Content Beyond The Syllabus

Aim:
To analyze the performance of various configurations and protocols in LAN.
Objective
Establishing a Local Area Network (LAN):
The main objective is to set up a Local Area Network, concepts involved in this network are
IP addressing and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). The required equipments are
192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2, 192.168.1.3, Host A Host B Host C, Switch/HUB, three PC`s
equipped with at least oneNIC, one HUB or Switch and the necessary cables. Once the physical
LAN is set up the hosts need to be configured using the ifconfig command. To verify
communication among the machines the ping command is used. Next, to manipulate the routing
tables at the hosts to understand how machines know where to send packets. Since the ifconfig
command places a default route into the routing tables this route must be deleted. to´blindfoldˇ
the machine. The ping command is used again to show that communication is no longer
available. To re-establish communication the routes are put back into the routing table one host
at a time. Communication is once again verified using the ping command.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. 3 Windows PC or 3 Linux PC, Each PC must Have One NIC cards.

2. 1 Switch (8 port) or 1 Hub.
3. 3 Straight Line LAN (cat-5) Cables with RJ-45 Sockets.
4. Power supply
5. Class C IP Address. using Static IP configuration.
6. Basic Network Configuration Commands. For Switch and PCs.
7. Cisco Packet Tracer 6.0.1
PROCEDURES:
1. Open The CISCO PACKET TRACER software.

2. Draw The Three PC using End Device Icons.
3. Draw The CISCO 24 Port Switch Using Switch icon lists.
4. Make The Connections using Straight-Through Ethernet Cables.
5. Enter The IP Address To Each Machine.
6. Check the IP address for Every PC using ipconfig or ifconfig Command.
7. Check The Connections using Ping Commands.
8. View The MAC Address Table.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY:
PC-1 IP ADDRESS:
PC-2 IP ADDRESS:
PC-3 IP ADDRESS:
VIEW THE SWITCH MAC ADDRESS TABLE :
Command Line View:

Switch>show mac-address-table
Graphical View :
ARP Table For Switch :
ARP is Layer 2 to Layer 3 mapping; if our switches are Layer 2 and pings are on the same
network, there is no arp cash on switches.
PING PC 1 - PC 2 :
ping command is a Network Utility Command. ping tools use Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP). ping used to verify the connection between source PC to Destination PC.
c:>ping 192.168.1.3
PING PC 1 - PC 3
c:>ping 192.168.1.3
OSI LAYER ARCHITECTURE:
INPUT PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU):

OUTPUT PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU):
Aim:
To analyze the performance of various configurations and protocols in LAN.
Objective
Connecting two LANs using multi-router topology with static routes:
The main objective is to extend routing connection by using multiple routers. The concepts
include IP addressing and basic network routing principles. Connect two LANs topology.
During router configuration attention is paid to the types of interfaces as additional issues are
involved with set-up. For example, the serial interfaces require clocking mechanisms to be set
correctly. Once the interfaces are working the ping command is used to check for
communication between LANs. The failure of communication illustrates the need for routes to
be established inside the routing infrastructure. Static routes are used to show how packets can
be transported through any reasonable route. It is run trace route on two different configurations
to demonstrate the implementation of different routes.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. 4 Windows PC or 4 Linux PC, Each PC must Have One NIC cards.

2. 2 Switch (8 port) or 2 Hub.
3. 6 Straight Line LAN(cat-5) Cables with RJ-45 Sockets.
4. Power supply
5. Class C IP Address. using Static IP configuration.
6. Basic Network Configuration Commands. For Router,Switch and PCs.
7. Cisco Packet Tracer 6.0.1
8. 2 Cisco Routers (Model 1841)
9. 1 serial cable for router to router connection.
PROCEDURES:
1. Open The CISCO PACKET TRACER software.

2. Draw The 4 PC using End Device Icons.
3. Draw The 2 CISCO 24 Port Switch Using Switch icon lists.
4. Draw The 2 Cisco 1841 Routers Using Router icon lists.
5. Make The Connections using Straight-Through Ethernet Cables.
6. Configure Routers R1 and R2.
7. Enter The IP Address To Each Machine.
8. Configuring Static Routing for Each router.
9. Configuring RIP Routing for Each router.
10. Check the IP address for Every PC using ipconfig or ifconfig Command.
11. Check the Connections using Ping Commands.
12. View the MAC Address Table.
13. View the ARP Address Table.
14. View the Routing Table.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY:
ROUTER R1 CONFIGURATION
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config)#interface Serial0/0/0
Router(config-if)#
SET THE CLOCK RATE

Router(config)#interface serial0/0/0
Router(config-if)#clock rate ?
Speed (bits per second
1200
2400
4800
9600
19200
38400
56000
64000
72000
125000
128000
148000
250000
500000
800000
1000000
1300000
2000000
4000000
<300-4000000> Choose clockrate from list above
Router(config-if)#clock rate 72000
ADDING STATIC ROUTING:

Router(config-if)#ip route Destination Network| Destination N/W SubnetMask |Next Hop
Address
Router(config-if)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.2
ADDING RIP ROUTING:

Router#config terminal
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
ROUTER R2 CONFIGURATION
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface Serial0/0/0
Router(config-if)#
SET THE CLOCK RATE

Router(config)#interface serial0/0/0
Router(config-if)#clock rate ?
Speed (bits per second
1200
2400
4800
9600
19200
38400
56000
64000
72000
125000
128000
148000
250000
500000
800000
1000000
1300000
2000000
4000000
<300-4000000> Choose clockrate from list above
Router(config-if)#clock rate 72000
ADDING STATIC ROUTING:

Router(config-if)#ip route Destination Network| Destination N/W SubnetMask |Next Hop
Address
Router(config-if)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1
ADDING RIP ROUTING:

Router#config terminal
Router(config)#router rip
PC CONFIGURATION:
PC-1>ipconfig
FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::2E0:8FFF:FEBC:1B4C
IP Address......................: 192.168.1.2
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 192.168.1.1
PC-2>ipconfig
Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::260:2FFF:FE61:B37C
IP Address......................: 192.168.1.3
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 192.168.1.1
PC-3>ipconfig
Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::250:FFF:FE6D:ED85
IP Address......................: 192.168.2.2
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 192.168.2.1
PC-4>ipconfig
Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::201:64FF:FE76:7A08
IP Address......................: 192.168.2.3
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 192.168.2.1
ROUTER R1 RUNNING CONFIGURATION:

Router>enable
Router#show running-config
Building configuration...
Current configuration : 703 bytes
!
version 12.4
no service timestamps log datetime msec
no service timestamps debug datetime msec
no service password-encryption
!
hostname Router
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
spanning-tree mode pvst
!
!
!
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
interface Serial0/0/0
ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
!
no ip address
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router rip
network 20.0.0.0
network 192.168.1.0
!
ip classless
ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.2
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
line con 0
!
line aux 0
!
line vty 0 4
login
!
!
!
end
Router#copy running-config startup-config

Destination filename [startup-config]?
[OK]
Router#
ROUTER R2 RUNNING CONFIGURATION:

Router>enable
Router#show running-config
Current configuration : 703 bytes
!
version 12.4
!
hostname Router
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
!
no ip address
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router rip
network 20.0.0.0
network 192.168.2.0
!
ip classless
ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
line con 0
!
line aux 0
!
line vty 0 4
login
!
!
!
end
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
[OK]
Router#
ROUTER R1 ROUTE TABLE:

Router#sh ip route
ROUTER R2 ROUTE TABLE:

Router#sh ip route
SHOW R1 ROUTER ARP TABLE:

SHOW R2 ROUTER ARP TABLE:
SHOW PC ARP TABLE:
OSI LAYER ARCHITECTURE:

R1 ROUTER
R2 ROUTER
INPUT PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU):

OUTPUT PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU):
OUT PUT:
c :>ping 192.168.2.2
c:>ping 192.168.1.3
RESULT:
Thus the Experiment is configured successfully.

Aim:
To analyze the performance of RIP AND OSPF Redistribution
Objective:
This case study addresses the issue of integrating Routing Information Protocol
(RIP) networks with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) networks. Most OSPF
networks also use RIP to communicate with hosts or to communicate with
portions of the inter-network that do not use OSPF. This case study should
provide examples of how to complete the following phases in redistributing
information between RIP and OSPF networks, including the following topics:
Configuring a RIP Network

Adding OSPF to the Center of a RIP Network
Adding OSPF Areas
Setting Up Mutual Redistribution
REQUIREMENTS:
1. CISCO 1841 Model 4 Routers.

2. Two 8 port switches.
3. Two End Device PC's
4. Communication medias (Serial Cable and copper straight through cable).
5. Class C IP Address.
6. Routing Protocols (RIP and OSPF).
7. Router iso configuration commands.
8. Cisco Packet Tracer 6.0.1.exe
9. Power supply.
PROCEDURES:
Configuring a RIP Network
A RIP network illustrates a RIP network. Four sites are connected with serial
lines. The RIP network uses a Class C address. Each site has a contiguous set of
network numbers
ROUTER R4 NETWORK CONFIGURATION:
ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.4.2 255.255.255.0
!
router rip
network 192.168.2.0
network 192.168.3.0
network 192.168.4.0

ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
!

!
ip address 192.168.5.2 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
!

!
ip address 192.168.6.1 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0
!
Adding OSPF to the Center of a RIP Network :
A common first step in converting a RIP network to OSPF is to add backbone

routers that run both RIP and OSPF, while the remaining network devices run
RIP. These backbone routers are OSPF autonomous system boundary routers.
Each autonomous system boundary router controls the flow of routing
information between OSPF and RIP
ROUTER R3 OSPF CONFIGURATION:

!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!

!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
Adding OSPF Areas :

router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.6.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
!
NETWORK TOPOLOGY:
Most OSPF networks also use RIP to communicate with hosts or to communicate
with portions of the inter-network that do not use OSPF. Cisco supports both the
RIP and OSPF protocols and provides a way to exchange routing information
between RIP and OSPF networks.
Setting Up Mutual Redistribution:
Mutual redistribution between RIP and OSPF networks is running both OSPF and
RIP.
R1 ROUTER MUTUAL REDISTRIBUTION:

router ospf 1
log-adjacency-changes
redistribute rip subnets
network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
router rip
redistribute ospf 1 metric 10
network 192.168.4.0
R3 ROUTER MUTUAL REDISTRIBUTION:
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
router rip
network 192.168.2.0
ROUTER R1 RUNNING CONFIGURATION FILES:

!
version 12.4
!
hostname Router
!
!
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
ip address 192.168.5.2 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
router rip
network 192.168.4.0
!
ip classless
!
line con 0
!
line aux 0
!
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
ROUTER R2 RUNNING CONFIGURATION FILE :

!
version 12.4
!
hostname Router
!
!
ip address 192.168.6.1 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.6.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
!
router rip
!
ip classless
!
line con 0
!
line aux 0
!
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
ROUTER R3 RUNNING CONFIGURATION FILE:

!
version 12.4
!
hostname Router
!
!
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
router rip
network 192.168.2.0
!
ip classless
!
line con 0
!
line aux 0
!
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
ROUTER R4 RUNNING CONFIGURATION FILE:

!
version 12.4
!
hostname Router
!
!
ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
shutdown
!
ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.4.2 255.255.255.0
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address
shutdown
!
router rip
network 192.168.2.0
network 192.168.3.0
network 192.168.4.0
!
ip classless
!
line con 0
!
line aux 0
!
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
PING BETWEEN 192.168.6.2 TO 192.168.3.2 :
PING BETWEEN 192.168.3.2 TO 192.168.6.2 :

ROUTING TABLE:
For a Cisco router, the IOS command show ip route displays the routes in the
routing table. There are several types of routes that can appear in the routing
table:
Directly-Connected Routes:
When the router powers up, the configured interfaces are enabled. As they
become operational, the router stores the directly attached local network
addresses as connected routes in the routing table. For Cisco routers, these routes
are identified in the routing table with the prefix C. These routes are
automatically updated whenever the interface is reconfigured or shutdown.
Static Routes:
A network administrator can manually configure a static route to a specific

network. A static route does not change until the administrator manually
reconfigures it. These routes are identified in the routing table with the prefix S.
Dynamically-Updated Routes (Dynamic Routes) :
Dynamic routes are automatically created and maintained by routing protocols.

Routing protocols are implemented in programs that run on routers and that
exchange routing information with other routers in the network. Dynamically-
updated routes are identified in the routing table with the prefix that corresponds
to the type of routing protocol that created the route, for example R is used for
the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).
Default Route:
The default route is a type of static route which specifies a gateway to use when
the routing table does not contain a path to use to reach the destination network.
It is common for default routes to point to the next router in the path to the Internet
Service Provider. If a subnet has only one router, then that router is automatically
the default gateway, because all network traffic to and from that local network
has no option but to travel through that router.
RIP:
 It is a distance vector routing protocol.

 send the complete routing table out to all interface every 30 seconds.
 Rip only use hop count to determine best way to remote Network.
 Maximum allowable hop count is 15
OSPF:
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a non-proprietary link-state routing protocol

described in RFC2328 .Identified in the routing table with the prefix O .
 Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the lowest cost to a destination

 Sends routing updates only when the topology changes; does not send
periodic updates of the entire routing table.
 Provides fast convergence
 Supports VLSM and discontiguous subnets
 Provides route authentication
R1 ROUTER ROUTING TABLE:
R1 ROUTER ROUTING PROTOCOL:

SWITCH 1 MAC ADDRESS TABLE :

SWITCH 2 MAC ADDRESS TABLE :

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Aim:

To analyze the performance of various configurations and protocols in LAN.

Establishing a Local Area Network (LAN):

1. 3 Windows PC or 3 Linux PC, Each PC must Have One NIC cards.

1. Open The CISCO PACKET TRACER software.

VIEW THE SWITCH MAC ADDRESS TABLE :

Command Line View:

INPUT PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU):

To analyze the performance of various configurations and protocols in LAN.

Connecting two LANs using multi-router topology with static routes:

1. 4 Windows PC or 4 Linux PC, Each PC must Have One NIC cards.

1. Open The CISCO PACKET TRACER software.

SET THE CLOCK RATE

ADDING STATIC ROUTING:

ADDING RIP ROUTING:

SET THE CLOCK RATE

ADDING STATIC ROUTING:

ADDING RIP ROUTING:

ROUTER R1 RUNNING CONFIGURATION:

Router#copy running-config startup-config

ROUTER R2 RUNNING CONFIGURATION:

ROUTER R1 ROUTE TABLE:

ROUTER R2 ROUTE TABLE:

SHOW R1 ROUTER ARP TABLE:

SHOW PC ARP TABLE:

OSI LAYER ARCHITECTURE:

INPUT PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU):

Thus the Experiment is configured successfully.

To analyze the performance of RIP AND OSPF Redistribution

Configuring a RIP Network

1. CISCO 1841 Model 4 Routers.

Configuring a RIP Network

ROUTER R4 NETWORK CONFIGURATION:

ROUTER R3 NETWORK CONFIGURATION:

ROUTER R1 NETWORK CONFIGURATION:

ROUTER R2 NETWORK CONFIGURATION:

A common first step in converting a RIP network to OSPF is to add backbone

ROUTER R3 OSPF CONFIGURATION:

ROUTER R1 OSPF CONFIGURATION:

Adding OSPF Areas :

ROUTER R2 OSPF CONFIGURATION:

Setting Up Mutual Redistribution:

R1 ROUTER MUTUAL REDISTRIBUTION:

R3 ROUTER MUTUAL REDISTRIBUTION:

ROUTER R1 RUNNING CONFIGURATION FILES:

ROUTER R2 RUNNING CONFIGURATION FILE :

ROUTER R3 RUNNING CONFIGURATION FILE:

ROUTER R4 RUNNING CONFIGURATION FILE:

PING BETWEEN 192.168.6.2 TO 192.168.3.2 :

PING BETWEEN 192.168.3.2 TO 192.168.6.2 :

A network administrator can manually configure a static route to a specific

Dynamically-Updated Routes (Dynamic Routes) :

Dynamic routes are automatically created and maintained by routing protocols.

 It is a distance vector routing protocol.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a non-proprietary link-state routing protocol

 Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the lowest cost to a destination

R3 ROUTER ROUTING TABLE:

SWITCH 1 MAC ADDRESS TABLE :

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