =ela
    sti
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    ng'se
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    :
    ，1/(f1:-
    r =2
    11
    '
    0 l
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    o
    1
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    -=
    .
    P
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    U - f
    ? -f
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    ' (
    2.1
    0)
    G=GI+G
    II+G m (
    2.5
    )
    Notet hatthislengthi sexpre
    ssedo nlyint ermsofm a t
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    .lpro
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    reis
    Thest
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    )= b
    :
    d α = α/d (
    2.6
    ) bends pecimensarer oughly1 2d 組 d3da，
    Q res
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    ly.
    Line
    a relas
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    rt hant hecro
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    cretes tr
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    i
    st
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    n)， and~(α) =f (α).j石
    :::
    ::a.no山e rnon-d imensi
    o nalfunc
    tion.Fo r wit
    ht hep ossib
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    c epもionofsomev er
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    rges tr
    uctur
    e ss ucha sconcreted ams. However，
    v
    ariouss impl
    eg e
    o m
    etriesofn otch
    edf rac
    turespecimens，accurateexpr田 sionsforfuncti
    o n amorep r ec
    isecrit
    erionf o
    rt heappl
    icabili
    tyofl in
    earelastic企配t urem ec
    h an
    i cs，whichalso
    fareavailableinもextbook
    sandh andbooks(e..，
    g Tadae ta.，
    l 1985，andMur a.kam
    i，1987
    ) . ta
    kesi n
    t oaccountthes tr
    uctur
    es ha
    .peandt h
    em組 問ro flo a
    ding，c組 beg ivenint ermsof
    Forothergeometr
    i s，
    e thefu n
    ctionfc analwaysbec alc
    ulatedbyl inea
    relasticanal
    ysis
    je.g.， th
    e回 ・ 臼 且edb r
    ittl
    enessnumber， β， whichwiIJbee xpla
    i nedi nS e
    c.5.2.
    th
    r o
    ughaf i
    nit
    eel e
    mentpro g
    ram.F orthespeci
    alc as
    eo fas i
    nglelinecrackofl en
    gthai nan Thei nappl
    icab
    ilityo fline
    arelast
    icf ra
    cturemechanic st obritt
    lef ai
    lure
    so ftypical∞E
    i
    nfin
    itesolidsubj
    e c
    tedaもi nf
    init
    yton ominalstr
    回 SσN i nthed i
    r配 tionnormalt ot h
    ec ra
    c k c
    retestru ct
    uresisclearlya p
    parentfromt hetes
    tr es
    ultsshowni nFig.1. 8
    -1.11. Thed ata
    .
    p
    lane，on eh硝 f(α)= 1.E q.2 .
    6s hows由民 f org 加 me
    tricall
    ys imi
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    . t
    ructuresofdiff
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    n t p
    ointsin dic
    ateam ilders i
    zeeffe
    ctt h回 t h
    es tr
    aightlin
    eo fslope- 1/2.
    28 29

    (0) Lineor Frocture

    Chapter3
    .NONLIN~AR_ ~~AC_TP"~ß MODELS
    WITHSOFTENINGZONE
    Ther easonf ord eviationso fc oncr
    eteb ehaviorf roml i
    neare l
    asticf r
    acturem echanic s
    i
    sthed ev e
    l opmen tofar elat
    ivelyl ar
    ge企a cturep roce
    ssz onewhichu ndergoesp rog
    ressiv e
    softenin
    gdamageduet om icrocracking.Thee f
    fec
    to fthi
    sm icro
    cr ackingis
    :( 1
    )t oreducet he
    a四 o fe ne曙 yt hatc anber eleasedinto仕l ecrackt i
    piand( 2)att hesameもimet oincreas e
    thec ombine dsurfacea reao fcracking，andt huse n
    h ancethee n
    er gyabsorptionc apa
    .b
    ilit
    yo f
    thefr拭 turep rocessz o
    ne .
    Therefor ，
    e arelationd e
    sc r
    ibi n
    gt hesoften
    i n
    gdamagen eedstobei nclud
    edi nthefr配 ture (b) Metols
    model.T hisc anbedoneb asicallyintwoways :( 1)int heformo fa
    .s tress-dis
    placement
    rela
    tionfo rt hef ron
    talz o
    n eo fal inecrack，o r(2)a.s tr
    ess-
    strainr e
    lationfort hestrain-
    softe
    n i
    ng( m i
    crocr acki
    ng )r egioni nfrontoft hemainc rack
    . Wew il
    lf ir
    std esc
    ribet hese
    approachesandt hend iscusstheirr ela
    tivemerits( Forfurthe
    rd iscussios，
    n s
    田 e .g
    .P lan舗

    andE lic
    es ，1988a;恥 t s， 19郎).
    Ing en
    e ral，onem可 distinguishtwotypeso fn onlin
    earf ra
    ct u
    rem echanics:( 1)ductile
    (meta
    l )，
    s and( 2)n on
    d u
    ct ile(concrete，aswellas田 r am
    ics);seeFig.3.1.I ncontr却 ttolinear
    ela
    sti
    cf racturem echa n
    i cs，t hen onli
    nearz oneisla rg
    ef o
    rb otht yp邸 o fnonlinearfractu
    r e
    mechanics.F ord uctil
    ef r
    acturem echanics， mosto ft henonlinearz oneu ndergoespla.
    stic
    hardeningo rp erf，民t p
    l制 ticity，andt hef ractu
    rep roces
    sz oneiss til
    1a.v erysmallp arto f
    theno n
    linea rzone. Byc ontrast，fornonductilefr邸 turem e
    chan ics，w hichist hecasef or
    concr
    e t
    e， thef racturep rocessz oneisl a
    rgeando ccupiesnearlyt heentiren o
    nlinearz o
    ne .
    Thus， alt
    h oughmanyr esultsoft hef r
    acturetheoryofm et
    a l
    swhiche volvedear
    lierareuseful ，
    mosto fthemc ann otbed ir民 tlytra.n
    splanted
    . (c) Concrete
    Re m
    ark s
    :Thef r
    acturep rocessz oneisdefineda sthez on
    ei nwhicht hematerialunder -
    goess t
    rain-softening，i.
    e.， thes tr
    essn ormalt othec rack・planed ecreasesw i
    t hincreas
    in g
    凶rain
    .Thes tres
    sc anbeu nderstooda st hemacrostressora veragestressσ;;thatisc al
    cu-
    lat
    ed回 ( l/flt)-timest hef o
    r c
    er esulta
    nttr a
    .nsmi
    tte dacros
    sa reafl1o nw hichtheh eter
    oge-
    n岡 山 m a
    te r
    i alw itha 邸r egates回 dm icrocracksca nbea pproxi ma
    t ed出 acontinuum( o n
    themacroscale).A lternatively，( andcustomaril)，
    y σ匂=ん σ' (
    ]dVjv ;
    r
    .whereσ arethemi-
    cr
    ostres
    ses( actualstressesint hea ggr
    egates，matrixandi nter
    fa.
    ces，whichshowh ighrandom
    lo
    calscatter)，a
    .ndv ，
    .i sf o
    rt her eprese
    ntativevolumeo ft h
    em aterial，defin
    edb elowE q.1.2
    (i
    tssi回 ist hec h
    ar a
    cteristiclen gthi)
    . Thesec o
    ncepts乱 開 developedmorep recis
    elyint he
    st
    ati
    stica
    lt h e
    oryo fh eterogeneou smateria
    ls( e.
    g.K r'
    るner，1967;Krumhansl， 1968).

    3
    .1SofteningStress-DisplacementRelations
    Thisapproachdevelo
    ped回 am od
    ificati
    onofas im
    ilarapproachpre
    vio
    uslyformul
    a t
    ed Fi
    g .
    3.1
    Lin
    earZone(L)，N
    on-Lin
    earZone(N
    )andF
    rac
    tur
    ePr
    oce
    ss
    f
    ormet
    als. Dugdale(1960)組 dBarenb
    latt( 1
    959，196
    2)p ropos
    edt h
    atap la
    sti
    c( y
    ieldi
    ng Zone()i
    S nFr
    actu
    reofDi
    ffer
    entMat
    .er
    ial
    s
    c
    ohe
    sive)zoneofac er
    tainfi
    nit
    elengt
    hmuste xis
    ta tthefron
    to facrack(F
    ig.3.2
    a). The
    l
    eng
    tho fth
    .
    isz onemustbes u
    cht h
    aもt hestr
    esse
    sfromt hefract
    ureproc
    esszonec anc
    el
    t
    hestr
    esssingu
    larit
    yc au
    sedatt h
    et i
    po ftheequiv
    alen
    te l
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    icc r
    ackbyt heapp
    liedl o
    ad
    31
    30
    (i
    ..，
    e ](1 = 0
    )・ Thec racko peninga tt heb egi
    nningo ft heplast
    . i
    cz one，wherethes もre
    ss
    sudd回 l ydropst oz e
    ro，mayber egardeda sam at
    erialp ropertywhichcontro
    lsp ro
    pagation
    (Fi
    g.3 .2b).
    Forsomem etalsando therm at
    e ria
    lsi twωlatern o
    tedt hatt h
    ec ohes
    ivez oneshould
    邸 hi
    bitag r
    adualr athert h阻 s udde nstressd rop，cha r
    acterizedbyas ofteni
    ngr el
    ationof
    theno rm alstre
    ssσa .
    cros
    st hec ra
    .ckv s
    .t hec rack-
    op enin
    gd isplacementι(Fig.3.2d)jsee
    e.
    g.Knauss( 1974)，KfouriandMi Iler(19 7
    4 )，姐dWnuk(1974). Forconcrete， th
    ist ypeof
    modelwasp ropose dbyH illerbo
    rg，Modeer姐 dP 悦 rss o
    n( 1976
    )u nderthenameo ff
    i
    .ctiti
    ous
    cr8
    心km odeljs e
    ea lsoPet ers
    “
    位，

    “
    旬f
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    c叫
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    ωothef.畠配
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    sc annot
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    kw ithf u
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    es u
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    ，
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    吋
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    in
    叫t
    (0)
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    re団 isr edu
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    jF ig.3.2d.)I nthismodel ，whichha 日beenwidelyapplied

    1nnn~
    infi
    niもee l e
    menta nalys
    iso fc oncretef r
    actur e，themat e
    rialf r
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    sa red e
    fined
    bythes ofte
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    田s-d isplacementr e
    la
    .t i
    on:

    ，
    ，
    、

    、
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    ‘
    E--
    qd
    .，
    ，
    σ首 =f
    (t

    噌
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    dc

    E
    c)
    担

    (
    seeF
    ig.3.
    2d)，where円 i
    sthe抗re
    ssint
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    nn o
    rmalt
    oth
    ecr
    ac.The紅 e
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    erial，i
    .e
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    :

    一
    (d)

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    fIM
    σ
    .d
    C0
    (
    3.2
    )

    仰M
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    c) 九

    叩
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    oopenwhent hes tr
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    hl imtf
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    eningc ur
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    ef ract
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    ely
    Oc chara
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    eciseshapeo ft hes ofte
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    s-
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    ationr esu
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    ss h
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    iangula
    ro rb ilinear，inwhichc aset hes tres
    si sr e
    duced
    もozeroa ta五n ited isplacement60・ Ane xponent ia
    ls hapehasa l
    sob eenu sed. Whent he
    soft
    eningz oneisu nloadedandr el
    oaded(Fig.3 .2
    d 七h
    )， eb ehav
    iorIs制 s ketchedinF ig
    .3 .
    2d.
    (e) Hi
    llerborg'sfic色iti
    ouscra
    .ckmodelwasv erifi
    ed岨 dc alibr
    a七edbyvariousc omparisonswith
    te
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    a
    . itseemst ha
    .ta.
    ne xh
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    .ntconcr
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    ctureda.t.
    afromt h
    el it
    eratu
    reh asnoty etbe 四 p re
    sented.Butduet oe quivalencewith
    thecrackb叩 dmodel もh
    ， eextensivecomparisonso ft hel at
    terwithtestda 凶 (Bazantand
    ε Oh， 1983a
    .)i n
    dir e
    ctlyv al
    idatetheficti
    tio
    usc rackm odel.
    Thes hapeo ft hestress-
    displace
    mentc u
    rv ewass t udi
    edont hebasisofm icromechanicsof
    micro
    cr .
    ac
    ksbyH o
    r i
    i( 198)，
    8 Ho
    riieta l
    .( 1987， 1
    9 88)，a.
    ndBa .
    iant(1987b)， andonc er
    amics
    withsimil.
    arbeh aviorbyO rtiz( 1
    988).Fromt hesem odelsitt ra
    nspir
    edt hatt hemi c
    rocrack
    coa
    lescencegene rallytendstop roducesnapba ckinsta
    . b
    ili
    tyoft h
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    ress-displacemen
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    F
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    3.2Str
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    ns1
    nandN
    eart
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    e sucha.sfrictiona
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    agments
    32 33

    fromt
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    ei n essen
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    fo
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    eso ftwoa djacentelementsn e
    erls clo
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    s iveexperimentaljustinca
    tiono fbhe
    tob ei ntroducedandf rac
    tureisha ndledbya djus t
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    ffne
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    ctlyprovid
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    l)
    elemen ts，basic
    allyint hesameway回 anyi ne
    lasti
    cb ehav
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    gisc ausedbyf ract
    urig抗 日h，
    n tf， w
    hichiss uperimposedonS hee las
    tlcitmn.
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    lands meared(co
    n tinu
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    stribut
    ed)，andc h oo
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    l
    !
    :
    analysisbyRas hid( 1968
    ).Then e edtoc onsiderprogres
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    cks，weh av
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    j: ロ

    re∞gni田 dbySc晶 .nlan( 1


    971)， whoi nt
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    ducedas equ担問 o fs malls tre
    ssd rops
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    (
    (
    1
    1
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    )
    xh
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    n
    (i;)= [?;:?;;:i212/Fl( 引
    十日) (
    3.3
    )

    (1981)，Re i
    nha
    .rdtandC orne
    llisen( 1984)，GopalaratnamandShah( 1985)，ando thers. The ，∞lumnmatriCE泡 onthel e
    fthand姐 dr ightbands idescon s
    is tofthestrain阻 ds t
    r側
    Fromt hecontinuumm echanicsv iewpoint，the∞n ceptofs もrai
    n-soften
    ingi nvo
    lvescerta
    i n compo ne nts(γ=2 f12= she
    ara ngle)， C1111，C1122 = C2211，C2222 姐 dC1212 釘 ethee la
    stic
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    ve
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    問 s

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    ∞mpli姐 C 民 組dβis姐 e mpiricalf a
    ctor，( 0く F壬 l )， cal
    ledt h es}mr!?etentionfadf
    (in
    tro duc edbyS ui d
    anandS chnobrich，197 2，叩dY uzug
    u llu組 dS chnobrich，1973，Phill
    ips，
    bound ar yvalueprob lem，whichw erepo i
    n t
    edo utand叩 a lyzedbyHadamard( 1903)，Thom 剖 lm ，岨dP hil
    lips組 dZ ienki
    e wiez，1976).Ift hem a
    teria lisi sokopic，C1111=C2m=
    (1961)，B
    t，
    azant( 1976)，S姐 dler( 1984)，
    )，
    ReadandH号: g
    emier( 1984)，WuandF reund( 1984)， りE'， Cll~12 :
    :
    ::C 1=
    22l 〆/E'，C1212 = 2叫
    べ
    { inw hichE'= E， v
    ': :1f orp l
    an山口
    e d
    Ba.
    i a
    n Belytsch
    ko組 dChang( 1984 ando the
    rs. Thec hie fproblemi st ha
    tt hez oneo f E'=E/(l-1 )，
    1 〆=ν/(1-v)forplanestrain-ThefracturingMmincanbei ncorporatd
    energyd is
    sipatio
    nt e nd
    st olocalizetoaz oneo fzerovolume( as urfac
    e)s ot hatt hetotal in
    tot he∞m pliance，inwhichth eexp r
    essionf=，[ωα222/(1- ω) Jσ22h部 b田 ni ntroduc
    ed:
    enぽ gyd issipat
    iona tf a
    ilu
    reisi nc
    orrectlyindicatedtob ezero( cf
    .r eviewbyBa .iant，1986
    ). ωC姐 b er egardeda.
    sdamageandc 叩 bec onsideredt obeaf un c
    t ionofthes trai
    nnorm i
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    Thesed i 侃culti
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    -softenin
    gi nfin
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    ce d t
    ot hec rack， f
    叫 ort hemaximump r i
    ncipals trainjω/(1ー ω)=ゆ( f
    22
    ).I nit
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    tbroug hf r
    actureconce p
    tsin0 問 。f twoforms:( 1)山 ec rac
    kbandmodeland( 2)t h
    en onlo
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    ::
    ::0( n od叩 a g)，
    e andcompletedamage( continuousf r
    a ct
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    mode .Thel
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    3
    .2.
    1CrackBandModel GJ::::Wcf句 d
    fJ ， (
    3.4
    )
    Theb asicideaof出 ec ra
    ckbandmodel ，whichwasp ropos吋 byBa ia
    . nt(1976)，is
    : Thefullycrack eds t.
    ateiso btaine
    df rω →1. l
    o tw剖 shown( B azantandOh， 1
    983a
    .)
    (1
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    ito fth
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    ，
    througha.stra
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    (2
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    .
    si nt
    roducdbyR
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    4 regec
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    Thei mpositi
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    .1
    l tappear
    s
    34
    35
    thatthes i
    mpleformulaゆ(f)=(Ej 刀)expa (
    f-f p)，withempi
    ricalc on
    stantsα姐 dfp， i
    s
    gene
    rallyadequa
    te. As trai
    ghtl i
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    e.， atriang
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    ress
    -str
    aind iagr
    a m，h副 post -p
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    entv alueo f叫
    als
    ob eenusedsucc
    essf
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    . Oncet hes hapeo ft hes oftenings tre
    ss-
    sもrainr e
    lationisf ixed， thec rackba.ndmodeli s
    Therearetwo討mplev ar
    iantstothec阻止 b andmode .
    lTheo rigin
    alone(Ba.Zan
    tandOh ， fu
    l l
    yc h ara
    .c
    terizedbyt hreem ater a
    .
    i lparamet
    e rs:
    1
    : ， Ga .
    ndWc ( altho u
    ght hei nfluenceof
    1983a)presumesthatthes mea
    r edpara
    llelcrac
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    mi nt hedir
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    the rweakf orsitua-もionswithi sol
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    themaximump r
    inci
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    ientatio
    nisfixedinthema t
    erial c r晶ckmodelh asonlytwob asicp arameters，刀姐dGf ・ Whyt hee.対r a
    .parameteri nt he
    eveniftheprin
    cipa
    ls t
    ressdir
    ectionrota
    tes.Morer e白川 resear
    c h(eιGuptaandAkbar ， c rackb姐 dmodel?Thee xtr apara meter，ωc，
    ' i
    si mportan tonlyi ns ituatio
    nswhent h ereare
    1984
    ;Cope ，1984)附 mstoindicatethati tisb e
    t tertoassumet h
    att hecrackorie
    nt抗1 0n p叫 l e
    lc racks(句・，i nt hepresωoft ensionreinforcement);t henw b as
    icallyd e
    t ermines
    ro
    tateswiththedirec
    tionofthemaximump rinc
    ipa lst
    res8，whichmeanst hatshearsもres
    ses t h
    eminimump ossiblec racks pacing， asam at
    e r
    i a
    lp roperty.Its houldbep ointedo ut出品t
    ont h
    ec r
    ackplanecanneverari
    se.F or山 i
    svaria
    nt， thegener
    altriaxi
    alstre
    ss-st
    rainrela
    tion t h
    ef i
    ctiti
    ousc rackmodel ，b ecauseo fitslacko fthee xtraparameterωc， c組 g iver 田ults
    fo
    rt hemicroc
    rackedmater
    ial叩 bew ri
    tteninth efor m(Ba.Z叫叫 L in，1988
    b): 4hatuen obo bject
    ive insi411at
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    rall
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    elysp acedc racks-(Ac erta
    inl engthh as
    alsob ee ndefined組 組 a dditionalma .ter
    ialparameteri n出 ef ict
    itiousc raεkm odel
    ;h owever，
    inc ontrasttoωc， itisn otani ndependentp a
    ram et
    er.)
    f;; =l
    Il
    "
    叶
    ;;
    ;1- 十ーーーーー一ー_'l7'
    T
    1_.nr'rl__ l I'Tr (
    3.5
    ) Thef init
    ee lements izeh=叫， r equi
    redbyt hecrackb岨 dmodel， maybet ∞smallin
    thec as
    eo fver ylarg
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    tisp ossi
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    .e.
    inw hichni= =directioncosinesoft h
    ec urr
    e 凶 ma杭.x
    1m
    宜m useh>叫 )p r ovi
    dedt h atth esofも
    匂en
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    刷凶
    ωもenso討叫 s削ubscαn
    p
    中t匂si mplysummation)andC仰 α
    .
    ，n i st heel嗣 tic(undamaged)c omplianc
    e 自
    帥品mee
    ， ner
    略gyd issip
    ation ，GI- Thisi sillust
    ratedinF ig.3.3.I nv i
    e wo ft heserie
    sc o upli
    ng
    tenso
    r. model ，alreadydiscusse dinc onnectio nwithF ig
    .1 .8，thegivens もress-stra
    indiagramOPA
    Whent heprincipals t
    ressd i
    rection
    sr o同t esig n
    ifica
    ntly，then onrotaもingc rac
    kmethod f
    o rt hes trai
    n-soften
    in gc rackbandn 田 dstober epla臼 d，atincreasingelementsizeh，by
    mustbeg enerali
    ze dtoa llowforthef orm
    at ionofse condaryandt erti
    aryc rackingofdiff
    eren
    t 必a g ramsOPB， OPC， OPD， etc.，suchthatwhenthe紅 側 underanyofthesediagam-
    o rient
    ations.Suchm ultid
    irectionalsmeare dcrackingm odelsw e
    r eespeci
    al l
    yp erfect
    edbyde i
    sm ultiplidbyht
    e hesamef ra山 r ee nergyv alueGJ iso b t
    aine d( Fig.3 .
    3c).I nt e rmsof
    B orst( 1
    98 4
    ) . thes tress-displa
    cementdiagramf orlmghhho fSnitee lement，ac haag einhr eq
    u i
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    ort o出 .
    ef ina
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    do veral
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    ress-di
    spla閃 m entd iagr.
    am0 12inF ig.3 .3bber ep
    lac e
    dbyd iagrams0 3 2，042，
    o rient
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    ntf requ
    enciesforv ariou
    so rienta
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    .T hisfeatureisc apturedby 052， etc.Theses tre
    時 d isplacemeMdiagramhavethepropedyt hatt h ea mu nderb herni-
    t hem i
    crop lanemodel(Ba .
    ZantandOh， 1
    98 5)wh i
    chs 田 m stobep hysicall
    yt hemostr eal
    isti
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    us回 s uringc onsta
    .ntf ractureenergyG/ .
    a sw el邸 c
    l onceptuallys implesもmod elofdamageduet oc rackingbuti sv erydemanding Onec an， ofcourse， alsou see lementsw i
    thhく ωc( say0.1ωふ p r ovidedt hep o
    st -peak
    f r∞mputerもime.1
    o nt hismodel( whichwi Jb
    l ec onsideredfur t
    heri nS ection3.2.
    5)， t
    he sl o
    p eisd ecr
    easeda sshownbyt heσ-fd iagramOPFi nFig.3.3cωthatt heσ-8dia~ram
    h ypothes
    i st h
    att h
    ec rackings tr
    aintensorisa dd
    itivet otheelas
    tics t
    rainte nsori
    sabandon 吋 08 2( Fig.3 品)woulda gainhav et hesamea rea鎚 0 12.I nt hisc 槌 e.therowd c ri-ked
    叫 c rackingIsm odelleda ss tra
    in-sof
    tenings epar
    a t均 onp lan伺 ofa.lo rientat
    ions(call
    ed el ementsc anben arro w町七h ant hea djacentelementsandt hemeshmayl ookasshowni n
    m icropla
    n es)，subjectt o出 eh ypot h
    e s
    isthatt hest r
    aincomponentsone a chm i
    croplaneare Fig.3. 4ab utw ithω。 replace dbyh .O bviousl
    y， whenh→ 0， thec rackb姐 dmodeli nt he
    t heresolvedcomponentso fthe( macr
    o s
    copic)s t
    rain
    .Thes t
    re蹴 s a
    .ft
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    ep la
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    lerborg'smodel( whichinもh iss ensei sas pe
    cialc 蹴 oft he
    ofv ariousor i
    entationsaren ote xa
    ctlyine quilibrium， b
    uto ve
    ralle qui
    libr iumisenforce
    dby crac kbandmoden.
    u s
    i ngthep rinci
    pleo fvirtualwork. Ast h eelements izei si ncreased，もhes of
    tenings lopeg etss t
    e e
    p er，u nt
    ilf orac ertain
    I
    tmaybep ointedo utt hatlinea
    .rela
    sticsta
    . b
    iliya
    t .naly
    sisinwhicht h em ic
    rocracksare elem ents i
    zehav ert
    ic a
    ls tressd ropOPCor42iso btained .
    F oras til
    ll argerelem e
    n tsize-
    剖 s umedt ogrowi nahomogen ∞uselasticcontinuumindicatesthatthesofteningstress- thediagrmOPDor052woulde xhibits nap
    bac k，whichwouldcausenmericaldi 血 叫t i偲 J

    displac即 lento rst re


    ss-str
    ainr elati
    ons houlde xhibitamaximumd ispl a
    ce mentors tra
    in lnt ha
    . tcase，onema .yr epla
    . c
    et hes na pbacksegment5 2o ft h
    ee lement鈴 阿 佐d ispla臼m ent
    ( snapback)， a
    fterwhicht hes tre
    sss uddenlyd ropst oz ero(Ba.Z姐t ，1987b). Buti tisno も dlag rambyaverbids tressd rop， 67inFig.3.3b.ThepoiMofV edica id ropisddermined
    yetknownw hethert hep redicti
    ono fsnapb ackalsor esu
    ltsfrommodel st akingintoaccount againfrom出 ec ond
    iti onth4thea reau ndert hediagram067mustbet h esame槌 t he
    inhomog eneiti田， i
    n el
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    nsideratio
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    lentt ensi
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    Thew i dthoft hecrackbandf r
    ontc anbeassumedt obea. pproximatelyWc 竺 3 d
    a(da strengthj んofthelargef in
    itee lemento fsizeh>ωci sgive nby
    = maximumaggregates iz
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    nclusionw踊 drawnon出eb asiso foptimumf itti
    ng
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    o6
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    .However
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    3.6
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    36 37

    (e
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    i 199，
    7 198
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    .I nthisc制 e，i
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    ctio
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    onemaya ga
    inu seEq.3 .7inwhichh=ゾ 互， whereA =elementarea( in2D). (
    b)
    Eq.3.7f o
    llowsfromもher elat
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    r e
    sentseither 3 4 5 (c)σ
    theactua
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    ge lemen
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    o nnormaltot hecrac
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    ro v
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    uareo rrecta
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    ort h
    ee f
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    edash=叫 A
    . .，
    fA6
    w
    e
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    l
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    /，
    .
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    re出 e紅 e
    bh<h o， fo
    a
    .
    so fth
    rwhicht
    ee
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    eposιpeaks l
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    h
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    cedbutt
    i
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    i
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    ee
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    ; 汗
    a8刀 ，出e向 e時蜘a.i nd iagrammaybee xpr e
    ss d，
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    ig.1.8)，
    a
    .sfoll
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    f=竺Z E
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    3.7
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    TIN-上
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    ess-
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    .Ind iagr amstar
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    ess
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    Iflarge
    re lementsneedt obeu sed，ano
    therp o
    ssi b
    ilityisもok eept hesiz
    eo fもhee lement s w~~国
    ont hel i
    neofc ra
    ckbandc on sta
    nt，e q
    ualtos i
    zewc， anden la
    rgeallt heremaininge lement s
    asshowni nFig.3.4a.Ift hec rackbandismucht hinne
    rt h姐 t hea djacen
    t血l it
    ee l emen
    t s，
    山 em odel，of∞u rse，be∞mespracticallyi denti
    calt ot hefict
    iti
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    l
    Int hecaseofc rackpropa gatio
    ni nana rb
    itraryd irec
    tion，thecrackbandmodela swell
    拙 thef i
    cti
    tiou
    sc rackmodelr eq
    uiresremeshings o出 a tt heboundaryl ine
    so ft h ecrac k
    b姐 d白 色hec rackl i
    newouldc onformtot hei ntereleme叫 b ou
    nda ries( 知 t hef ict
    iti
    ous
    crackmodel ，thesetechniqt瑚 weret operfe
    ctedbyI n
    graffe
    a( 1985)， I
    ngraff
    ea叩 dG e
    rstle F
    ig.
    3
    .3E
    ffe
    cto
    fSi
    zeont
    heS
    tee
    pne
    sso
    fPos
    t-P
    eakS
    oft
    eni
    ng
    (1985)，組dIngraffeaandSaouma(1985). I fther em es
    h i
    n gisnotdone ，i
    tiss ti
    lJp o回b le
    toa pproxim
    a t
    elyr epr
    e s
    entf ractur
    er unni
    ngi nana r
    b i
    traryd i
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    Ch
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    .SPECIALNONLINEARFRACTURE
    恥iOI
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    Spec
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    4
    .1E
    ffe
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    Thee ffe
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    cr叫 k1叩 gth， ae • Thisl en
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    reduc
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    tions
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    xt.

    4
    .2Two-ParameterModelofJenqandShah

    Th ismodel( J
    e叫 a ndShah， 198
    5 a，19
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    ecti
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    54
    55

    い¥
    lengh，
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    80)，
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    Al
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    The∞n切 pもo fR-curveswass uggeste
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    F
    ig.
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    56
    57
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    yr equ
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    ckgrowth ，c組 be
    obta
    i n
    ed( 低cordingt oBa.zantandKa .zmi，1
    e 988)出 f o
    llows(ford e
    riva
    .ti
    on，蹴 Appendix
    1
    ):
    色 ヱ (α=2
    l ，αo=22，

    ，
    R
    (c)=Gfz: c=a-ao)
    J (α。
    g ) 、 d'
    cJ d --V
    (
    4.1
    )

    '
    (α
    )(g(α
    ) -， -
    w
    hic
    Cf g
    (α ¥
    . 。
    )
    h ー =一一一 l一一一一 α+α。
    g
    '(α
    I
    ) ・ U
    ) (
    4.2
    )

    whereGJ= f ra
    ct u
    ree nergy( obt
    ainedf romt h esiz
    ee ffec
    t! a
    w)，c=a- ao=c rackexten s
    ion
    fromt henotchori ni
    tialcracktip，g(α); ;no ndimen s
    i onale nergyrele
    aserat
    .ed e
    finedbyt he
    tota
    le nergyrel
    easer
    . a
    .teG i ntheformG =g (α) P2/{ Eb2d)( u
    singG =K }/E'，g(α)c 組 be
    foundf romtheKl-v alu
    esw hicha.rea v
    ailabl einha.n dbookss uch酎 Tadae ta1
    .，1 985， and
    Murakami， 1987， fo
    rt heba.sicspecime ngeo metries， andc a
    na.lwa
    .ysbeo bta
    .inedbyelastic
    祖 alys
    is); 。
    α =a o/d，andCf = d og(α)。 )
    。
    /
    g'(α w hered oisac on
    stantfromt h
    es iz
    ee ffe
    ct
    law;CJisthee 恥c tiv
    el engthoft h
    ef ractur
    ep roces
    sz o nein叩 i nfini
    tel
    yl arg
    es pecimen( s
    ee
    Eq.5.5)，defi
    neda sth edistancefromt hen ot chtipt ot het i
    poft heequiv
    alentela凶iccr a
    ck.
    Thea ctua
    lp roc側 zonelength( def
    in edast h edist姐 c ef romthen otchtipt othep o
    in tof
    ma.x泊四もe ns
    i!es t
    ress)isa.bouも2 c， a
    j si
    . ndic a
    .tdby∞m
    e parisonsw it
    hv ariou
    sm odel sof
    theproces
    sz one(eιHorii， 1988
    ;H orii，etal.， 1987，1 9
    88;P l姐剖 andElices， 1988a;BaZ8 0
    nt
    andKazemi， 1
    988).
    Eqs.4.1叩 d4 .2d efi
    net heR- cu
    rv eparam etrica
    .ll
    y.KnowingGfandd o，onemayc hoose
    as
    . e
    rie
    sofα-v aIues，a
    .ndf ore achofthemc alcul a
    .t
    e員 凶 cf romE q
    .4 .2組 dt henR (c)from
    Eq.4.1. TheR -curveswhich. areo btainedf romEq s.4.14
    ・ .2forv erydiffe
    rentspeci men
    g回 met
    riesa r
    ev erydi f
    fere
    ntf rome acho ther， 部 illustratedinFig.4.2a
    ..
    Recentl
    yi比tw晶制sfound但(Ba量zn
    帆 G
    .
    a e tt
    凶u組 dK 拙 e m
    叫
    1
    loa
    dι-de
    Hec
    “t
    も∞
    i
    onc
    ぬ urveiおstω
    obec o
    rrect
    lyp r
    edic ted，the泊inc
    αre
    位as
    犯eofRmustbea rreste
    da tt he
    戸e
    p ak-l
    oadp oint( poi
    ntp i nF ig.4.2)， 回 i ndi c
    atedbyt heh ori
    zontaIline13i nF ig
    .4 .2.
    Ther easo
    nt hecr i
    tic
    ale nergyr e
    lea
    .ser aeRc
    t annote xc田 dt ha
    .tforthepeakI oa
    ds t
    80teis
    th
    at:( 1)thei n
    cr ea
    seo fR i sduet oani ncre aseoft hef ractur
    ep roce
    ssz onesize(al arge
    zonedissi
    patesmoree nergy)，叩d( 2)i nt h
    ep ost-pea kre spo
    nse，thef ra
    ctureprocessz one
    58 59

    wher 。
    =
    eα t hea ct
    ua
    .llengthofthecontinuouscra
    .ckornotch，a.
    ndc= d i
    sta
    .nceofthetip白

    o
    ft heequiva
    lentela
    .st
    iccra
    .ckfromthet i
    po ftheini
    tia
    lcra.
    ckorn otch(Fig.4.
    2).
    Assumingt ha
    .t9'()>0，w
    α hicha p
    plie
    st ot hema.j
    orit
    yo fsp e
    cim佃 gωmetri，
    田 the
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    ssz onefirs
    tg rowsinsizew h
    iler emain
    inga tta
    chedt ot heti
    po fn o
    tcho r
    i
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    Icrack
    .S incethevalueofGmustdependont heleng
    thoft h
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    c reproces
    sz oe，
    n i
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    Ch
    apte
    r5_.__SI~E EFFECTANDBPJTTLENESSOF r
    oustdependonc .Thef r
    a.
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    dt obet hev a
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    .ched
    f
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    : Jwherec Jisa
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    STRUCTURES i
    se qua
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    It ocJon l
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    ges pecimn(
    e
    .
    d→∞)， buti ss mal
    lert hnc
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    a
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    i
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    Thesi
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    edisthemostimpor
    tant∞n se
    quenceo
    ffra
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    rem舵 h叩 ic
    sth
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    .T he
    refor
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    izes p
    ecimen
    s.BasedonT aylorser
    iesexpa.
    nsion，wehave
    i
    tis1
    0gi
    ca.
    Itodet
    e r
    minefra
    .ct
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    peri
    もesfromit
    .Knowledgeofthes
    i田 ef
    fec
    tisn e
    eded
    g
    (αJ
    )~ g
    (α)+g
    0 '(αo
    )(c
    J/d
    ) (
    5.4
    )
    f
    orthedesimofstrucMrehwhichgen
    era
    llyi n
    vol
    vesext
    rap
    olat
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    ry-s
    izeto
    r
    叫
    r
    evi
    e
    4
    wi
    tsf
    orm叫
    ，
    お u
    1ab
    .
    叫i∞
    o “
    nandc
    ons
    equ
    en偲 5inf
    urt
    herd
    eta
    il
    .
    w
    t
    h
    he
    r
    ep
    eαJ= c
    e
    ak-loa
    di
    J
    /d組 dg
    sn otco
    '
    (
    n
    s
    α。
    ta
    )= d
    ntbu
    gα。
    (
    ti
    )
    sp
    /
    d
    r
    o
    α
    p
    .1
    o
    rt
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    sr
    na
    .
    e
    a
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    so
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    n
    h
    a
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    eg
    et
    (α
    )
    oassumet
    -va.
    Iuea
    h
    抗 出eG
    tthep
    ea
    -
    k1
    v
    0
    a
    l
    0
    u
    ea
    0， i
    .
    t
    e
    .
    G= G Jg
    ( α)/
    g(αJ)
    .S ub
    stitu
    tin
    gt h
    isandEq.5.
    4i n
    to5.2，se
    tti
    ng凡 =σ (Nbd
    /c 2，
    n) and
    5
    .1SizeEffect LawforMaximumNominalStress s
    olvi
    ngforσN， on
    eo b
    tain
    s

    ら
    しい)
    九(句
    )
    Wec o
    nsid
    ergeome
    tric
    a
    .Il
    ys imi
    larstru
    ctu
    resors p
    ecime
    nsw it
    hg e
    ometr
    iαll
    ys imil
    a r
    notc
    hesoEc r
    ack
    s.Wew i
    llnowi llu
    str
    atetheana
    lysi
    sforsimi
    lari
    byintwod
    t，
    imens
    i ons， σN= a
    ) (
    5.5
    )
    -

    hthoughthemultsm t hesmeformihi もyinもhre


    e-d
    imens
    ions(BaZa
    n 19
    87a)・ The
    -

    no凶n a
    .l山 e
    ssatfa
    ilu
    re(maximuro100
    0)ma.ybedefi
    nedas This四 p1'e
    sent
    sthesiz
    eeff
    ectla
    .wexp
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    edinte
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    ' fma
    teri
    alpar
    a e
    .mte
    rs(B tand
    話a.n
    β=d(
    凡

    Kazemi， 1988
    ).Eq.5.5isequ
    ivale
    nttot hes
    izee
    ffec
    tlawσ'N= B刀(1+s)-1/2， ゐ
    一M
    en
    σ

    5:1
    )
    N

    ( (Eq.1
    .4)i fonemakestheno
    tati
    ons:

    j
    。τり
    一

    α
    u、
    n3 n
    一
    1
    B ~ ~(蒜7y/2

    i
    f-
    d， ，

    一
    一
    a
    hP.
    . u b=t d=c

    c
    inwhi c ltim
    a t
    el o a h
    icknessofthestr
    ucture e
    rtainc hos
    enchar
    acte
    r istic

    ，
    、
    司
    ・
    (
    5.
    6)

    r
    q
    内切

    s
    r∞n

    '
    ， ，

    w
    fもhestruc
    t u
    r e andCn=c o
    e 伍cientin
    troduc
    edfo veni
    en ce.(Fo
    rexample in

    d
    thec蹴 o
    fbendingof乱 simply叫 p ortedbe mo
    a
    . fspanla.
    ndd eph，
    t d，w ith∞ncentmtedlO 吋
    d= 1
    tm晶yben
    ote
    dth
    atamoreg
    ene
    rals
    izee
    ffe
    ctlwh
    asb
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    eri
    ved
    ;
    2 a
    .
    抗 出d span，wemayi n
    t 1
    'oduceσN品目 t hemaximumb endingstr
    e，
    回i .e.
    σN =3 凡l /
    2b
    ιpjbdwhereら = 1 .5 l/
    d= c onst
    ant;b utwec anequall
    yw el
    lt aket hechara
    .c
    te 'isti
    c
    34hsidnω d=l=自pan ，anddenotingh=beamdepbhwethenhaveσN = c .
    .
    1

    Pu/b I
    . σN =B
    I:1+
    ( s t
    r 12
    /
    r
    ，
    wherecn=322/2M=consunt， provided b
    hebeamsa resimi
    lar
    ). butrd e
    pendsongeomet1
    'y，andfora
    llg句 m
    etrie
    scombinedthev
    aler~ 1wasf
    u oun
    dto
    Notingt 斗 σゐ
    h /2Er e
    pr飴 e
    ntst enomina
    h .Is
    tra
    .i
    ne nergydensit
    y もh
    ， e町 aine n
    er g yi5 beapprox
    imatel
    yoptimum(Ba Za
    ntandPfei
    ffr，
    e 198
    7).
    u= V(σゐ/2E)ψ(α)，whe1'eV = 匂 bd 2= volumeo ft hestruct
    ure( eo= c o
    nstan
    t)姐 d

    /
    I
    tisfurt
    heruse
    fult
    or ew
    ritethes
    izee
    ffe
    ctlawintheform
    =GId-Thee nergyr e
    l eas
    er a
    teisgive nbybG=-OU/θa=一δ (U/ θa)/d.Nowwitht he
    nota
    t
    form
    i ムィ (α)C
    !eo/2=g α)，
    ( t
    hee ne
    r

    P
    g

    2
    yr

    g
    ele蹴 凶eo

    (α)σμ
    fthestruct
    urei sfoun
    dt ohav et he
    叩=
    (部y 2 (
    5.7
    )
    G=一 一 一 =--g(α) ( 5.2
    )
    Eb2d c!E nw
    】hic
    h
    hg ( α =a /d. Be eG = ロ7 てPu n_ g
    (α。
    )
    i
    nw hic α)isaknownf u
    nctio
    no fthe凶 t i
    vec1a
    ' cklength c
    a.u
    s 九 =.
    jg
    '(的)話 ， D =訳可d (
    5.8
    )
    K]/E， func
    tiong(α)maybeo btainedfromt h
    eexpmSionsf orths tres
    sintemtyf ac
    tors，
    hicharealwaysoftheformKI= Pk(α)/.，f
    dwherek(α)=non-dimensionalfunction.For ~ere.7'N a
    .ndD maybei nt
    erpre
    t e
    da st
    hesha
    pe-
    indep
    end
    entno
    minalstr
    essa
    tfail
    ureand
    ty
    picalspecime
    ng eo
    metris，
    e func
    tionk(α
    )c 叩 bedete rmi
    nedfromt heKIval
    .uesavai
    lable thesh a
    .pe-ind
    epen
    de凶 cha
    ract
    eristi
    cdimen
    討onofth
    e山 uctu
    re(Ba.孟姐も姐dKaze
    rru，19
    88;
    i
    nhandbooksandb extb
    ooks，andforobh
    erg Eomdriesitcmbeo bt
    ainedbyl i
    nea
    re las
    U c BaZa.nt， G
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    an
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    N
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    uiva.
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    dcra ckleng
    th

    α= 向 +C o
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    +(c/d) (
    5.3
    )
    60 61

    1
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    晶l自i
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    aveU = V(σゐ/2E)ψ(α)，V =匂♂ and
    C
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    oUδa=一
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    δa)
    /di
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    he lar
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    tan
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    eno
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    '(α)eo/2C !=g(α)weob凶 inagainEq.5.2，andalltheremainingderivationi
    tc
    0
    .
    0

    -
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    64 65

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    6
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    5
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    .37Effect ofMatrixStrengthandHighSt:
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    Fig
    .5 .2( Baia
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    ee tr
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    Consequently， thesizeeffe
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    r.T hismigh もoftenbeac onserva
    tivea pproach，
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    ).Th 悶 prob
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    resol a
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    r， ωfar
    剖 thedams trengthisc oncemed.However ，r
    ecentfracturetest
    so fdamc oncret田 ofSaouma
    etal.( 1989
    )i ndic.
    ate.
    as urprisi
    n g
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    aggregatesizea .
    scompa .redt othee ff
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    an， 1987，1988，1989a丸山 Dharmaraja .n組dV ipula.
    na
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    )
    Forex a.mpl
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    etew ithwe l
    lg radeds andh as20%h igherKlc
    6
    8 69

    (α)

    b
    Chapter6
    .EXPERIMENTALO RA NALYTICALDE-
    TERMINATIONOFMATERIALFRACTUREPA-
    RAMETERS
    d
    Aft
    eras lowね 叫 madeasea
    rly部 196
    1(Kaplan，19
    61)，f
    ractu
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    6
    .1NotchedBeamTests
    6
    .1.1NotchedBeamTestsUsingLEFM
    Be.
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    rstLEFMt eststandardformeta.l
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    (ASTM， 198
    3).I nadditio
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    tl oadin
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    . Thes p a
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    quent
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    rementsofもheASTMs tan dardE399( 198
    3).T hisisbe c
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    984)and
    Murakami( 1987
    )a r
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    .
    inedf o
    rotherSjd
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    g.，Go， Swa
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    t 198
    6).
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    .

    .U
    2 si
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    .t a
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    .

    3
    .Thep ea
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    姐も ofs
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    CMOD
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    LPO
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    .1h，i
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    K1c=F(S
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    6.1
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    lprope
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    1 houl
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    )Anyz o
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    )g i
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    7
    0 7
    1
    aform
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    )

    I
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    。
    siz
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    t Hu， Fart卸 h姐 dH uang，1982)forcon
    cret e 60
    beams. Onep os
    sibleexplan抗i o
    nf o
    rt h
    iswasp rovidedbyShah回 dMcGarry( 1971)who
    notedthatc racksarearrestedbyt heagg rega
    teparti
    cles.A dditionalenergyisrequiredto
    propagateth ecracksthrougha nd/or訂 oundt he
    sep a
    rticles
    . Anotherp os
    sible阿 部onf or
    thevaria
    .t
    i o
    ni nKlcme a.sur
    edbyLEFMw凶 s u邸e ste
    dbyS w a
    r tzandc か wor
    k e
    rs( Swartz，
    Hu， Fart
    a shandHuang， 1
    982;S wart
    z，HuandJones，1978;SwartzandGo，1984). They 、
    ，i0・8
    i
    n./
    lb.=0.57Ix

    @
    cm./N

    o-MA.一
    ・
    A
    noted出 att hed a
    tae va
    luationsintheearl yt倒 s( N
    aus姐 d1o tt，1969
    ;Walsh ，1972，1976)
    werereferencedtotheo r
    igin
    aln otchdept h，αQ
    .T hisviola
    t e
    so neo ftherequirementsofthe
    ASTMmethodf o
    rm et
    als，namelyt ha
    tat ruecrack-no tan otch-i stobeu sed.Ofc ours
    e ， xTheoretlcal
    mea.
    suringth eactua
    lc racklengthinconcr et
    eisquitediffic
    ult'and， nfad，
    i ap r
    eciseres
    ult

    a¥.c-υ.@υceこa
    i
    si mpo
    ssible， s
    incethec r
    ackf ro
    ntisstron g
    lynon-uniformt hrou g
    ht hespeciment h
    icknes
    s . 40

    6
    .1.
    2CcmplianceCalibrationMethod
    I
    n姐 a tt
    empttoe s
    timatethec
    rackleng
    thinplai
    nc onc
    retebeamssub
    jec
    tedtothre
    e-
    po
    intbend
    ing， 姐 i
    ndi
    rectmethodbase
    dont hecom
    plian
    c eofnotch
    edbeamswωproposed
    bySwar
    tz，HuandJ ones(1978
    ).Thistes
    tproce
    dureisasfoll
    ows
    :

    1
    .Notchabeama
    tmi
    dsp
    an.

    。Eυ
    2
    . Mountad is
    plaιemen
    もga
    get omeasureth
    ecra
    ck-mo
    uth-o
    penin
    gd is
    place
    mentdCMOD
    (se
    eFig.6
    .1a)andc y
    必 theloadont h
    ebeamthr
    eetim
    eswhi
    lep l
    ott
    ingloadP抑 制 20
    dCMOD. Thema.ximumloa
    diss e
    lecte
    dtobele
    ssthan1/3theexpect
    edf a
    ilu
    re10M
    fo
    rt h
    atnotchdept
    h.

    3
    . Mea.
    surethei
    nversesl
    opeofthePvers
    usdCMODpl
    ot.Thisisthecomp
    lianceCf o
    rt h
    e
    ∞tchdepth.(Thisis，o
    fcours
    e，onl
    yan勾 pare
    ntind
    ire
    ctmeasureofcomp
    li乱nce
    .The
    tru
    ec o
    mplian
    cewouldbeo btain
    edbym e
    asuri
    ngthevert
    ical
    load-
    pointdisp
    laceme
    nt
    dLPD，orbyloadin
    gt hesp
    e c
    imenatthecra
    ckmou
    th.)

    .Re
    4 pea
    tst
    epsa
    -cf
    ord
    iff
    ere
    ntn
    otc
    hde
    pth
    sus
    ingt
    hesamebeam.

    5
    .Pl
    otC v
    ers
    usα I
    d.At
    y。
    pi
    calp
    loti
    sshowni
    nFi
    g.6
    .2
    . 。 .
    _，.
    ..喧
    _，J
    "..
    "皿塗
    ・・

    o
    Subseq
    u e
    ntl，theexperimenもa
    y llydete
    rmined∞mpli
    anceplo
    tisuse
    dtoestim
    atethe
    0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

    -d
    in
    iti
    alcrackl
    engt
    hofp r
    ecrackedbeamsloa
    dedtof
    ail
    ure(S
    wartz，
    HuandJon
    es，197
    8)・
    Theu seofpr
    ecrac
    kedbea.mswasfelttobe町 田ss
    aryinord
    erもoobt
    ainv
    ali
    df r
    act
    ure

    F
    ig.
    6.2ComplianceC
    ali
    bra
    tio
    nCu
    rvef
    orNotchedB白 血
    72 73

    da
    .tab
    ecaus
    ethephenomenono
    fcr
    ackc
    los
    ings
    trω
    sesmak
    回 i
    tim
    pos
    sib
    let
    omodela
    re
    alcrac
    kwithanot
    ch.
    Thep
    roc
    edu
    reもop
    rec
    rac
    ka(
    dif
    fer
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    )beamf
    oras
    ub叫 l
    entl
    oadt
    estw回 a
    sfo
    llo
    ws:

    6
    .C凶 as
    mal
    l，s
    tar
    tern
    otc
    hatm
    ids
    pan
    .Th
    isw硝 t
    ypi
    cal
    lyα口/
    d三0.
    10.
    .L
    7 oadth
    ebeamtoaloadbeyond九 t
    ogrowacra
    ck企omt h
    enotc
    hu n
    tilt
    heP-OCMOD

    。岨由
    u
    n lo
    adi
    ngorr
    e-lo
    adi
    ngslopemat
    chest
    hatas
    socia
    tedw
    ithth
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    iredcra
    ckl
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    th.
    A
    fte
    rth
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    .kd，
    e t
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    守
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    。
    .L
    8 o
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    回 u
    re九 o
    rPq・C
    alc
    ula
    teK1cfrom

    .εE0.0ω-.三 o-.向 調 。 .auoυ


    ︻
    ，
    Klc= F(Sd，
    b，
    αh九
    ， orP
    Q) (
    6.
    3)

    守
    。
    Noticet h
    att heo n
    lyd if
    feren
    ceb etweent h
    isandt hee ar
    lie
    rLEFMp r
    ocedureistheuse

    。。ミ
    -咽
    ofαiin s
    teadofa o・

    e-nwhωOON.寸 一 宇 。
    Usingt herelatio
    no fcompliancet ocracklengthc alcula
    tedfromLEFM ，onec ande同-

    -o-x ・
    前
    minet hei n
    it
    ialc r
    a c
    kle時出向 f r o
    mt hes lo
    peo ft heP -dCMOD c urve(Fig
    .6 .3
    )a f
    terthe

    Ee 守.ωω".

    U句宮崎
    。柑両
    in
    iもi
    alc
    . rackclos
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    esse
    sa reovercome.

    Z
    ω マ.守"・

    HE胃3
    Thismethodo ft田 ti
    ngr e
    quirestheu seofac losed-Ioo
    pe l
    ectro
    -hydrodynamics ystemin

    ，
    d，

    582u崎
    whicht hecontro
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    ei stheo utputo fthet r
    ansducerusedtom伺.su rethe

    。
    a.
    r
    dCMOD・T hishast radi
    tiona
    llyb eenc al
    led“strainc ontrol
    .
    "T histermmaya .pproxima
    .te
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    trolledvaria
    bleist hedCMODo rsomeo therbeamd i s
    placemet，
    n bu
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    N
    c

    ・
    悶
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    me ntofthet e
    stingsystem.

    0・
    At 白も W 臼 m adet oshowad irectc ompa
    ri so
    nb etweenn otchedbeamsandp recra
    cked

    同日
    beamsf
    Eq.6.3f
    ol
    o
    lo
    rt
    w
    i
    h
    ngt
    ep r
    h
    ep
    ecr
    r
    a
    o
    c
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    u
    db
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    sd
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    .I
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    .bo
    o
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    gE q.6.1forth
    ecomputedKlcf
    enot
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    c
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    h
    dbeamsa
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    e
    d
    d
    。
    惜

    beamsw踊 a lw
    ay shighert h
    組 fort hen otchedbe 釦 15( Swa巾， Hu ，Fa巾.sh組 dHua 時，
    198).However
    2 ， t
    l由 a pproachw ωcriticizedb ecausen otched-n otprecra
    cked-beams
    wereusedt oconstructthec ompliancecalibr
    ationc urves(悶s tes日).Af
    p urthe
    rω iti
    cism 。
    wasthat， duetos lowc ra
    ckg rowth，thei n
    it
    ialcrac klengthaim ightn o
    tbea ppropria
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    deter
    mi n
    i ngK1c'T here
    f o
    ret h
    ismethodw出 modi 自ed.

    6
    .1.3ModisedComplianceC
    ali
    bra
    tio
    nMethod 。

    。
    ，
    Them od
    ifi
    cationwast ousepre
    crackedbeamsw hichar
    ei mpreg
    natedbya
    .d yet orev
    eal

    “
    。制同

    明
    t， e](1.
    ，

    司
    theshapeo ft
    hec rackfro
    n andt h
    enu sethee x
    tendedcracklengt
    ha.tod etermin
    Themethodwasf i
    rs
    tp rop
    osedbyGo( SwartzandGo， 198
    4jGoandSw a.
    rtz， 1
    986)岨 d •

    o
    n
    n

    i
    u
    u

    ﹃
    subse
    quentlyre
    finedbyR品 i( Swa
    rtzandR ef
    ai，198
    9).P recra
    ckedheamsar euse dbo h

    r
    も
    fo
    rt hecr品もio
    no fac ompli
    ancecal
    ibrat
    ioncurveandf o
    rfailu
    retes
    ts.Themethodh asthe
    disad
    vantagetha
    .titisqui
    tetime-cons
    umingandanumbero fbeamsa r
    erequi
    r edtoo ta
    b .
    io
    acalibr
    ationcu
    rv einst
    eadofjus
    to nebeam.Thep r
    ocedureforeachbeamisa.
    sf ol
    lows
    :
    7
    4 75

    . Cuta
    1 .sm
    alls
    tar
    tern
    otc
    hatm
    ids
    pan
    .

    2
    .U si
    ngarampingf
    unc
    tionands t
    rainc
    ont
    rol，l
    oadthebeambeyond九， growac
    rac
    k
    andthe
    nremovet
    heloa
    d.S u
    bs e
    quent
    ly，p
    lotP ver
    susdCMODusin
    gamaximumloa
    d
    壬1 /
    3themaximumlo.
    a
    da s
    soci.
    ate
    dwiththecra
    ck.

    3.Intr
    odu
    cethedyeandcycl
    et h
    eloadtoworkthedyeint
    o山 ec ra
    ckedsu
    rfa
    偲・ The
    bea.
    mmustbeloade
    dwith出 ecra
    .
    ckp r
    oce
    edi
    ngfromthetopsur
    facedownwa
    .r
    d.The
    100
    0mustbegrea
    terth
    ant h
    atneede
    dt oo
    ver∞mecrackc
    10su
    restre
    sse
    sandmusthe
    le
    ssthna
    a .
    bout1/3ofPu
    .
    . Dryt
    4 h
    edyedsu
    rfa
    田 andlo
    adth a
    .
    ebemt a
    of.
    il
    ure
    .PlotP .
    a
    ndsCMOD. Thei
    ni
    ti
    al
    sl
    opea
    fte
    rcr
    ackcl
    osu
    rei
    sover
    comeg
    ive
    sthein
    iti
    alc
    ompl
    ianceC
    ..

    5
    .Af
    terf
    ail
    ure，
    m伺 s
    uret
    hedyeds
    urf
    acea
    rea
    .Thei
    nit
    ialc
    rac
    kle
    ngt
    his

    向 =(
    are
    aofdyeds
    urf
    a田 )
    /b (
    6.
    4)

    T
    ypi
    caldyeds
    urf
    a田 sa
    .
    reshowni
    nFi
    g.6.
    4
    .
    α
    i
    . Re
    6 peatst
    eps15fo
    rd
    ・ if
    fer
    entcra
    .
    ckdepthsandes
    tab
    lis
    hca
    .li
    bra
    tionc
    urv
    esre
    la
    .ti
    ngC;
    andai，凡回dα4・Thel a
    tte
    rrela
    tio
    nshi
    pa l
    low
    sonetoobt
    ainanesti
    mat
    eofthecra
    .
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    gthass
    . o
    cia
    .t
    edw
    ithanyloa
    .
    dont hesoft
    eni
    ngpar
    toftheload
    -dis
    pla
    cem
    enもplo
    t.

    7
    .Att
    -ta
    h
    k
    ep
    e
    o
    nt
    intont
    obe.a
    h
    t0
    .
    eu
    9
    nl
    oa
    .
    5九 d
    d
    i
    e
    n
    t
    gp
    er
    m
    l
    i
    o
    tc
    n
    o
    et
    r
    h
    r
    ee
    e
    sp
    x
    o
    t
    e
    n
    n
    d
    i
    d
    n
    e
    gt
    dc
    oもheo
    ra
    ck1
    ns
    e
    叩 g
    to
    t
    ha
    fu
    n
    .f
    s ta
    romt
    b
    lec
    h
    rac
    kg
    e九一向 p
    ro
    wt
    l
    o
    h
    t
    。
    :
    す・ 0.511
    。・
    τ
    i
    0.580
    。 i
    す・ 0.761
    (st
    ep6). Theext
    e n
    dedlen
    gthmustnotbeg 伺 t
    r ert h
    叩 a.
    /d= 0.65. Using0.95凡
    組 da.computeK1cfrom
    SeriesB SeriesC
    c=F(S
    Iu ，d，
    b，
    a.，
    0.9
    5P)
    u (
    6.
    5)
    Thev a
    lidityoftheproce dur
    et oestimatetheextendedcracklengtha.maybea .
    rguedby F
    ig.
    6.4DyedC
    rac
    ke<
    lSu
    rfa
    ces
    r
    e f
    errin
    gt oa
    .l oa
    d-unlo
    ad -r
    e loa
    dd ia
    gram( Fig.6.
    5).Theo bjecti
    veistod eter
    m i
    net hecra
    .
    ck
    len
    g t
    ha tsomep oin
    tont hes o
    ftenin
    gb ranch-s a
    .
    yp oitC(
    n whichmaybeanyp oint
    ).If
    もh e
    e， p A B
    a
    .ctua
    .lunlo.
    adingtra
    .
    ceisa .va
    .i
    l.
    abl theunlo.
    adingcomplianceCu canr ead
    ilybeme a
    .su
    red
    m 95凡
    .
    a
    .ndu sedw ithac ompl
    i 組 cec al
    ibrati
    onc urvetod ete
    r mi
    net heextendedc rac
    kl engha
    t ..
    Alt
    e r
    nativel，
    ythe九一 a;r elatio
    nshipma.ybeu sedwheret heload以 p o
    intCi su s
    edf rP
    o u.
    I
    nc onstructi
    ng出 e凡 -a;c ur
    ve，itisn o
    tedf romFig.6.5t h
    atana p
    proximationexis
    tsin
    t
    h tP
    a .
    a
    uand implyt heu seoft h
    es lo
    peo flin
    eOBi ns
    t e
    adoft h
    ea ctual
    lineOA.Thee rr
    or P
    i
    nd etermining山 ecrackl e
    n gt
    hfromt hisapproximationwasd eter
    minedt obel e
    ssth回 6%
    w
    i thac oe
    ffic
    ientofvariati
    o nof8.5%( 62s am
    ples)( S
    wartzandRe f
    ai，1989
    ).
    Ther e
    sultsobtai
    nedbyu s
    ingthismethodon8I n
    .and1 2in
    .d eepbe a.mswitha .
    /d至
    0
    .65showJ(Ict obeinvariantwithrespecttothecracklengt
    handbeams iz，
    ewithac o
    effi
    cie
    nt

    8CMOO
    F
    ig.
    6.5Lo
    adv
    ers
    us6CMODw
    ithRe
    loa
    dat0
    .95凡
    76 77

    v
    ari
    ati
    ono 9，
    f5.5%(N= 1 8i
    n.b
    eam
    s)and3
    .5 9，
    %(N= 1 1
    2in.beams)(
    Ref
    aiand
    ~wartz， 1
    988
    ;Sw
    art
    z姐 dR
    efi，
    a 1
    989
    )・

    6
    .1.4E
    ffe
    ctofFr
    ict
    ion
    Ana.dvanta
    geo fn otc
    he dbeamt est
    si st h
    atf ri
    ctio
    ne ff
    ectiss m
    all. Toe xplai
    nt hi
    s
    u恥 d，le
    tηdbet hedistan
    cef romthebottomf ace(Fi
    g.6 .
    1)tot hepointont h
    ec ra
    ckp l
    ane
    uchtha
    .t姐 a x
    ialforcep制 i ng出 roughthispointwouldc ausenode f
    l
    .e仰 no ft hebeamj
    t
    lbvio
    usly向 /dく ηく 1(typicallyη=0. 7
    5).Ift hehorizo
    nta
    .lfri
    ctio
    nf orc
    回 配t iga
    n .tthe
    同ea.
    ms upp
    ortsared enoted剖 F， thebendingmomenta tmidspann~姐ed t ocausec r
    ack
    n， d，

    d骨同︻的安否ES司令ム)6azmg百万色白宮市三一身・品志津 句。・凶日
    :
    Jlopa
    ga
    .tio sM =(
    ni P/2)(
    S /2)-FηdwhereS=sp a
    . P= a ppliedloa
    . F = kP/2組 d
    Q
    ，
    目今 kis
    -thec o
    eff
    icie
    ntoff r
    ict
    ion.D eno
    ting九 =4M/S， w h
    ichr ep
    resentstheforc
    en eededto
    t
    :au
    set h
    ec ra
    ckt opropa
    .ga
    .teifthe
    rew e
    r enof r
    icti
    on(k=0 )oneg e
    ts九 =P-d .
    Pj where
    P =m easuredappli
    edf or
    ce組 d( ac∞rdingt oB話相も):
    2ηd

    S3ht〆2
    thRf=3-kP
    ，
    圏
    、
    ロE
    、
    ー' 吋~y Thi srep
    resen
    tst h
    ep or
    tionoftheapp
    lie
    df or
    cen ee
    dedtoove
    r∞methef r
    ict
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    . The
    -EZ身S
    l釘 gert heS/dr a
    .ti
    o，thesma.
    lle
    risd.乃.Forη =0. 7
    5a.ndk= 0.00
    5f orro
    lle
    rbe a
    .i
    rngs

    Uぷ
    0
    !ma nui at町 e
    c rsgiveanupperv a
    .lu
    eofk= 0 .0
    1)a.ndforS/d= 2.
    5(us e
    dbyBazant姐 d

    2
    Pfeiffr，
    e 198)，
    7 d
    .Pj = 0.00
    3P. Thu8，we5田 thatt h
    en ot
    che
    dbeamt 旬e
    s旬sa
    錦h .閃 re
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    .tiv
    ely

    4
    。

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    .
    . h
    旬yP 凹la
    却n剖 andE凹li
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    剖5，19
    88b)

    H
    6
    .2Wedge-SplittingTest

    OESg
    A notheru 5efu
    lt es
    tf orfractureofc oncr
    eteist hewed g
    e-split
    ti n
    gt est( Fi
    g.6 .6
    ).I ti s
    imi l art oth ecomp a
    .ctt ens
    iont es
    tu s
    edf ormetals. Wedges plitti
    ngt estsweres tud
    ie d

    ，E白 皆 宮 OA古
    orc oncret
    ebyH illemie
    r組 dH ilsdor
    i( 1977)andt hep resentsha peoft het estspe cimen，
    Ia
    l r a
    . derizedbyaBもa rternotchandag ui必ngg roovewh ichc anbee ithermouldedo rsa
    .wn，
    asp roposedbyL i
    nsbauerandTschegg( 1986)
    . Thet es
    tw出 s ubsequentlyr ef
    i n
    edby
    〆
    "
    ‘、 ，
    圏
    、 )，
    、
    - H
    ru h w iler(1988 andB ruhwilerandWittmann( 1 98
    9)whoc onduct e
    d( atth eSwissF ed
    era l
    孟且
    (d)

    喧園
    、
    ・
    ・' I
    nst i tuteoiT echnology)O Ve
    l'300s uchtestsonn ormalc o
    ncrete， damc on
    c re
    teand0七h er
    .m e n titi
    ousm ateria
    .
    ls. Veryl ar
    gewedges p
    lit
    ti碍 s pecimens，ofs iz
    esupt o1 .5m ( 5ft)，
    .
    ()

    附 r ec
    entlybe entestedbyS ω四 叫 B roz，BruhwilerandBo 鰐 ( 19
    89 )att heU nivers
    it y
    C A l o
    rado，tos tudyt h
    es i
    zee f
    fec
    ti ndamc oncr
    e t
    e.
    F i g・6.6( a
    -d)s howsv ar
    iousp oss
    iblew ed
    ge-split
    tings pecimens hapes.S p
    ec i
    m en( F
    ig.
    '
    .c lr eq
    uireseiもhera
    .d eepnot c
    ho ral ongit
    udina
    .lgrooveonb oths ids，
    e inordert oprevent
    ，
    司
    、 訂 f ail
    ureofo neo fthec a
    ntile
    vers.F i
    g.6 .6(e，
    f)il
    1us位以e sthemethodo ftesting.The
    ，
    個
    、 @
    ・
    、4 !n blyoftwow e d
    g e
    si spre s
    sedbetw 悶 twol ow
    -fric
    t i
    onr ol
    lero rn eed
    l ebωings( on
    旬
    、
    ー
    ' l 副 e)w hichd evelopap airofforc白 Nt ha
    tt endtos pl
    itthes pecime n(Fig.6.6g).The
    I ，~" assemblyisloadedinas tati
    call
    yde terminatem姐 n ersot hateac hwe dgere田 iv郡 山e
    78 79

    samel oa
    d. Thed imens io nsoft hen ot chandt heg r oovemustbec hosen8 0t h
    a tthec ra
    ck th姐 f o
    rt heshor tno tch
    edbeamso fBa ZantandP fei
    ffer( 1987)，andabout20 ・timeslarger
    prop a
    .ga
    .te
    ss ymmetricall y. thanf ort hel ongern otche
    dbeamsr e∞mmendedbyRILEM，for出 esamevalueofk(see
    During出 et et，
    s thes pl
    ittingf o
    rceN ( Fig.6 .6
    g )mustbem回 s ur
    edw iths uffi
    cie
    nta c
    - Sec.6.1.4.)
    .T hisd isa
    .dvanta
    .geo ft hewedges plit
    tingtesti ssurmounta .
    ble， 岨df ricti
    onal
    cur出 y. Thec ra
    .ckmoutho peningd isplaceme nもOCMOD i smeasuredbyat ran s
    ducero ra effe
    ctsc 姐 ber educedby( 1)a ttachingh ar deneds t
    田 1i nser
    t sa lon
    gt hei nclin
    edwedge
    dipgage( Fig.6. 6
    f)whichs h
    oul dbea tもacheda tt h eleveloft hes pli
    ttin
    gf orc田， inwhich sur，
    f品
    目，( 2)u叫 n eedlebearings，and( 3)c are
    fuilyp o
    li s
    h i
    ngt h
    ewedges u:
    rfaceasshown
    C掛 eo 一CMODrepresentstheloOO-pointdispl民 町lentOLPD舗 回Cla胞 dwiththehorizontal byH illemeiぽ a ndH ilsdor
    f( 1977)whoe xperi me
    n t
    allyd ete rmineda/ (-value= 0 .
    00031f or
    componento ft hesplitt i
    n gforceN.Thet estisc onもrolle
    dbyOCMODi nac losed-Ioopservo
    - thei
    rwedgel oadings et
    -upw ithn ee
    d lebearings.
    hydr a
    u l
    ict estin
    gm aεhi ne. However， a8 tabletestc ana ls
    obep erformedundera ctuat
    or Ift fki e，
    ，
    hev alueo snearlyc on
    stantandw ellreproducibl onemayi ntroducethec or
    rectioo
    strokeC OI
    lsmlo runderc rossheadd ispl a
    c m
    Ie ntcpntrolu singc onvention
    a14estingm achin
    es. llPi nt h e組 alysi.However，
    s sincet hev a
    lu eoffricti
    onc oe伍c ientisoftenquiteuncertain，
    Int hatc a
    se， theapprop ria t
    en otchl eng t
    hne 偲 ssaryt oe nsurestabilit
    ymustbei d
    entif
    iedby i
    ti sbettぽ t om' 品 suret h
    es plit
    tingf orc
    eN d irec
    tlybyi nstru mentin
    gt hewedgesandt he
    cons i
    deringth einteractionbetweent est i
    ngmachines t
    iffn
    ess，s pecimenstiff
    nessandm ateri.
    al shaft
    st hatc arryt heb e
    aringsw iths tra
    ingag 四.
    prop e
    rties(B ruhwiler，1 988;B ruhwiler副 Wittmann， 1
    989). Thef oregoinga na
    lysisshowst hatav erys mallwedgeangleαisu n
    favorablefromt h e
    TheOOv 組.t a
    g e
    so f出 . ewedges plittingtesta r
    ea sf ollow
    s: viewpointo ffrictio
    n.Ont h eotherh祖 d， thes mallerthea ngle， thesti
    ffe
    rist hes pec
    imen-
    1)Thes p ecimensa r e∞mpactandl igt，
    h sinc
    et h eratiooff ractur
    ea reaもot hes pe
    cimen mach i
    n ea ss
    embl y.Thea ngJeα =1 sa
    50 i .re aso
    nable∞m pr omise.
    volumei sl a
    rgerthanf oro therte山 (eι5 ユtim回 largerthanthatforthethree-poirル bend Al叫 al argewedgea ngle(α>3 00) i
    su ndesirablebeca u
    s eitl e
    adsもoas ignifi
    cantnormal
    testa ccordi
    n gt oRILEM， 1985)Thisi se spe
    ciallyu sefulfort hes tudyofs i
    zee fecb，since st
    resspara l
    lelt ot hecrackp laneint hefr a
    cturep roces
    sz one.Thep res
    en田 o fsuchs t
    ress
    es
    largerf ra
    cturea re出 C beo btainedw iths malle
    rs pecimenw ei gh
    t. Duet olesserweight， maya ffectt hes ofteni
    ngc urvefort hef ract
    u reprocessz one， 制 d田 cribe
    ，
    dbyE q.3.9. The
    担

    largers pecimensa ree a siertoh an dle， 乱ndt her


    ei sal esse
    rr isko fb r
    eakingthemd uring areaund ert hes ofte
    ningc u
    r vei
    st he nnotl ongerequalt ot hefractureenergy，G jn oristh e
    hand li
    ng. ar目 u ndert hel oad-displ
    ace m
    entc urve.
    2)Thec ubicalo rcyl i
    n dr
    icalsp ecime ns(Fig.6.6a ・c)canbee a
    s il
    yc a
    statt hec ons
    tructio
    n Thea pparentf ractur
    et oughness， !(ci
    l so btainedbyt hesamemethoda sd e
    scribedin
    site戸時 t hesamemoldsasf o
    rs tre碍t htests，andt hecylindricalshapes( F
    ig.6 .6b-d)c組 Sectio
    n6 .1forn otchedbeamt es
    ts.Thee ffe
    ctivecra
    .ckl en
    g th，whicha ccountsforthefractu
    re
    alsobeo btainedfromd rilledcor回 f rome xist
    ings tructur田. pr恥 凶sz o ne，isd eterminedbyt h
    ec ompliancemethod， bas edon五n itee lementcalib
    ratio
    n.
    3)Theu seo fwedgesf o
    ri nducingt heloadi ncreasest hes t
    iffnes
    so fthet es
    ts et叩 日d Fort ha
    tp urpose， unloa
    d-reloadc yc
    l esarep erformedd urin gth etes
    t.Othermethodss uc h
    thu se nha
    nce sstabilit
    yo fthet e
    st， makingi tp ossiblet oc onductt hetesteveni namachine asもhee valuationo ffractu
    ree nergyfromt hea rea
    .undert hel oa
    .d-displacementdiagramand
    thati sn o
    tv erys t
    if
    f. thesizeef f
    ectmethoda r
    ea pplica
    ble， asdescr i
    bedi nthes equel
    .
    4)t heeffecto fs e
    l fweightisn e
    glig i
    blei nc οntrastt on o t
    ch edbeamt ests( wheret he
    be ndingmom 回 t duet oownw ei ghtc 拍 beo ver50%o fthet otalb endiogmoment) 6
    .3 actureMethod(悶LEM，
    .Work-of-Fr H
    ill
    erb
    org
    )
    Ont heoth erhand，i tmustben o ted七h att hewedge1 0晶dingh組 乱1 50ad isadvantage
    asi ti nt
    ensi
    fiesf r
    ictionale ffe
    cts. Le tP = a pp l
    iedv er
    ticall oad，N= =specimenr ea
    ction
    s T h
    ismethod， whichw剖 o rigin
    allydevelopedfor田 ra.凶ω(Nak a
    .y制 a， 1 96
    5;Ta.tte
    rsa
    ll
    n償対e dt opr opagatet h ec rack
    swhicha renormalt ot hewedges u
    rfaceincline
    dbya nglea 佃 dTappin， 1966)，ist h
    ef i
    rs
    tmethodo ft田t i
    ngf o
    rf racturepro pe
    rti回 o fconc 同 etobe
    (Fig.6 .6g) andk=
    唱 =fr ictioncoe
    ffici叩 t oft heb e
    arin gs.Then， thee quili
    briumc onditio
    no f prop 凶 a
    o sa.st andard(RILEM， 19
    85). Theb asisfora pplyingt hismethodt oc oncr
    ete
    verticalfor田 a
    c cting00t hewedgey iel dsP =2(Ns ioα +kN∞sα)=九 (1+kcotα )， whe
    r e wa sd ev
    elopedbyH iller
    borgandh isc o-w
    orkers(Hillerborg，198 5b
    ).T heirmethodu ses
    凡 =2Nsinαist
    Sin 田 k ∞tα< t:1
    : ，
    h;f orceneed;dt
    wehave九ど P
    op
    /(l+
    ropa.
    gat ethec racki
    kcotα)=P(l-kcotα)o
    ft h
    er ewerenof
    rP+ Q=
    r
    ic
    =P-I
    ti
    ，
    o
    :
    n(
    :
    k= 0 )・
    .P where
    t
    (
    h
    F
    e“
    ig
    f
    .6
    i
    .
    c
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    7
    it
    i
    )i
    o
    m
    u
    p
    sc
    l
    ic
    r
    i
    a
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    c
    k"c oncep
    yandもhusi
    t(Hi
    sno
    l
    le
    もa
    rborgeta，
    .l 1976;H
    nLEFMmethod.
    illerborg，1980jPetersson，1981)

    (ac cordigもoBa
    n Zant):
    I，
    :
    :
    . P = P/(c otα (
    6.6) cri
    I
    t
    i
    no
    ca
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    rd
    n
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    町g yr
    o
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    h
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    eGIci
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    rgyr
    eba
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    qui
    .
    r
    si
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    n
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    i
    rg
    tc
    yp
    r
    ar
    ユke
    a
    <
    ame
    x
    t
    t
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    e
    n
    r
    s
    s，
    io
    r
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    乱It

    nam
    h
    a
    a
    t
    tt
    er
    i
    h
    a
    e
    l
    .丹 ~n ~hich the
    reisnop rocesszone，thatis，al
    lt heene r
    gyi ss urfa田 energy組 dnoe nergy
    Pi
    討c
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    恒
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    恥
    i
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    l.I
    l
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    fα<45
    e
    d1
    0，
    0
    0
    I
    :
    :
    0叩副
    .P i，
    dI:
    : Pf
    slarg~r t
    hankP， whichmeansthatfr
    ict
    ion
    aleffe
    ctsareenhanced i
    sd
    t?t
    i
    a
    ss
    le
    i
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    p
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    a
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    g
    dawayfro~ t
    yoff ractu
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    k'
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    i
    1-
    p
    .I
    th
    nf
    eene
    a
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    g
    aproces~- z
    ydissip
    a t
    edp
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    o
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    tp
    x
    r
    i
    o
    st~d t
    p乱.
    g a
    tio
    h
    nd
    er
    i
    s
    e
    foreth~
    t叩 ceof
    byt hewedgel o.
    adin
    g.
    Fort hetypi
    calwedgeang
    l eα =1 50，I
    :
    :
    .PJ= 3.73kP.Themanuf .
    a
    cture
    rsofroll
    erbeari
    ngs thef ra
    ctureproc側 zone剖 aw h
    ole.T hisiscal
    ledt hefractureen ergyGJ( Fig
    .6 .7
    ).
    C o
    nceptuall，themethodcanbeappliedtoavarietyoft
    y 田 ts pecime
    ng ∞metriesbut
    givek
    k= 0
    -
    .
    0
    val
    5，
    0
    u
    e
    I
    :
    : ，
    srωgingfrom0
    .P = O .01
    9P.T
    .0
    h
    0
    i
    1t
    sfr
    o0
    ic
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    .
    i
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    o
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    0
    a
    5(
    lef
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    dg
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    cti
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    a
    r組も田 0

    ig
    nif
    ica
    n
    .0
    1a st
    tandi
    h
    el im
    i
    sabout6
    t)・ Assuming
    -
    timesla
    .rg
    er thep roposedst~ndard usesabeamsp~cimen l oadedint hreep ointbending ~withacent r
    al
    8
    1

    e
    dl
    !
    :enot
    ch(Fi
    g.6.1
    a). Comp
    leted
    eta
    ilso
    fthep
    ropo
    sedstan
    dardareg
    iveni
    nth
    eRILEM
    b∞
    mmendation(
    198
    5) 副 dar
    enotrepe
    ate
    dher
    e.Bri
    efl
    y，thete
    stproc
    edu
    rec
    o凶st
    sof
    t
    hefo
    llow
    ings
    tep
    s.

    .Theb
    1 ear
    np r
    opor
    tionsarese
    lect
    edinrel
    ati
    ontomaximuma g
    grega
    .t
    esiz
    e.Them i
    ni-
    mumdepthdisapprox
    imate
    lysixtim
    est h
    esizeo
    ftheagg
    regat
    e. Therat
    iosofS/d
    va
    ryf
    rom8to4.S e
    eT able6
    .1.Thebeams pe
    cime
    nisno
    tchedtoadep出 向/ d=0ふ
    A
    l 2
    .Thev e
    rti
    cal
    loa.
    d-p
    oin
    tdefl
    ecti
    onofth
    ebeam(c
    all
    eddLPDinF
    ig.6.
    1a)istobemea
    -
    sure
    da.ndplo
    ttedcon
    tin
    uousl
    ya l
    ongwit
    hth
    eappl
    iedJoa
    dP. Theresu
    lti
    ngtra
    ceis
    showninFig
    .6.8.
    .The色白色 i
    3 st
    obec ond
    uctedinam組 問rもop ro
    ducestab
    lecr
    ackgrowt.I
    h fcl
    osed
    -lo
    op
    加 ti
    ngisus
    edt he
    ns t
    rai
    nc o
    ntrolsho
    uldbesel
    ect
    ed.IfacIo
    sed-
    l∞psystemi snot
    av
    ail
    abe，
    l th
    enas t
    if
    ftest
    ingmachinei
    sreq
    uir
    ed(st
    iff
    nes
    sre∞mmendationsaregiv
    en
    nRILEM，
    i 198
    5.)
    4
    .Thef
    rac
    tur
    een
    erg
    yisc
    alc
    ula
    teda
    s
    Al
    R _Wo+mgdo
    一 一 日
    円

    J! 一 (
    6.7
    )

    i
    nw hic =
    hWo a reaunderP -dLPDc ur v
    eupt odo;do d= isp
    lacem
    entwhenP r eturn
    st o
    ;mg=(
    0 ml+2m2)g組 dm19=b earnw eightbetwee
    ns upp
    orts，m29=w ei
    gh toffx
    Iture
    s
    whichi
    scarrie
    dbyt hebeam;andA1ig :
    :
    :
    ::orig
    inl，
    a uncrack
    edl ig
    amentarea= b(d-a o).
    T h
    isformulaisval
    idifthemovemento floada.
    ndhPDa redownward. Ift h
    ebeami s
    陥 ted“onitssid
    e"白 山a ttheapplie
    dl oa
    .dP isnormalto山 eb ea
    m '
    sseHw e ig
    htv ec
    tor，
    the
    nt hetermmgdoisn eg
    lec
    ted.A l
    so， ifthed eadweig
    htiso th
    erwis
    ec ompensated，thi
    s
    termi自ne
    glect
    ed.
    c
    ) Furthe
    r，ifthemovementsofl
    oadanddLPDa reupward-t husopposi
    n gtheselfweigh
    t
    E w ve
    ctor-thenitお shownthat(Swa
    rtzandYap， 19
    88)
    σ σ G
    IJ= 尚一 ~mgðo
    !- - - A - (
    6.8
    )
    f
    { f
    { 一 回

    ' ~I・g

    nw hichd o= d isp
    lacementat出ep oin
    ton出eu nloadporti
    ono ftheplot whenP = =
    屯t/2+m2)g.
    Eq~. 6
    ，'''

    :6a .
    nd6.7w erederi
    vedbyS wartzandYap( 1988
    ).Thes e旺weighもtermmaybe
    '
    ，
    z
    ，
    ‘

    t， g∞n
    . ，s

    1
    I1i
    tesign
    i f
    ica
    n es
    pecia
    llyifyour
    i cr
    etei sb eingtes
    tedorthespec
    imeni slar
    ge.
    4
    U

    w
    戸
    ﹃

    E
    a

    d
    J f
    t/E
    c Extensiveround-r
    obintestsfro~ 14laboratori~ in∞rpor
    atingabo
    ut7 00be 畠msw ere
    戸rtedbyHillerborg(1985c)Withregardtovariationo
    l fres
    ult
    swidmag ive
    nbmu
    叶匂，~t~e co
    eff
    ici
    entofvaria
    tionrangedf;oma b out2.5%to25%w i
    thmos七r es
    ultsa
    .round
    115%.Itwωnotedt h
    at仁 .t he悶 凶i vityo fthestren
    gthofastn川u r
    ew ithregardω
    F
    ig.
    6.7F
    ict
    iti
    ousC
    rac
    kMo
    cle
    lDe
    scr
    ipt
    iono
    fTe
    nsi
    leF
    rac
    tur
    e
    略;esinG 7isn orma
    llylessthan1 /
    3oft hes ensi
    tiv
    itywithrega
    rdtocha.
    n ge
    sin~ormal
    82 83

    P(lood)

    TABLE6.1
    . SpecimenS i
    zesRecommendedf
    or
    H
    ille
    rbo
    rg'
    sMe 出 od(RILEM. 1
    985)

    Max1mum Depth 明'


    idt
    h ngth
    Le Span
    r
    Agg.Siz
    e d b L S
    mm mm mm mm mm

    1
    ・16 100土5 100ま5 840:
    t10 800土5

    1
    6.1・32 200土5 100土5 1190土 10 1130士5

    OAW
    a﹄
    nu
    r
    自
    3
    2.1・48 300土5 150土5 1450士官 O 1385土5
    F
    ig.
    6.8Lo
    adV
    ers
    usdLPD

    一
    400:
    t5 200:
    t5 1640土 1
    0

    一
    4
    8.1・64
    ，
    1.
    0

    m
    TAB
    日 6 .
    2. Regres
    sio
    nC o
    eff
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    ig.
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    1Si
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    84 85

    “噸
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    紅 ea
    nl
    bout3t imes国 h ighasi nmosts tr
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    sc onclud
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    ont hisba.
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    ec hangesi nG 7叫 ues割 問atedwith仰 g田 inbeam Ther e
    s山 o ft h
    i sinve
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    u r
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    .suredv al
    ue目o f，G7i sa cc
    e pt
    ab
    .le
    . des
    ir e，bu tdependss もron
    glyont hes p
    ecimensiz
    ea sshowni nFig6 .
    9a.T h
    i sdependen田 is
    (However ，thesi
    zee f
    fectmethodd isc
    ussedlaterelimina同 thisi nfl
    uen団・) 田 nt
    S obeev enstrongertha
    .nt h
    ato f山 eR-curve.Whent hespecimensizeisextrapola
    ted
    Thus， eventhought h
    erewωanu nd
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    str esu
    ltsf rG
    o 7 toin fi
    nity，G?c o
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    i
    twωconsideredt obeo fnog reat
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    th ant hesimila
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    zedependencyi nordinarystrengthtest
    s. T hisi nve
    stiga
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    soshowedt ha
    .tthepre-peakcontr
    ibutio
    no ftheworko ft heloadto
    R怠 叫t 8from姐 o thers e
    riesoft est
    s( Swartz組 d R 出， 1 989;R e
    fa iandSw 叫 19腿) thef ractureenぽ gyGIi srelat
    ivel
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    c l
    usionba.si
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    .ll
    y
    showas im
    ilarsizeeff
    ecta刈 a lsoav ariat
    iono 0
    7
    f w ithnotchd epth. agr間 with出 a.tobtainedbyP lanas叩 dE l
    ices(1988b
    )i nad i
    ffer
    entm油 田r .
    lnsummary ，theRILEMw or
    k-of-fra
    .
    cturemethodi sa
    .p ra
    .ctic
    alappro
    . a.
    ch， whichissui
    ι
    abl ef o
    ru seinl ab
    oratorie
    swhichdon othavev eryelabora
    teequipmentandi n
    corporate
    s 6.5Two-ParameterFractureModelofJenqandShah
    .numbero
    a fωmpromisesi no rdert osimplifytestingwhiles t
    illobta iningu se
    fulr e
    sult
    s
    (H i
    l
    1e r
    borg，1985b).Themethodi sb as
    edonat heorywhichh ash品dw i
    d 'a
    e .cceptance，th
    e Unli kethef ict
    itIou
    sc rackmodel ，thetwo- parame ほ m odelo fJenqandShah( 1985，
    品
    dct i
    ti o
    usc r
    aιkmodel( Hil
    lerborgeta，
    .11976).Thef ra.
    ctur
    ee n e
    rgy∞n c
    e ptalsohasav er
    y 19邸b )， alreadye xplaine
    di nS e
    c.4 2，
    . doesn otr equir
    eap ost-pea
    .k( s
    tra
    .ins oft ening)c on-
    si mplemeaning， withoutu s
    i n
    gLEFM. stitu
    tivelaw， yeti もc andescribet hen o
    n linears lowcrackgrowthp r io
    rt opeakl oad. The
    There釘 e， however，certana
    i .spectsinwhicht heR1 LEMw ork-of
    -fr a
    .cturemethodn eed
    s twopa .
    ra
    . metersaret hecrit
    icalstressi山 悶t yf actrKc
    o !andthecritica .lcr ackt ipo pe n
    i ng
    tobef urt
    heri mp
    r o
    ved .T hismethodd oesn otgiver ωult
    si n depe
    nde nto ft hesiz
    eo ft h
    e displa
    cementdCMODr el
    ationsh
    ipshowni nF ig.6 .1
    0.T hisr ela
    t i
    onshipise ssenti a
    l lylinear
    cr ackeda re
    af o
    rag i
    venbeamd e pthevenifp recra
    c k
    edb白 血sa reu sed， andt husth evalue onぬea scendingportionoft hecur vefromP= 0upt oa boutthel oadc orresp o
    n din gtoh alf
    of01 }mustbec onsi
    deredt obeo nlyana pproximationo fthet rueene rgyp arameterw hich themaximuml oa
    .dP u・Att hissta
    .g e，thecr ackもipo peningdispla cementisne g
    l i
    gi ble姐 dKl
    char~cte出es t hesurfa田 energyandt heenergyo fpro倒 s zonef or
    matio n.1tiss i
    mpli五edb u
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    sl es山 岨 0.5K
    s c
    !(Fig.6.lOa).Astheloa .dP e xceedt hevalueo f0.5凡，i nelasticd isplace
    -
    no もu nrea
    .sonab
    let oco n
    sider出 issuma l
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    ctt ot hecrackl e
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    .6 .
    10b). Att hec rit
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    Th isi mpliesthatt heshapeands izeoft hep roc
    essz onedon otch ange.F urthermore， pぬも(同.6 .1
    0c)， t
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    .cementr e叫 e sa伺 t ica1v 山 e叫 ん =K f
    c.
    re finemenもoft heR1LEMmethodi sn eed
    e d回 ar esul
    to ft hes i
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    cretebeamst est
    edi nth reφpoi
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    ica.lpo intc 組 be
    di scussednext. approxi matedb etweent hepointo fPua .ndt hep ointof0 .95凡 ont hed escend i
    n gb rancho f
    theP-dCMODp lot
    .Thec once
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    oshownf orabeami nbe ndingi nFig.6. 11.
    4SizeEffectinWork-of-Fr
    6. actureMethod Dependingupont heg回 me tryo fthes p ecimen，therateofloading， andt hemethodo f
    loading，furthercrackg rowthmayo ccur.atas teOOy-statevalueo fKf c.Denoting出 ec rac
    k
    Thes i
    zedepe nde
    nceo ffractureenergy 0
    7 obta
    .ineda.c
    co凶時t othee 泊sti
    ngRILEM lengtha， theloadP w i
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    .uee qu a
    lt o九 whenK1 r e achesI<!ci fd I<I/ dα> O .
    reconune
    ndationont heworko ffr乱ct
    uremethodh a sb eeninv
    esti
    gaもedbyP lan
    as姐 dE lic
    es IfdI<J/d aa.tthisl oad
    ings tageisn egativ e，th e
    nbeyondt hecr i
    tica1p oi
    ntt hec rackw il
    l
    (1988b
    )ont h
    eb a
    sisof日olutionofani nteg
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    o nandbyBa .
    Za
    .nもan dKazemi( 1
    989b) propaga
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    eu ntldK
    i I/d a=O .
    ont hebasisoft hesizeeff
    ectl a
    w . Thep remiseo ft helat
    terana
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    iswωtha ももhel a
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    <lisa mon ot onically-
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    回 u pt oa bou
    t1 :20andh ast hesameform( forthissiz
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    -edgenotchedandd ouble-
    fordls pecimengeometries(w
    i h
    ho nlyneglig
    iblee rrors).Thean
    alysisuti
    liz
    esthemethod edgen otcheds pecimenssubjectedt otensilel oadingarefo undtosati~fy th
    isc ondi tion( Jenq
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    ulati
    ngt heR-curvefroms i
    zeeffec
    tandl oad
    - de
    flec
    tioncurvefromt heR-curveas 拍 dS ha.h， 198
    5b).F ort h
    isc a民 t hevalue so fKf c拍 ddCTOD C組 beo bt乱i nedfrom出 e
    alreO
    Oye xp
    lained(Sec.5.
    1).TheR叩 r veobtai
    nedi nt h
    ism姐 n e
    riss tr
    onglydependenton measure dpea.kl o
    adandfromt hek nowle dgeo fana ssociate
    de ffecti
    v ecra
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    thegeometryoft hespecime
    n.Thebωicr elat
    ion( Fi
    g.6 .b，
    9 c
    ) Themethodh asb eenp roposedt oR1 LEM( Kariha
    .looandN a
    l lathambi， 1987~) 出a. s t
    an-
    dardtestmethodf ordeterminationo f]{先制46cTODi np lajnc o
    ncr eteusi ngbeams p民 1
    -

    o~= 旦p ， m=bfR(帆 Wz = bR(cm)(1-c


    "，
    ) (
    6.
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    ingd imensionsa res uggestedi fa.maximuma ggreg at
    es iz
    en ote xceeding
    on~ in
    c h( 2
    5.4mm)i susedjs eeFig.6 1，
    . inwh ichbxdxL= 3 in.X6 i
    n.x2 8in.( 76.20lI
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    whereb= sp
    ecim
    enthi
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    ;d-ao = l
    igmentl
    a
    . ength(d= bea
    .mdept)，
    h 組dc"，= 耳 1~2.4 m mx711. 2mm);S= 2 4in.e609.6mm)jao/d= 1/3;S/d=4. ‘

    cra
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    aεtu
    rebe
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    erffiaXimuma .邸r ega
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    zesth ed imensionsshouldi ncre剖 ep roportio na
    . t
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    .
    Ac lo se
    d-looptestings y蜘 mw i thstr.
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    toachieves tablefail ure.Therateo fl oadings houldbesuchshMpeakl o乱di sr e a
    c h
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    about5m in.
    p
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    1dCMOD anddCTODBehavior&
    tDi
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    tLo
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    tAg
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    88 89

    Tod etermi
    net hetwof rac
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    metersKfcanddCTODf orpl司n∞n c
    reもe，hem
    も ax
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    ffe
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    mum凡 andt h
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    dingela
    stc∞mponen
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    oteddbMODa rem品
    su
    r巴d
    ， .T h
    esevalues釘 e七henu se
    dt oesti
    matetheeffe
    cti
    veel
    ast
    icc即 klengt
    haes uc
    hもhat rhismethod( Nallathamb
    iandK ari
    ha loo，1986a，1986b) hasa 180b eenp rop
    ose dto
    th
    ec al
    culat
    eddb
    'M O D(bωedonLEFMe qua
    tions
    )isequaltoth
    emeasuredvalue
    .F oragive
    n RILEMa sas t a
    n d
    a r
    d( KarihalooandN all athambi， 198
    7).l nthi
    sa pproachas im
    plet ech
    -
    i
    nit
    ialnotchle
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    st，t
    hetwof rac
    tur
    ep ar
    ameter
    sa r
    e ，Iq
    l u eisusedwhereもhec ri
    tica
    ls t
    ressinten
    s ityfactor]([c(=K 10)andc rit
    icalenergyreleas
    e
    deter
    minedasfollows(s田 Fig.6
    .2組 d6 .
    11)
    : rdteGl c(=G 1c
    )a ref oundforb白 血 s pecimensbyLEFMmethodsa fte
    rt hec蹴 kh副 g rown
    Themoduluso fe la
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    ityE i
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    ecti
    velengthae .
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    rmulaswhichf o
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    erw eredevel opedforcertainrangesofs pe
    c i
    m endimen
    sions.
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    6.1
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    nges，w hichar etobeu sedf orma .
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    in gfrom5t o25
    Cjba
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    mm.w ithnoc rit
    icaldimensionb ei
    n gle
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    e 0mm( 三3d a)jd
    0
    .66 =5 0-3 0mm(
    0 と3 da);S=2 00-1 800m m(三3 da)
    iwi仕14壬S/d壬8 .A lsoa o/d=0.2-0.6
    .(α0)=0.76-2.28αo+3.870'~ -2・040'~ +万て0'0
    Y
    i )2 (
    6.1
    1)
    ，0.
    3o r0.4isprefer
    red).
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    dings etupwhichi sidea
    .liz
    edinF i g.6.1isshowni nF i
    g.6 .12wheret hedLPD is
    andα0 +(ao= ho)/(d+h o，
    )ho=c l
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    .6.8byr e
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    組 dC w
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    o) 岨 dCu i
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    95
    fP.
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    if
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    ouldbe
    q
    一

    PU'Thus， t，
    同
    α
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    ∞rdofPa
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    n u
    ousre ndh P Dismadeupもopeakl oadw hichshould
    一 vn
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    u-e
    内
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    (6.1
    2)
    n

    α
    her eachedin1 ・10m i
    nutes.t hesofteni
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    dw iht h
    ismethod .
    M

    も
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    xialt es
    tsono ther
    Then山.
    ecr
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    何 回ityf
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    Ifa∞n tinuousre∞rdo fP vs.dLPDi sa.vail
    . abl，
    e det
    er mineE f rom

    s一
    '
    d
    ;

    +
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    6.1
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    R一
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    一
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    7i
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    e α
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    6.1
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    a
    T
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    1 1.99α(1-α)(2.15-3.93α+2.
    7α2)
    F(
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    6.1
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    -.
    ，
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    ( 3/
    2 lhe
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    w
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    α =α
    ./d
    .Thec
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    sobtain
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    =E主主主Yi.(
    α)[
    (1 ，2+(
    8) ー1.
    149α+1
    .08
    1)，
    ( )
    82]
    1/
    2 (
    6.1
    5)
    bd
    2E 入=ηlexp{ゎ(
    ao/
    d)2+T
    J3(
    S/d
    )2+仇 (
    ao/
    d)(
    S/)+η5
    d (S/
    d)3
    } (
    6.2
    )

    。
    whereβ=α / a.・ d'
    A，
    N
    1;
    1
    al
    :
    :1
    l
    at
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    .
    h
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    :
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    :
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    9
    87)
    3，1
    . Thent
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    InJe問 a ndShah( 1985b
    )itisshownt hatt h
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    Kc!= 1206kNm-3/2 (C.V.= 9.2%，N = 11)andthecompliancemethodaV釘 ageKlo: ;


    E =~i r~3(1 +義)↓ (1+ν)~L.
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    6.
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    r
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    P b
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    .16
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    ﹁ード﹂
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    e
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    .16，
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    [
    nth
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    ぺ

    14
    2
    NORMALS
    IZE I
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    4
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    2.

    1
    )ELASTICFIELD '{崎悶s
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    ;
    ;thambia ndK arih
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    a;K arih 00組 dN alla
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    )u singt hismethod戸o
    めASYMPTOTIC 叫u at
    ed ataf r
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    乱.
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    0beamsi nwhichmaximuma ggrega t es iz
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    4
    )FRACTURE lef
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    SOFTENINGZONE1 ffe
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    92 93

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    FRACTUAE
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    .;B
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    984
    )
    known. T herefore， t
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    eldsinp racticeonlya pproximater esul
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    theless，出ev alid
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    ig.6 .4，E
    1 q.1 .4)is
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    a )
    .

    ，
    {C}
    d T I N - - 、N(Zb¥吋)日ト
    6
    .72Bas!
    . cRelations
    Y-AX+C
    6l _ -1_， -2
    _

    ﹁︼︻圃的向田}
    InEq.5.2wegavet h
    ee x
    pre
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    i - 6~-=.-2
    orn om
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    .S etもingP=， p川 wehaveG = R = specificenergyrequiredforcrack c=22.34x.10-'"psi
    growth，a
    .ndbyextr
    apolati
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    P
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    。

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    O-TestData
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    Y=AX+C， inwhich
    x=d(
    i孔)
    X =d， Y=(en/σ~) ， B= C-1/2 ， do=C/A (
    6.
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    )
    F
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    6.5Re
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    94 95

    Theseco
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    e n.( 8伺 F i g.6 .1，which
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    )
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    )
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    。
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    ，o
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    、
    g
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    ，
    CI -
    訳可7
    _

    4
    f= ゐ=只石}五 p rogramu s
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    lles tdepthdImustn otbel arge
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    nearr e
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    l lert h佃 15d~ ・ The r atiodn/d mustbea t
    andKazemi，
    G
    1
    (Baz 姐 t 19
    88).Ani mportantp ointisthatt hetes
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    ly leas
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    .
    thes iz
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    .6 .24and6 .26f ormt heb asi
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    a tio
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    gy組 de ff
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    ed. Theo nl ymeasuredr esponsesn田 deda ret he
    pro倒 s zonel engthf romt hes i
    zeeffe比 Ba Z ant組 dP fei
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    iedt hatv町 d if
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    d o
    ra l
    ls pec
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    ens，j= 1 ，2，.
    ..n.Theloadingrateshouldbe日electedsothat
    typeso fs p回 i mens( Fig
    .5 .1)， includi
    n gthree- p
    ointbends pecimens， edge-notchedt ens
    ion themaximuml oa
    dwouldber eachedino netot enminute~
    speci mens回 de ccentricc ompress io
    ns pecimen s，yie
    lda pproximatelyt hesamev a
    lu esofthe
    fracturee nergyf o
    rt hesamec oncre
    te.S tudieso fKa 出a.IooandN allathambi( 1987)，Swartz 6
    .7.
    3Ca
    lcu
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    fSi
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    ffe
    ctMethod:
    andRe fai( 1987)andP lan回 初dE l
    ices( 1988b)f ur
    t h
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    a c
    tur eenergy舗 JenqandS hah'stwo ・parameter I
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    1
    1.''
    (im
    uma
    ggr
    ega
    tes
    ize9.
    5mm) s
    ubs
    tit
    uti
    ono
    fth ，
    emeasuredva
    .
    lueo
    fW~ intoEq.6 .34
    l
    ⋮ u )'
    tl. l nedt henonlo c
    alc ha.
    ract
    eris
    ticl e
    ngthf= 2.7da • T hisisr a
    therc l
    oset owhath asb een
    けJ! ν nedf r omfinit
    ee lementfitt
    ingoft h
    es i
    zee lfectd atafromf ractur
    et es
    ts.
    [
    tm ightben otedt hatevaluationofthep re sen tt y p
    eo ftestbyme a.
    nsofthef ic
    tit
    ious
    1
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    噛
    rM ; km o del.appearsp r
    oblemati.I
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    rlyp er
    fectr e
    stra
    int，
    rU

    Cpol}'
    →い霊

    fllI， ~tiple pa.


    ra
    lIe
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    tiもio
    usc r
    acksw itharbi
    tra
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    yc l oses pac
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    l dbeo btai
    nedi ncompu-
    叫﹁
    1l il

    I ~い 川s， ma .kingt h
    er esu
    ltsa.
    mb i
    guous.Asa .lread yp oi ntedout，thisproblemc anbea voided
    引コい引μlhui

    P (c
    .) 川 崎r ic h
    ingt hef i
    ctit
    iouscrackmodelw ithat hir di ndependentm a
    terialp ar
    ame t
    er，the
    1'" IlJI IIUms p.
    acingo ft h
    el in
    ec racks(suchsp.aci ngo f∞u rs
    ei sequiv.
    alen
    tt ot en∞
    h o
    n
    叫11
    oca
    .l
    l
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    凶 a
    瓜:
    i

    川.:

    ¥'lIn
    叫l
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    ぽre
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    ωot
    旬el
    おst
    由h抗
    atthec ha
    釘xa
    拭 c
    tωe
    釘n叩s
    “
    叫“i
    も比clength，
    ，.
    fcannotbei d
    entif
    iedfrom
    l'oll 'I
    a
    . lt倒 So funrestraine
    ds pecimensofd ifferen t1 田 gths(e.g
    .t estsofv anMier， 1984，
    ，1987). Suchd.
    l - U﹀翠

    IP" b'u rd if
    ferentgag elengths( S
    ha.h.
    andS a n
    k a r ata
    .c姐 bef i
    tte
    de quall
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    !，I.~ing a
    I nyv alueo ，
    f.
    fi nclud
    ingf.=0(Ba .ian t，1 989a.
    ).
    ーーム

    堅
    '1nIdentificationofTensilePost-PeakSofteningStress.Strain
    Ou
    ¥
    . r
    ves
    ⋮臨

    t
    A
    1・・ i rle
    ntifyas t
    rain-
    softe
    nin
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    xialconstitu
    ti v
    er e
    l a
    tionfromt estdata
    .，onemusti n
    伊 1 ，.
    1r 1 l
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    ve姐 inve
    rseboundaryv a.
    lueproblemt ak
    ingi ntoa cco
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    ainl o
    caliz
    atio
    n
    (O rl ，:!
    ' 988)
    .T hisisat a.
    skoffo;midable-co
    mplexit子 H owever，ident
    ific
    atio
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    '
    ，uail ' '.Jf tenings t
    res
    s-str
    ainre
    la
    . t
    ionisr e
    lati
    ;elysi~ple， providedthatt hechar
    acter
    isti
    c
    Figs.16MeasurementofEBergDi
    ssipa
    tio
    nDuetoCEa
    CIti
    ngPerUnis k-tl~! 1， I、dete rm inedinadvance卸
    ， alreadyexplained.AsshownbyBa.i組 内 (1989a)analysis
    VolumeinaS tabil
    ize 阻 A
    dSpecim cc
    ordingt
    oBaiantandPi
    ja
    .udi
    ex. 01u l1 I. nia!t凶 d ata
    .forspecime
    nsofVa .
    riOU8lengもhs，loca
    .
    liza
    .t
    ioni nuni
    axialtes
    ts pe
    c im
    ens
    Ca
    .bot(1988) ~: I，r.' '!~u.a.t~ly d
    : escribe
    dbyt h
    e'ser
    iesc o
    uplingm~del， inwhichas t
    rain-
    soft
    eningloadi
    ng
    I4・
    C fI. '
    ngthli sc oupledin附 iestoanu nloadingz o
    ne.I fthevalueof.
    fisknown， the間 ia
    l
    h車問・" ~ h es train-so
    fteni
    ngzonec orr
    e s
    p o
    ndingt ou ni
    axialstr田 ssmayb eapproxima
    .tel
    y
    1
    00 1
    01

    c
    alc
    ula
    teda
    s(B話 回t1
    989
    a): _L t

    、
    L一
    L一

    ・
    F
    -

    、‘‘ ，
    ﹄

    f'h¥
    一
    ‘
    ，

    -
    一
    (

    ，z
    、
    σ
    、

    α
    uppersupporti
    ngbeam

    ，
    ‘

    ‘
    .
    σ

    σ
    ，

    t
    ，
    t
    ，
    ‘

    ，
    (
    6.
    23
    )

    ，
    u
    E
    d、
    ，
    EE

    .E'
    、

    寸lid-
    whereL ~ 1，f
    可
    市刷司
    σ
    (
    伊)=me
    例 n&
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    対i
    a
    叫1柑s
    t
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    凶a
    ml
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    r
    凶 o
    肝v
    e白rth
    eg agelenぬL
    g ，姐 dfu(σ
    )= ax
    ialst
    rai
    nintheu
    nlo
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    時 p
    artc
    orr
    esp
    ond
    ing
    toσforanu nl oadin
    gb r組 che mana
    tingf
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    tre
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    6.
    1 1MaterialParametersf
    orModeI
    IandPlanarMixedMode LD
    Fracture 仔吋 ILPD

    ←
    一
    Fo rtwod i mensionMstressB bates， i
    ng eneralitmaybepresumedt h
    atc rackpropagdon Test
    uldt akep laceu nderもhecombineda cti
    ono fMode1( opening)andModeI I( sl
    idi
    ng) Specimen
    defor mation.I nconcrete，however， thee fre
    ebofa ggregatei nterlock ，wbichl 品 dstov olume
    di
    lation.t endst or es
    istc rackp r o
    p agationinanYmode0 出ert h 組 opening( Bazant祖 d
    G釧 ba jova-1 980}.Ne verth
    ele s
    s， t
    h ereha sbeenane x
    対te
    叩n隠s
    抑 e晶m 釦o

    d
    白o e仰o
    且邸 v
    釘e h
    r古
    仏ドey戸e一…s， 組dcontinuingtod品y，i nan叫 emptt ocau s
    ec 即 k ing姐 df 間 印 刷n
    cretet ooc curinmode1 1o ra tl eas
    ti nmixedmode.
    TheI osipescus pec
    i mengeomdry ，showni narnodigdformi nF ig.6 .7，
    1 hasb明 nu 詑d
    'owersupporti
    ngbeom
    byv ariousiwestigaws(Barre ta l.， 1
    987iBahMandP fe i
    fer，1985h1985b，1986;Swartz
    ndT aha.1 987)ands ohωas imilargωmetryw itho n lyo nen ot ch( Arrea叩 dI ngra:
    fe
    a，
    1981-SW4 巾， L
    u TMlEMidR efai，1 98 8
    )・ Beamsi nt hree-pointb endingw itho ff-
    cen
    ter
    otcheshave--usedbyJ e 叫 a ndShah( 1987a，1987b)andSwartz， LuandTang( 1
    988)
    F
    ig.
    6.1
    71ω
    ipe
    scu
    ・TypeS
    hea
    rT，白tG
    回 metry
    (seeF ig.6.la LB iaxialt e
    stings ys temshaveb eend evel opedi nwhichc ombinationsofdi-
    re
    c tt en
    s ionandcompmSiona reu sed(binhardte44， 1989)ord irec
    tt en s
    ionands h
    ear
    (Has 叩 lzadehe ta .，
    l 19 87
    )
    Nu mericalm odelingoft heI o均e scus pecimenwωdonebyA r r ea乱ndI ng
    raffea(1981
    )，
    Ingraffea叩 dP an t
    h a
    ki( 19
    85)，I n
    graffea.組dG erstl
    e( 19 8)，
    5 BazantandP fei
    鉦'er(1985)，
    b
    Ro t
    sanddeB orst( 1987)， 組dSwen (1986)・Ra the ri nter
    偲 t ingwast h
    ef indin
    gb y
    Ba .
    Z姐tMldP f ei
    fr
    ert h
    a tifthes h e
    a rzo
    則

    n eint hebeami sv eryn arr o w，thec rac


    kp ropaga46
    r
    eac
    tio
    n

    -
    A，d 孟1
    .thec ros ssedionp laner at herSh aninani nclin
    eddiredion-Thisp rovidedac halle
    nge
    i
    c lm
    a
    . odeling.A cce ptablef i
    tso fte叫 r e
    sultsw e reobt a
    .ined( B話相も andP fe:
    f
    ie，
    r
    1985b )笛 sumingaModeI Is att hec rac
    kt 恥 mod el 山 aband山 伽dMod
    。
    附
    拭c
    a ks
    目. Othersob ta
    .i
    neda c
    白epμ
    table自臥t
    ω
    sa ssumin gも出】
    hec rackp戸r op喝
    agati
    ぬont oocc
    ・
    叫
    .c 功 叩 “叫
    nlyMode1d eformationatt hec 叫 t
    ipalthoughModeI I-typed e
    fo rm
    a tion( 凶
    ザ
    ∞m
    '
    withModeI le xis
    tsi mm
    e d
    ia telyb ehindt hec rackfront.Thea ppl
    ic a
    tiono fS weE
    lgons
    -delt obe-st este
    dbySwutze talinthreepoiMbending(Fig.618)mdfoumiM
    beo ding(Sw 紅 同 Lu ，Ta.ngandR .
    efai，1 9
    88)(si出l~r t oF ig.6.U， 'b t
    rlw ith'oolyon enot
    ch)
    s
    e
    h
    x
    o
    pl
    w
    a
    sc
    na
    l
    s
    e
    i
    a
    r
    o
    l
    n
    yt
    so
    ha
    ft
    tp
    hef
    ro
    r
    a
    pa
    c
    g
    t
    u
    a
    r
    ti
    ep
    oni
    att
    nt
    e
    r
    he
    no
    i
    rt
    b se
    y
    r
    p
    e
    ve
    oftesto ccur sinM04elHowever
    dbyBdMltandPfahr(1985b， 1
    ，a
    9
    8
    l
    6
    刷 l
    )，
    a
    w
    t
    .
    h
    i
    i
    c
    v
    e
    h 行 x~ k
    -x
    requireo nlyMod eItypecra cking， haveb eeno feredbyInudea姐 dP anthaki( 19
    8 )，
    5 and S
    Sw artzeta l・( Swartz回 dTah ，.a1987)， whileRoも 5and- deB orst( 19 87)c o
    nsideredt hecra
    ck

    F
    ig_
    6.1
    8Be
    arnw
    ithO
    ff-Ce
    nte
    rNo
    tch
    es
    102 103

    openingt oinitia
    teinMode1ands ubsequen
    tlytor espondpos si
    blyinModeI Ialso
    .I ngra.
    f
    fea
    組 dPan もhakihavea r
    guedt h
    a ttheo bs
    ervedfract
    ureoriginaもedfromt ensil
    es p
    litt
    ing8tres
    ses
    int her egio
    nb etweent heno tchtiP8(Fig.6.1
    7). Thee 対s tenceoft hese錦 町ssesw槌 叫 句
    showna n al
    ytical
    lybyR ots組 ddeB or8
    t.S i
    milarexperimen tsbyS wart zetal
    .( Swartza nd
    Taha ，19 87)showedt hep ri
    ncipalf ra
    ctur
    eo ri
    gina
    .ti
    ngi nt hisr e
    giona.ndn ota tthen otch
    tip
    s. Thef i
    niteelementanalysisofBaza:叫 andP fe
    iffe
    r( 19 85b)c on
    f i
    r medtheexiste
    n ceof
    sig
    nificanttensil
    es tr
    esse
    sb etweent hec r
    acktipsb utshowedt hei ncl
    i n
    edp ri
    ncip
    alt ens
    ile
    str
    es御成 t hec r
    acktipstobee venh ig
    her.R民 enttestsatN o rthwest
    e rnUniver
    sity(K 回 e凶 12
    組 d Bai 姐 t，1988)indica
    tedt h.
    atifthes戸c imeninF ig6.17i sloa
    .dedsy mmet
    ricallybyP /
    2
    atea chs id
    eo feachc rackmouthr .
    athe
    r出 叩 a ntisymmet
    r ically，thenits pl
    itsata.1000n ot A，
    . 0.312
    C.. 4.167
    muchh ighert hanthemaximuml oa
    .df o
    rt heantisymmetricl oading自h own.T hissuggests 10-
    1
    thatt hes p
    litt
    ingtensi
    lesもressm i
    g htbei mpor
    ta
    .nt.
    Froms iz
    ee ff
    ectt由民 B aiantandP f
    eif
    fer(1986)f o
    u ndt heModeI I台a ctureenergyめ 暗
    唱
    bem 加 yt imeshigherthanf orMode1( Baiant組 dP fei
    ffer， 1985a，1985b). 同
    ヘ s
    Clearly，aggregatei n
    ter
    10 ckands he
    arf r
    icti
    onp layamajorr o
    lei np rovi
    dinge nerg
    y
    toresistc rackp ro
    pagatione vent hought hedrivin
    ge ner gy8.tt hetipi sduet oMode1 ドミ
    ¥
    deformation. Whethert hisc anind伺 db emodeledp roperlybya ppropriateuseo fac rac
    k
    bandw it hincl
    inedmicrocracksorfricti
    onelementsi
    sn otclea.ratpresent.Att hesamet ime， 、
    ?
    一 6
    e，
    帽

    there晶renogoodm i
    croscopicobservati
    onsavail
    abletoi nd
    ic atethepr e
    s en
    c shapeands iz
    e
    ofap rocessz onealthoughevi d
    en田 o fthi
    sisclearfromModeIb endingandt e
    nsiontest
    s.
    Withr ega
    .dt
    r oModeno rmixedmodec raεkpropagatio n，thereisthusa.general
    la cko
    f 4
    informationandu nd
    erstanding.T hereisnog enera
    la gr田m ent副 知 t hesuita
    bil
    i句o ftes
    t
    methods，d ataevalu.
    ati
    ono rf a
    ilureth切 rytop red
    ictmixed-modec rackpropag.
    atio
    na n
    d
    fra
    cturei nc o
    ncrete
    .

    6.12MaterialParametersforModeI
    IIFracture
    2
    。
    •
    5 10 15
    d/da
    IntheI osipes
    cut ypemixed-modes pecimensalre
    a.dydiscussed，aper{.
    舵 tantisy
    nunetry S
    tre
    ngt
    hGr
    ite
    rio
    n
    i
    sn
    th
    o
    ep
    ta
    rin
    c
    c
    h
    i
    i
    e
    p
    a
    ve
    ln
    d.Thes
    ormals
    p
    e
    t
    r
    c
    e
    imenf
    ss
    esw e
    a
    i
    r
    lsw
    eio
    i
    c
    t
    l
    i
    hap
    nedw
    l
    i
    a
    t
    na
    hr
    rc
    e
    r
    g
    a
    a
    .
    r
    εki
    dt
    nt
    oth
    hec
    ec
    r
    r
    o
    o
    s
    sss
    ss
    e
    e
    c
    c
    t
    t
    i
    i
    o
    o
    np
    np
    lan
    e
    l姐 e
    .H
    ，a
    l
    o
    t
    w
    h
    e
    o
    v
    u
    g
    er
    h
    ， 、
    で¥ー0.3
    r 。
    ¥
    ¥
    "¥・ぞ
    ap er
    fecta.ntisymmetry，require
    df orModeI I
    If ractu
    re，ca nbea ch
    ievedi nac yl
    ind
    rical ¥ 、;;/
    -
    specimeow itha
    .c ir
    cumfere
    ntialnotchi nt hemiddle，subjec
    t edtot o
    rsion.Suchas peci
    me n \・~
    トミー0.4
    ー
    、
    ¥
    wasi n
    t rod
    ucedbyB aiantandP rat( 19
    8 8
    a )，組dBaiant， PratandTabbara( 19
    89);Fig
    .6 19
    . .
    Testin
    gg eomet
    ricallysimi
    lars
    . p
    ecimenso fdiffe
    rentsiz
    es，t
    出he
    句yf oundap ronounce
    ds釘i
    zeef
    .
    “ωt
    。
    0'
    )
    ¥
    、
    姐 du国se
    吋dit句
    比 todete
    釘rn
    紅
    凶
    I
    ~
    f
    おor
    c
    印e，ぬe yf o
    u n
    di ttobea boutt hr
    ee-ti m
    esl arge
    rt hant hatforMode1 .However，t h
    e y
    observ
    edt ha
    td espiteperfe
    ctlys a
    tisf
    yingt h
    ea n t
    isymmetryo fg 回 metriccondit
    ions姐 d
    .
    -05
    日 = 0.490
    load
    inga rrangementrequiredfr乱 ModeI
    o IIsituatin，
    o aModeI IIfiel
    dm ightnoth av
    ebee n
    achiev
    e dIoca
    llyduet ovolumee xpa
    nsiono ft hefractur
    ep roces
    sz one. Theyalsoobser
    ve d λa= 13.35
    thatth eModeI I
    If rac
    tureenergyisa ppareotlyv erysens
    itivetot hen ormalstre
    ssacross
    -0.6
    theiractureproc邸 szone.I tappearst hatModeI IIfr乱ctu
    r eenergyc annotbeama '
    もe
    rial
    cons
    tantjb utitcouldbeam aterialfunction，depending00t het ran
    sversenormalstre
    ssaod 0.4 0
    .0 1
    .0 .2
    1 1
    .4
    poss
    iblyo the
    rva .
    ra
    .
    ibles
    . log(d/dQ. )
    R怠 田 川ly，si
    mila
    .rtest
    so fXuandR einh ardt(1989)indicatedonlyan egli
    gibl
    es I
    zeeff
    ea
    intors
    i o
    nalModeI I
    Is pecim佃 s
    .The. rモas o
    nf orthi
    sd if
    fere
    nceisn otc1ear
    .
    F
    ig.
    6.19S
    iz tR
    eE長 c .eg
    res
    討00Plo
    tfo
    rM錨 u
    rem
    ento
    fModeI
    II(
    aft
    er
    B
    aiant，P
    rat組 dTa.
    bb訂a
    .，198
    9)
    104 105

    s
    lrena
    lh
    c
    ril
    eri
    on

    Ch
    apte
    r7.FACTORSINFLUENCINGFRACTURE
    PARAMETERS

    -・恥白¥zb
    7
    .1E
    ffe
    cto
    fLoadingRa
    teandCreep
    Innom ateri
    alc anfrac
    t u
    rehappeni nst
    antly
    .C rackst akeaf i
    nit
    et i
    met of ormandt o
    propagateove .f
    ra i
    nit
    edist佃 ce
    .Ther easonisthatthep ro印 S
    8o fbondr u
    pturesp ro
    c田 ds 2
    .5d
    ata.c位 t
    ainfini
    tera
    .te
    .Theba .
    si
    cp h
    ysica
    lthωryd esc
    ribi n
    gt h
    ep ro
    cessisther at
    ep r
    ocess
    th切 ry，inwhichtherateofbondr u
    ptur白 isd e
    terminedbyt h
    ea ct
    ivat
    ionen町' g，
    y U
    .The !
    !fost，peok i
    n14s
    .
    +
    +~suòl: peokIn"SOOs
    proba
    .bil
    ity(o
    rf re
    quency
    )o fbondr upt
    ured ependsonth emicros
    tressle
    vela
    .tthec ra
    .kt
    c ip， ~~ ~Iow. peak i
    n1 4
    000 s
    whichint ur
    nisd e
    terminedbye it
    herthestres
    si n
    tens
    ityf ac
    tor，K]，orbyt h
    een ぽ gyreleωe キV
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    _eHel~oltz. fr~e e~ergy) o
    fthe山 uc
    -
    ofc e ment-ba sedf ib
    erc omposites. Thep arameterso ft heR -curvecanbeuniquel yd et
    er. I
    l
    ra
    .lsy
    stemi
    st h
    esumo f出 estra
    inenergyU， whichd ependsont h el oadp aramete
    r舗 wel
    l
    mineda ccordingt om aterialp rope
    r ties， s
    u chasK IcandOCTOD d efinedbyJenqandS ha h 、thec
    rackle
    ngths，andt heener
    gyn eededtop rod ucethecracks， i
    .e.，
    (
    19 8
    6) .T o ugheni ngo ft h
    em at rixbyt he伍b ersi si n∞rpor叫 edintotheR-curvebyf i
    ber-
    b
    t
    r
    h
    i
    es
    d
    g
    t
    in
    a
    b
    gp
    lec
    r
    es
    r
    s
    a
    u
    c
    re
    kp
    _Byi
    ropag
    n
    a
    c
    t
    o
    i
    r
    o
    p
    o
    n
    r
    もh
    ，
    ati
    eo
    n
    gt
    nse
    h
    ec
    to
    lo日i
    fins
    ngp
    もab
    r
    i
    e
    l
    s
    i
    t
    s
    yo
    u
    r ei
    fm
    nt
    at
    h
    r
    ee
    ixi
    qui
    l ib
    ri
    sshownt
    umc on
    obed
    di
    t
    e
    i
    p
    o
    e
    n
    n
    sd
    de
    u
    n
    r
    in
    to
    g
    n
    F= U(
    al， 川)+午 1
    4
    iR(αDぬ
    ; (
    9.1)

    thef ibers
    .
    L
    I
    .whichR=s pec
    i五cene rg
    y( p
    eruni
    tc rac
    kl en
    gth)requir
    edforcrackgrow
    thandα~ areth e
    Allo fthef ict
    itiousc ra
    ckm od elsr e
    l yont hes tress-crac k
    -widthr el
    ation
    so btainedex p
    er.
    rac
    kl engthvalusbetween0andαt・I
    e nthec掛 eofli
    nearela
    sti
    cfract
    uremechani
    cs，R = G/ .
    imentally.Thereh aveb eensomea ttem ptsatp redictingt hem acroscopics tress
    -crac
    k-widt h •C
    heequi libri
    umc on
    dit
    io nofthesys
    temisoF= E( U，i
    + R
    (ai))oai=0f o
    r組 yv ari
    ationoaj，
    relationso fthec om p
    o sitefromas tudyo ft hemec h
    a nic soft he五b er-matrixinterf
    ace.T hey hichi mplie
    s出 a t-U 刊 =R (a
    i)'T hisisthew ell-k
    n o
    wnc on
    ditio
    no fcrackpropag
    a t
    io n
    C叩 b eg rouped剖 m od elsb asedont hes hea
    .r-1
    ag山 田ryo rm odificationst1悶 ωf 仏(
    La刑wre町r
    凹Eαs
    悶
    Ire
    adys tateda七thebeginnin
    g.Thes tab
    i1it
    yoft h
    es tru
    cturewiththecrac
    ksrequi
    rest hat
    197 止
    ;Lawse
    2 ta，.
    l1972jGopa1aratnamandShah， 1 987b;G o palaratn如 1a ndCheng ， 1
    9 88)， heseco ndv a
    .i
    rati
    ono2F bep osi
    tiv
    ef oranya dmiss
    ibleoaj(Ba 量姐ta ndOhtsubo， 1977，
    fracturem e c
    h anicsb a sedinterfacem od els( StangandShah，1 986;M orrisone tal 1
    吋 988) l
    f78 tandWahab，
    ;lJoUIlUl 197
    9).FromE q.9.1，wehave
    andn umer ic
    a lmodels( Morr
    is oneta l.， 1988;S ahud in， 1987)
    . Manyo fth e
    sem odelsh ave
    beens uccess
    fult ova ryingdeg reesi np redicti
    ngt hep eakp u
    ll-outl oadsandt heload-si
    l p 2 o
    R(a
    i)2
    respon seo fidea1izeda ligneds ing1
    ef iberp ull-
    out.T h esem o
    d elsh avebe 叩 もr emendo
    u s1y
    o rE;
    F= E ;
    2_
    Ur，
    ijO
    ，
    ~ "J-
    a
    -i
    O
    -α
    -j+~一一一
    1 o
    J • ' i (6d = H- AJMαj
    a (
    9.2
    )
    usefuli nu nderstandi ngt hebasicm e chanicso fstresst ransfera ももh einterfa
    ceands howing
    thati nterfa
    ciald ebond ingplaysanimpor もantr o
    1eint hef r
    a ct
    ureo fsuchc omposites
    .S ign
    if.
    .w
    1: h
    ichAi
    jformas
    qua
    rem
    atr
    ix ，
    icantr esearcheffort
    sw ill，how 巴ver，ben eededtomodifyt hesemodelst opredict出 ep ul
    l -
    ou t j= U，
    Ai ，
    j+2Rid
    ij
    H(o
    ai) (
    9.3
    )
    characterist
    icso fi nclin
    e dfibe
    rst hata r erandomlyo r
    i entedatam atrixc rack(random ne
    'ls
    inb otht hea ngul arorientationa sw e
    lla st he巴mbe 町
    吋d
    也
    袖lme I
    ，j"fet h
    es ub
    scr
    iptsfollo
    wiga∞mmar
    n epre
    sentp a
    rti
    ald er
    ivati
    vesw ithres
    pecもtoa i，
    S
    ta
    ね
    釘加時
    I 乱姐ndShah( 1989)p ropose dadamagemodelf ort hes tudyo fdi批 i butedmicroc- =lifi=j叩 d0i fi=Fj ;andH (oai)= 1i foajと 0， and0o th
    erwi
    se. Notet h
    at
    racking.Thec omp1ianceo fthe∞m p osit esubjecもedもou niaxialtensionw出 i n
    itial
    lyder i
    ved r，
    ，'j= Kl/E'whereKi= s t
    ressinte
    nsi勿f a
    ctorofc r
    ackai( anymode )，組d -E'UiJ=
    .日 /(i，j= 2KjKj i
    '
    ，
    accord ingt ot hes hearl agtheory. A damagev ariab1e， whichi saf unc
    t i
    o nofc racks pac-
    ingandf ib
    erd eb ondingl engtha t山 ec racksection，wasi ntroduc
    ed.A fterspecify
    ingt he .¥
    sもhe1 0
    adi
    ngpa.a
    rmeterAi nc
    re回邸， thecrack
    sg ro
    w. Ata民 r taincrac
    klengthi
    tc an
    damagee v o
    luti onlawbyadamages urf a
    ce， thestre
    s sands trainresp o
    nseo ffiberrei
    nforced i・岬 e nt h
    atもherearemoret hano n
    es ol
    utio
    nf o
    rt hec r
    acki n
    crements，i.，t
    .
    e h
    ep at
    ho f
    compos itess ubjectedt ou nia
    xialt ensionc anb ec alcu1ated. '
    :. ~ystem plot
    tedint h
    es pa
    田 w ithcoord
    inat
    esa ibifu
    rcat
    es.I tcanbeshownt ha
    tt he
    Ll r
    cat
    ioncondi
    tio
    nis
    Fra ctUI吋 a salsob eens tu
    di edforglass-fib
    erpolymer( polyest
    er)c onc
    rete.Suchm a
    ter
    i ιls
    showc onsiderab1enon1in e
    arityands tablec rackgrowthp riort ope a
    .k1oad， 組dもheR -cu
    r ves detAj= 0
    i (9.
    4)
    thathaveb eenm easure drefl
    ectt hi
    sb eh avior( Vipula nanda n組 dDharmarajan ，1987，1 9
    88 . 1
    ¥i"
    rbi
    fur
    cat
    io，
    n t
    hepa
    出 whichi
    sfo
    llo
    wedi
    sth
    atf
    orw
    hic
    h(Ba
    .
    Za叫
    1989a ムc ). 2F =m
    F
    ord
    isp
    lacem
    ento
    ont
    ro1
    :o in
    Fo
    rloadc
    ont
    ro 2
    : oF = max
    l (
    9.
    5)
    114 115

    吋
    ，
    ..
    .o
    .
    .
    .
    -. Th
    isc o
    ndit
    ionisderiv
    edf r
    omt hefactt
    hatthepat
    hwhichocc
    ursmustbethatwith出e
    (o) 5 6 2 ma
    .ximumi n
    tern
    alentrop
    yi n
    crement
    .
    Morer 田n
    e tl
    y，Bazant(1989b)組 dBaz叩 tandTabbara
    .(19
    89)haveshownもh
    att h
    e
    ta
    ngen
    tia
    l叫 iff
    nes
    srnat
    rixc∞t ain
    ingN in
    ter
    acti
    ngcra
    .
    ckso
    flen
    gthsa
    j(i=
    =1，.
    ..N)is
    _ d2
    F θ2 F
    =
    kf
    a-
    25Y呪 瓦
    .
    ‘
    'ー
    ー
    ・ ~ ~
    (
    9.6
    )
    以 否a，，8q
    .

    w
    her
    e
    =
    .
    1
    ゃ =d
    isp
    l配 e
    men
    ts{ ，
    r 1・
    .. Nd=
    Nd， =numbero
    fdi
    spl
    抑 ments)
    j
    S ~14 S j J
    (
    :
    .=伊 FJδqrdq.=secantstiffnessma
    .
    tri
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    keds
    tru
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    1=
    1 numbero
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    ..
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    ta-
    ，
    三ζ+
    t
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    a.
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    雷 同 =i n
    verseofthem atrixφk m，i
    nwhich

    1
    . s 1
    . φk
    九
    ‘(
    m=伊 F/
    am) =g
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    k
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    偽情 +
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    eoft
    /dαmiand
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    i 凡 n
    =
    G" d R".
    /dam 0
    ). =
    Eq.9.6isv ali
    do nlyi f6 a
    m = -EkWkmE .
    6q.
    伊 FJ dak
    dq"; :
    : 0f o
    ra 1m 壬 v and
    1
    Eu8
    2UJdamdq k;:
    :0f o
    ra llm >ν. I fnot，these
    to fpropaga
    tingc r
    acksisdif
    fer
    entth姐
    F
    ig.9.2EnergyR
    el回 eZ
    e ons00
    e 時 四i
    ngC
    rac
    kSp&ci
    ngi
    nTe
    nsi
    one
    d a
    ssumed
    .O bvio
    usly，varioussetsofp r
    opagat
    ingcrack
    smustbet riedunt
    ilt h
    ef o
    regoi
    ng
    R
    einf
    orcedbar c
    ondi
    tion
    sa remetf o
    ra l
    lm. BasedonE q
    .9 ム2 62F =E rE.K;a6q
    r6qnwhichn ee
    dst obe
    u
    sedtodeもerminethes ta
    blep athofevolut
    ionofthecr拭 ksyste
    m.F orfurth
    erdet
    ails，s
    ee
    t
    hetextboo
    kbyB aza
    ntandC edolin(199
    0).

    3
    .0 9
    .2I
    nte
    rac
    tin
    gPa
    ral
    lelCracks
    司H
    匂 ・'
    .
    '
    1
    α， s= σ冴'X~
    T
    .
    q = E'/5x_、 ca
    Thep
    u
    sed， e
    .
    re
    .，
    g
    ced
    in
    byd
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    ryi
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    er
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    出 e
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    自国
    1
    11o amω8ivew alltreatedasah a
    lf-spac thes hr
    inkagec r
    acks8tar
    ta tsomec lo
    ses p
    acingsand
    2
    .0
    ，
    ，!r-‘唱『 '
    ，h
    en，ast hedryingfronta dvancesi nt
    oth ewall，theyc ont
    inuetogrowi nward.Calculation
    s
    Ir
    ;I onthebasisofE q.9.2h aveshownt hatthes ysもembe ω
    ， mesu n
    st a
    b l
    ewhent hec ra
    ckl engt
    h
    旬 re
    achesthev alu
    ea pproxi m
    ately向 =1 .78，atwhichp oi
    ntt hedryingf r
    ontisa pproxim
    at e
    ly

    1
    .0 於
    :11 ・ 3
    5
    ・ '
    "
    a
    tt

    Eve
    h
    ed

    r
    yo
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    t
    p
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    h
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    9
    7
    e
    h2
    9)
    .6
    8( Ba
    .AUhisp
    .
    Za n
    o
    tandOhtsubo，
    i
    r~rack stop~ g
    n
    r
    tt
    ow
    h
    i
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    reisab
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    1
    f
    s
    9
    c
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    7

    s
    7
    rt
    ，
    ;B話 回t

    k
    i
    o
    e
    no
    ep
    i
    ft
    ngt
    ，
    h
    Ohtsubo組 dAoh
    ee
    h
    quilibri
    ei~ngth a
    ump
    2，
    at
    ，1979;BaZant姐 d
    hi nt
    ~hile th
    hes
    eint
    p
    a
    er
    c
    eo
    med
    fa
    ia
    j
    .
    t
    e
    、、 (
    ，
    .，
    r
    7.
    U"
    .
    ' :
    .r
    &cksofl en
    g t
    hαjc ontinuet ogro w，the
    irs pacingd oubledto2s.Thea rrestoft hegrowth
    I
    md.closin
    go fe v
    e r
    yo thero fth el ea
    dingc r&cks-
    isa gai
    nr epeatedl a
    ter，andωon.This
    0.0
    '
    .ou
    ーーーー B ・
    ・
    4・
    .
    .
    -.
    . .
    .II
    ;
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    ro
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    Thes
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    r&c
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    ks
    ft h
    ys
    ec
    t
    r
    em
    a
    sshowni
    c
    ks，8，i
    nFig
    .9 .1.
    simpo~tant fordet e
    rminingtheirw i
    dth.Asi swelknown，
    l
    Q 0.
    0 O
    .S 1，
    0 .
    J tisd e
    sirabletok田 pt hec rac
    kw i dthlesst hana boutO.lmmt oO .4mrn，mainlybecause
    q nar
    rowc racksaren otr e
    allycontin uo
    usanddo110も s erv
    ea sgoodc on
    duitsf ormoistureor

    F
    ig.
    9.3Dis
    creteCra
    ckin
    gi nFr
    act
    urePr
    oce
    ssZ one岨 dT
    hωr
    eti
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    S
    tres
    s-D
    ispla
    ceme
    ntDiagramf
    orCrac
    kC伺 J
    es伺 :
    nce
    116 117

    o
    orr
    osi
    veage
    nts.Ifもheave
    rages h
    rinkges
    品， tr
    ai r∞o
    no lin
    gst
    rai
    nisfO. 姐 dt
    hebodyi
    s inw h
    i chd.U =t otalreleas
    eo fstr
    aine nergy，1Wf=GfAc=e
    I
    : n
    ergyn eededtop rodu
    ce
    r
    est
    rai
    ned，
    thenth
    eo p
    eni
    ngo f出 ecra
    .
    cksis f
    r品cture( Ac=a re
    乱 ofallt h
    ec ra
    cks)，andI 1Wb :
    : ;;e
    : ne
    rg ydiss
    ipate
    dbybonds l
    ipw h
    ich
    ι 竺 S fO (
    9.
    7)
    occ
    u
    C
    r
    ss
    ons
    i
    i
    m
    d
    u
    e
    ltan
    eo
    rnowc
    us
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    yw
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    eth
    r
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    a
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    sr
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    eelb a
    rswhicha res u伍cient
    lystrong旬
    Thed r
    yingcra.
    cksth
    ath avesto
    ppedg row
    in gwi
    llgrad
    uall
    yclos
    e( Fi
    g.9.1)
    .Th 民 one Dreve
    ntt h
    ep re
    viou日lydiscuss
    edi n
    stab
    iliti
    esofc racksysもem自 i
    nwhichsomec racksclos
    e
    musts u
    bsti
    tuteinE q
    .9.6t h
    es p
    acingofthel ead
    ingcrac
    ks，whi
    che v
    olvesass=s o， ，
    280
    血dぬespacingo ft heopenc ra
    .c
    ksm u
    ltipli
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    rt hes a
    k eofsimpleillu
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    atin，
    o ∞nsi de
    r
    4s ，8s，..
    ..Thespacingofthel ea
    .d
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    r.
    cksg e
    nera
    llyrema
    insbetweens= aJ /
    1.7姐 d aro undc o
    ncreterodi ntensin，
    o w
    ithas in
    gle批 elb arint h
    em iddle(Fig
    .9 .
    2).T h
    isa ls
    o
    o o
    2ad1.7，i
    ..，
    e ontheaverag
    es~ 0 .9
    a1・ Thus，inviewo fEq
    .9.6，th
    eo penin
    gw id
    thofthe approximatel
    ys im
    ulat
    .伺 t h
    eb eha
    viorofもhe∞n cre
    tez ones u
    rroundingoneoft h
    eb ar
    si na
    shr
    inka
    .gecra
    .
    c k
    sis，ontheaverag
    e， beam， inwhicht h
    ec ros
    ss e
    ction乱reaiss ub
    divid
    edi ntonon-overlappin
    gz on
    esofc o
    ncrete，
    蹴 h in
    凶
    も旬e
    創r
    加 a
    dc~ O.9a1f
    o (
    9.
    8)
    andOh， 1983b，19
    84).
    Theb ehav
    iorisr a出.
    ers i
    milarf orparaUelcra
    .cksc a
    u s
    e dbyc ool
    ing， a
    sw ell回 p ar
    all
    el Case1 a
    . StrengthLimitandNoBondS li p
    . I nthiscase，thestra
    品 a twhich
    cracksinbeamsc ausedbyb endingo ra x
    ialforce
    .I nr e
    i n
    force
    dc oncretestructure
    s，the cra
    ckingb eg
    insis:
    gradualopenin
    go fthes hr
    i n
    kagec ra.
    ckswitht heprogressofd ryin
    go rt hebendi ngcrac
    ks :f
    f.'
    2 UE (9.
    10)
    with出 eprogre
    ssofl oa
    ding，i
    sp reventedbyr einf
    orcement.Infact，i
    tisp os
    sibletoωIcul a
    .
    te
    (provid
    edthebonds l
    iplengthisknown)t heminimumr einfo
    rcementw hichisre q
    uiredto Caselb. StrengthLimitandBondS l
    ip.-Byf o
    rceequiv
    alen
    cec o
    nditin，
    o thefo
    rce
    keept hec
    r a
    .
    cksp r
    op a
    gatingw ithe quallengths抗 t hei
    rs mallinit
    ials pa
    .c
    ing. Sucha.re- a
    αossthecrackplane，Ac，
    刀 mustbeequaltothebondforce叫ん accumula tedoverthe
    inforce
    mentpreven
    tst heopeni n
    gw idthofthec rac
    k sfrome xceedi
    ngac er
    tainva l
    ue.The bo
    ndsli
    p1四ゅん(巧=u lti
    maebond抑制).S
    t in :L
    α s'
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    andAc: ;
    :;付2/4(b= ruamet
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    ne臼 ssa
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    no fth
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    lecte)，
    d t
    hec r
    ackscan
    inB話 回t姐 dWahab( 19
    80)， anditt urnedoutt hat，forat yp
    icalsituati
    on， t
    heminimum b
    egint
    of orminth
    ismιnnerif
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    -sect
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    et haももhe s三π(刀/4U )b
    {
    ， 2
    (9.
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    neededtop r
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    g.9.2a
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    edbyr ota
    .ti
    ngth
    isareaa
    .bout凶 eb arax
    isis
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    ay， thestructura
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    ribut
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    oryo fpore 町=宵l r
    /12k
    .T h
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    r d.U =vi
    .σ?/2E(σ1=E f.)
    .A Iso叫ん =A cf
    :.N eglec
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    humidityo
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    tc. webave企 U'2 ，
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    on:

    cra
    Thephenomenonj
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    1，
    /2
    b-1
    /2 (
    9.1
    2)

    9
    .3CrackSpacingand可Vidthi
    nBeams Case2b.EnergyLimitandBondS l
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    isc ase，i
    nstea
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    romII
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    l
    Althought hecurre
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    .Itfoll
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    to f山
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    .
    gr副
    -
    s'
    2
    :(π2
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    t
    ， /
    2，
    b32
    / (
    9.1
    3)
    組刷d叩 山 t 恥he伽 蜘rt
    川ofd
    伽e肝刊e
    V叫l
    ωl
    o
    阿p
    m則en
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    0fm
    削icro
    cαr c
    畠拭k
    叫，
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    )μ
    c 日 ck∞m pleti
    on， whichc or- Theforegoingω!ωa .
    tion
    s(B 話a ntandOh ，1983b，1984)a re凶 吋 ont heassumpt
    ion
    re自p o
    ndst oar e
    ductio
    no fthet e
    nsi
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    st oz er
    oandc oalescenc
    eo fmicrocracksi nto thatt hes もre
    ssrelea
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    a.Ifthey
    con もinu
    ouscracks
    . do.as ligh t
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    nisr eq
    uire
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    nedbyt h
    es treng t
    hc rite
    rio
    n，whilecrackcompletioni s Asomewhatmores ophi
    sticat
    edc al
    culaもio
    n(B aZantandOh， 198
    3b， 1
    984)yiel
    dsc∞ー
    gov ernedby出 ef ract
    urem echanicsenergycrit
    e r
    i o
    n.F o rappr oxima
    tean a
    .ly
    sis，onen ee d 山内sr e
    l a
    .ti
    onsbetweenspacin
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    nfc叩 宙e ntingat ra
    nsit
    ionfrommicroc
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    notw ritethee n
    ergyb a
    lan cecondi
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    ri nf
    ini
    t e
    l ysmallcrackl engt
    hi nc
    rements， b
    uto n e ~?ítíatjon toc ompl
    etecrackfo~ation. Thesecalc~lations h~ve b
    eenshownt oagr偲 with
    伺.nw riteitfortheenti
    rec hangefromt heuncrack edto.aful
    lyc rackedst
    ate: thet 句 tr~s.ults ofClar
    k( 195)，C
    6 hiandK ir
    stei
    n( 1958)， MatheyandW atstein(196)，
    0
    Ho gnes tad( 1962)，
    姐dkaarand ，Mat t
    ock(1963).'
    I
    : 1Wf+I
    1U =I
    : :
    1Wb (
    9.
    9)
    118 119

    Asa no
    th釘 i l
    lus
    trat
    ionoft h
    ef r
    actu
    rea pproac
    ht ot hef o
    r m
    ationofc ompletec ra
    .
    c ks ‘
    re
    lat
    ion
    sf o
    rt hefrac
    tureproc
    e8Szoneinnonl
    ine紅 白nit
    ee leme
    n tana
    lysi
    ss h
    ouldexhibi
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    con
    s i
    derthec r
    品ckingoft h
    econcreteωvera sso
    ciate
    dwi 出 stra
    inf. inthec oncre句 b 紅 maximumd isp
    lacement(o
    rstra
    .i
    n)atwhichthest
    res
    ss u
    d d
    enlyd ro
    pstoz釘 o
    .However ，i
    もIS
    shr
    i n
    ka伊 andt em
    peratureeff
    ectsdisr
    egar
    ded;Fig.9.2b
    .F orthesak
    eo fsi
    r叩l i
    cit，
    yconsid er notωrt
    ainwhe 山erthiscondusi
    onisals
    ovali
    dinthepr，伺en田 offri
    cti
    ona.
    ndot h
    erine
    last
    ic
    two-dim
    ensio
    nalactiononl
    y.F ormationof晶 comple
    句 cr ackre
    liev
    estheinit
    ialsもra
    ineneuv
    phen
    ome na.
    den
    s i
    tyEf~/2 fromvolume同:=kh2w hereyi
    .isthec r
    o s
    sh atchedar
    eashowni nFig.9. 2b，
    ， Ar a
    .th
    erp o
    werfulapproxima
    .
    tetechn
    iquefr∞n
    o sid
    eringinte
    r民 tio
    nsbetweenrandomly
    ・

    姐 dk=回 mec on
    stan
    t.N egl
    e ctigdWb，
    n wemusth aved U主 d Wo rG， bh 三 (Ef~/2) Yt. lo
    cate
    dc r
    acksinal argebodyh却 肥 田ntlybeendevelope
    dbyKachanov( 1985，19
    87);s回
    HerewemayB ubs
    titu
    teE.=d .F
    c/s urthermor
    e，assumi n
    gt hebartobes u缶c ien
    tlystron g， a
    lsoB笹 川 口is
    te，Dvorak，Zarz
    ourandWung( 1988
    ).
    weknowfromt heprevi
    ousa.naly
    sisofstab
    ilit
    yofap aralle
    lc r
    acksyst e
    mt hatthes pa
    .ci ng
    oftheopencrackswi
    llbes:= k 1hw he
    rek 1issomec on日ta
    nt.Thusweo bt
    ain:
    CONCLUDINGRE
    乱1ARKS
    ι さん (2Gb
    / ，
    kE)1/2h1
    /2
    (
    9.1
    4)
    Thep re
    s e
    nte xpo
    sitionofth esta
    .t
    eトof
    -the-a
    rtinc oncretefrac
    turec o
    nceptsandd etermi-
    Eqs.9.9 9 .1
    3a rei n
    teres
    tingint hat出 eyr 抗ion
    aliz
    e出 ei nfluenceoft hethick
    nessb nat
    i o
    no fmaterialproper
    tiesrefle
    ctsat remendouss urgeinre目ea
    rchactiviもyinre偲 ntye釘 S

    ofconcret
    ea roundt h
    eb ar( o
    rb ars pa
    cing)andt heinfl
    uenceoft het hi
    ckn邸 o
    fconcrete anddocument 8al arg
    ed egr
    田 o fp r
    ogressw hichha sbe enachieve
    do verar ela
    tivelyshort
    co
    ver.Withr ega
    .rdtoE q
    .9 .3，
    1 on emayr e
    calltheempi
    ricalformulaestabl
    ishedb y
    extensive spano ftime. Whileo nlya boutt enyearsagot hea ppli日 bi
    lit
    yo ffr乱cturemech 組 ic
    st o
    st
    atis
    tica
    la.na
    ly由 oftestdatabyG e
    rgelyandL utz(1968，se
    ea l
    soM e
    i er岨 dG ergely
    ，1 9
    81)， con
    cretestructuresWasd oubted，m組 ye xpertsnowa gr偲 thatfrac
    turem echan
    icsc anh晶v e
    acc
    o rd
    ingtow hicht h
    ec rackwidthOcisr oughlyprop
    ortion
    alt oA~/3. Sinc
    eAci srough
    ly aconsidera
    bleimp .
    act，improvi
    n gthesafety叩 de ∞nomyof∞ncretestructuresandma .king
    pro
    p o
    rtiona
    ltoh， thi
    sisonlyslight
    lydif
    fer四 tfromEq.9.1
    3.UnderBomemores o
    phis
    ticat
    ed newd esi
    gnsp o
    ssible
    .
    ass
    u mpt
    ions，thep ro
    portio
    nalityofd ctoA~/3 C組 beo bt
    a i
    nedbyf ra c
    ture田 町gy姐 a l
    ysi
    s Inもhr回 follow-uprepors，
    t ACICommitt 田 4 4
    6onF rac
    ture~ech組ics w il
    la ttemptもo
    (Ba
    -z antandOh ，1983b，1
    984). rev
    iewt he8ta
    .t-O
    e ιth -a
    e rtinapplicat
    ionsoff r
    actu
    rem ec h
    a n
    icstos t
    ructuralbehavior，with
    Thef o
    regoi
    ngd isc
    ussionmak 田 itclert
    a
    . hatvar
    iousexisti
    ngprovisionsre g
    ardin
    gm in
    i- .
    avi ewtowa r
    dp oten
    tialc odei mproveme
    nt s，thestate
    -of.
    ・the-
    artinfi n
    iteelement企a cture
    mumr e
    info
    r田 mentandc r
    ackw idthc o
    uldbea tl e
    astpar
    tiall
    yj u
    stifie
    d叩 dp robablyals
    o an
    alysisof∞n c
    retes tr
    uctur
    es， andt hestate
    -of-
    the-a.
    rtinm odel
    ingo ft herat
    ee ff
    ectsand
    improvedbyt h
    eu seoffr乱ctur
    em echani
    cs. dynamicfractureofc o
    ncret
    e.

    9
    .4I
    nte
    rac
    tin
    gMicrocracks Acknowledgment. Thanksf
    orh
    elp w
    ithc
    omp
    ila
    tio
    noft
    her
    efe
    ren
    c剖 andv
    ari
    ous
    m 泊i
    onsa
    red
    u oJ
    et -K
    . .Kim，
    Y.Xi，
    M.R.Tabba
    叫 and~.T. K回 e
    凶 (
    al
    lgradua
    もer
    ese
    a.
    rch
    Model ingoft hemicroc ra
    cks ystemint h
    ef racturep roce
    ssz onehelpsi nd evelopin
    g陪 制 i
    s
    t組 t
    satN
    ort
    hwe
    ste
    rnU
    niv
    ers
    ity
    ).
    tion
    als tres
    s-di
    spla
    .cemen もors tr
    ess-
    stra
    inr el
    ationsf ort hefractu
    rep roce
    ssz one.I ns u
    ch
    models， i
    tisi mporlantもot a.
    keintoaccountth ei n
    t e
    ractionofi n
    divid
    u a
    lm ic r
    ocracks.T h
    is
    inte
    ractionmayl e
    adt oinstab
    ilit
    iesandl oca
    lizationo fcrack
    ing.
    Considerforexamplet heidea
    lize
    ds itu
    ationinF ig.9 .
    3.I n山eもe rminalp haseo fmicro
    c-
    rackig，
    n twoa d
    jacentc r
    ac ktip
    sc o
    al目 白 出 thel iga mentbetweenthemi sg ettingtorn.T h
    is
    ∞ales田 n臼 mayberoughlymodeledastheterminalpropagationofacircumferentialcrack
    inar oun dbar( Fi
    g.9. 3
    )w h
    ilet h
    er adi
    uso fthec i r
    cularligamentapp r
    o a
    ch esz er
    o.B ased
    ont heknowns ol
    utionsoft hestre
    ssintens
    ityf acto
    rf ort h
    isp roblem，onec 姐 calcul
    atethe
    diagramo ft h
    ea ppliedre motestre
    ssvs.t hed ispl乱εementduet ocra
    .cking
    ;F ig.9.3b
    . An
    int
    eresti
    n gproper
    tyo fthisd i
    agramist h
    atitpo s偲 s
    s e
    samaximumd is
    p lacementa f
    terwhich
    the
    reisas napbacki n
    sta
    bility
    .
    もC組 b
    I ep r
    ovenmoreg enera
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    .tamaximumd i spl
    aεementwiths na
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    eo fcra
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    Ont heoth rh日 d，
    e ifonlyamomentb utnof orceist ransmittedacro
    sst heli gam叩 t，thenno
    snapbacko ccu
    rs(B a.Z副，1 9
    87b).S i
    n回 t helatterωei sunlike
    lytop rev
    aili n伽 f ractu
    re
    pro
    c倒 zone，itfollowsf romt hi
    sa na
    lysisthatt he町 側 ー d ispl
    紅 白n ent(o rstress-
    st叩n )
    1
    20 1
    21

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    5
    9. Ba.
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    ，
    "Report，Depa
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    6.B
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    andChudnovskyA.，19
    84“
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    G.J.Dvora.k
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    2. Ba
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    3.B
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    a“
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    9.B
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    Univ
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    1.Br
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    82“
    ，Elementa
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    inee
    ringFra
    ct.Mech.，
    "3rde.，
    d Ma
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    rti
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    fLeyden，
    6
    6. Ba
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    t "ACIMater.J
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    Mart
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    198
    6.)
    3 4
    7・351
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    8
    2.B
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    8“
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    si-
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    6
    7.Ba
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    n Z
    .P.;Se
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    .;andPrat，
    P.C.，19
    88“
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    l S
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    8. B.
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    flu
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    3.Br
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    E andWittmann，F.H.，1 989“
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    A Methodo
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    "ACJMater.J.，
    V.84，N.4，
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    9. Ba
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    Z.P.，
    all
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    89“
    ，Bifurc.
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    Evan
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    4.Burt， .，
    W.J 細dDougill，J
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    977“
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    "J.o
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    ASCE， V.1 3，
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    0. Bai ，Z
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    1eModelfo
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    5.C
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    2“
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    "En-
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    81.
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    6.Ca
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    A.，19
    86“
    ，Mech乱n
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    e"Ma
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    2.B
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    3.B
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    "T e
    clt
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    C e
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    l .，
    D.S 1
    960“
    ，YieldingofSteelSheetsConta
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    "J.o
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    3. Cope，R.J.，198“
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    P 組dLutz，.A.，
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    14.Pet
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    38.Rρmualdi，J.P.，andB.
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    .B 9
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    55
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    56・Stang，.，
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    140

    Appendix1
    . DerivationsofSomeFormulas
    圃

    Deri
    vationo fEq.1.4: Thesizeef
    fec
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    .4 .
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    dmostg ene
    r allyb ¥
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    ional姐 a l
    ysi
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    ili
    tudearguments(Ba
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