FORMULAE ON

FUNDAMENTALS OF DSP
PROCESSORS
Prof. P. J. Bhagat
PIPELINING
 Consider a machine with 4 functional units
 Let T denote the time required for each phase of
the instruction.
 Then, the time required to executing program
with N instructions is
= 4NT ………. for non-pipelined machine
= (N+4)T ………. for pipelined machine

Where 4T is the initial latency with four phases.

FIXED POINT FORMAT

 Range of fixed point integer format

-2n-1 to 2n-1 -1
 Range of fixed point fractional format

-1 to 1 - 2-(n-1)
FLOATING POINT FORMAT

 A floating point number is represented as

Where, Mx = Mantisa
Ex = Exponent
DYNAMIC RANGE
PROBLEM 01
 A non pipelined system takes 100ns to process a
task. The same task can be performed in 4
segments pipelined into 20ns each. Determine
speedup ratio of pipeline for 1000 tasks.
PROBLEM 02
 What is range of numbers that can be
represented in a fixed point format using 16 bits,
if the numbers are treated as.
i) Signed integers ii) Signed fractions
PROBLEM 03
 What is the dynamic range for floating point
format and fixed point format, if n = 24