A BRIEF SUMMARY OF KINGDOMS PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA

AND INTERACTIONS (FOOD CHAIN, FOOD WEB, FOOD

PYRAMID, CARBON-DIOXIDE CYCLE, WATER CYCLE AND
NITROGEN CYCLE)

A requirement in Science 8

Lanao del Norte National Comprehensive High School

March 2019

Proponents:

Justine Kane B. Crisologo

Mrs. Ma. Colita G. Regalado

Science and Research Teacher

 Kingdom Plantae
As we all know, the earth has different types of plant species. These are sorted and

classified in a separate kingdom called as kingdom plantae, also known as “kingdom

metaphyta”. This classification is based on their similarities and differences. I have learned that
they are multicellular and most of the plants can make their own food because they have

chlorophyll containing organisms. This kingdom is very important for they are the source of our

food for all living creatures present in this planet, which depends on plants in order to survive.

All members of this kingdom is composed of a true nucleus and an advanced membrane bound

organelles. These plants reproduce by both sexual and asexual. They develop a self defense

mechanism to protect them from being destroyed by animals, fungi or other plants. Plants consist

of two groups, nonvascular and vascular.

• Nonvascular Plants

These are generally small plants that are limited in terms of size by poor transport

methods for water, gases and other compounds. They are attached to the places where they live

by means of their root-like rhizoids that absorb water and nutrients instead of actual roots.

Mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Marchantiophyta), and hornworts (Anthocerophyta) are

considered as nonvascular plants.

• Vascular Plants

Also known as tracheophytes, are plants that have specialized tissues for conducting

water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plants. Ferns, clubmosses, horsetails,

flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms are included in this group of plants. These

are seldom called as higher plants.

Kingdom Animalia
All animals are members of the family called kingdom animalia, also called as Metazoa.

All members are multicellular, and are hetrotrophs, they do not contain prokaryotes or protists.
Unlike plants, they do not hace a cell wall. Kingdom animalia consists of 9 subkingdoms:

Phylum Porifera, Phylum Nematoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes, Phylum Cnidaria, Phylum

Annelida, Phylum Arthropoda, Phylum Mollusca, Phylum Echinodermata and Phylum Chordata.

• Phylum Porifera

The phylum Porifera comprises of sponges. These are multicellular organinsms that have

bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them.

• Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms or nematodes constitute the phylum Nematoda ( also called as

Nemathelminthes). They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments.

• Phylum Platyhelminthes

Literally means flatworms, the members of this phylum are soft, thin-bodied, ribbon-like

worms, including the planaria of ponds and streams, as well as the flukes and tapeworms

parasitic in humans and other animal bodies.

• Phylum Cnidaria
 Containing over 11,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and

marine) environments: they are predominantly marine. This is also called as Coelentrata.

• Phylum Annelida

Also known as ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000

extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches.

• Phylum Arthropoda

It is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed

appendages. Arthropods include insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.

• Phylum Mollusca

This is the second largest phylum of invertebrate animals. The members are known as

mollusks with around 85,000 species that are recognized. Snails, octupuses, and squids all

belong to phylum Mollusca.

• Phylum Echinodermata

Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of this phylum. The adults are

recognizable by their radial symmetry, and include such well-known animals such as sea urchins,

sea stars, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, as well as stone llilies.

• Phylum Chordata
 A chordate is an animal consisting the phylum Chordata. It consists of animals with a

flexible rod supporting their dorsal or back sides.

FOOD PYRAMID
The Food Pyramid is designed to make healthy eating easier. Healthy eating is about getting the

correct amount of nutrients – protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals you need to

maintain good health. Foods that contain the same type of nutrients are grouped together on each

of the shelves of the Food Pyramid. This gives you a choice of different foods from which to

choose a healthy diet. Following the Food Pyramid as a guide will help you get the right balance

of nutritious foods within your calorie range. Studies show that we take in too many calories

from foods and drinks high in fat, sugar and salt, on the top shelf of the Food Pyramid. They

provide very little of the essential vitamins and minerals your body needs. Limiting these is

essential for healthy eating.

FOOD WEB

A food web (or food cycle) is a natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical

representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name

for food web is consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of

two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their

bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic

matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide.

FOOD CHAIN
 A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms

and ending at apex predator species, detritivores, or decomposer species. A food chain differs

from a food web, because the complex networks of different animals’ feeding relations are

aggregated and the chain only follows a direct, linear pathway of one animal at a time. Natural

interconnections between food chains make it a food web. In its simplest form, the length of a

chain is the number of links between a trophic consumer and the base of the web and the mean

chain length of an entire web is the arithmetic average of the lengths of all chains in a food web.

CARBON DIOXIDE- OXYGEN CYCLE

The Carbon Oxygen cycle refers to the perpetual recycling of carbon of oxygen through

three major processes and one minor process: photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and

decomposition.
 WATER CYCLE

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, describes

the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

NITROGEN CYCLE

The series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the

environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition. The

nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical

forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of

nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes.