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C CIRCUITS
di
1. When switch “S” is closed at t=0; ε − L = Ri
dt
⎛ − t ⎞⎟
R
ε⎜
2. At time t, current i = ⎜1 − e L ⎟ R L •
b
R⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ • S
i • a
3. The constant L/R has dimensions of time and is called the inductive E
ε
time constant ( τ ) of the LR circuit. 0.63
R
4. t = τ; i = 0.63i0 , in one time constant, the current reaches 63% of the growth of current
maximum value. The time constant tells us how fast will the current grow. i
ε
5. i=i0, when t= ∞ , where i = .
R time
Theoretically current grows to maximum value after infinite time. But t
practically it grows to maximum after 5τ.
Decay of current :
di
6. When switch “S” is open at t=0; − L = Ri
dt
at t=0, i=i0
t i
−
at time t, i = i0e τ
The current reduces to 37% of the initial value in one time constant ε
0.37
R decay of current
i.e., 63% of the decay is complete.
1 t time
7. Energy stored in inductor E= Li2 .
2
Charging of a capacitor :
8. When a capacitor is connected to a battery, positive charge appears on
R i=0 b
one plate and negative charge on the other. The potential difference C
S
between the plates ultimately becomes equal to e.m.f of the battery. The i a
E
whole process takes some time and during this time there is an electric + –
current through connecting wires and the battery.
q
9. Using Kirchoff’s loop law + Ri − ε = 0 . 0.63 εc
C growth of charge
⎛ −
t ⎞ ⎛ t ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 − e − CR ⎟
10. At any time t, q = εC 1 − e
⎜
RC
⎟ = Q ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
t time
⎛ −
t ⎞ −
t
V = E ⎜⎜1 − e CR ⎟
⎟
; i = i0 e CR .
⎝ ⎠
11. The constant RC has dimensions of time and is called capacitive time constant ( τ ).
12. In one time constant ( τ =RC), the charge accumulated on the capacitor is q=0.63 εC .
2 1T2
irms = ∫ i dt where i=i0sin ω t
T0
i0
i rms = = 0.707i 0
2
similarly
2 1T 2
εrms = ∫ ε dt where ε = ε0 sin ωt
T0
ε0
εrms =
2
Voltage marked on ac instruments is the r.m.s voltage, i.e. 220 V ac means Erms = 220 V.
10. In any circuit, the ratio of the effective voltage to the effective current is called the impedance Z of
the circuit. Its unit is ohm.
11. A diagram representing alternating voltage and current as vectors with phase angle between them is
called phasor diagram.
12. Purely resistive circuit : A circuit containing an A.C source and a resistor is known as purely
resistive circuit. If ε = ε0 sin ωt and the current at a time t is i, then ε0 sin ωt = Ri
R
i
i
ε
~
i E
E
i t
The constant XL= ωL plays the role of effective resistance of the circuit. The constant XL is called
the reactance of the inductor. It is zero for direct current ( ω =0) and increases as the frequency
increases. The current lags the voltage in phase by π / 2 and the quantity ω L is a measure of the
effective opposition to the flow of A.C. The average power consumed in a cycle is zero.
t
i
14. Purely capacitive circuit : A circuit containing an A.C source and a capacitor is known as purely
capacitive circuit. If ε = ε0 sin ωt , the circuit equation is Q= cε = cε0 sin ωt by differentiating;
dQ ⎛ π⎞ ε0
i= = i0 sin⎜ ωt + ⎟ where i0 =
dt ⎝ 2⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ωC ⎠
L
ε
o
i 90
~
E i
i
E i
i Z
φ
~ R
~
1/ωC-ωL
Z
i φ
R
ωο ωL
ω
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
Z = R2 + ( XL ~ XC )2 = R2 + ⎜ ωL − ⎟
⎝ ω C⎠
Lω − 1 / ωC 1
tan φ = ; ω0 =
R LC
1
(i) When Lω > , tan φ is positive i.e., φ is positive in such case e.m.f leads the current.
ωC
1
(ii) When Lω < , tan φ is negative i.e., φ is negative in such case e.m.f lags behind the current.
ωC
1
(iii) When Lω = , tan φ is zero i.e., φ is zero in such case current and e.m.f are in phase
ωC
with each other.
1
When XL = XC or ωL = , the impedance becomes minimum and hence current will be
ωC
maximum. The circuit is then said to be resonance and the corresponding frequency is known as
1 1 ε
resonant frequency. The resonant frequency= . . The peak current in this case is 0
2π LC R