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IC ENGINE
 An engine defined as a device which converts one form of energy into mechanical energy
 Heat engine is a device which transforms heat energy into mechanical energy.
 In every heat engine, some form of fuel (solid, gas, or nuclear) is used. The chemical energy of
fuel is converted into Thermal or heat energy and that is further used to perform useful work.

CLASSIFICATION OF I C ENGINES

 According to arrangement of cylinders

 Reciprocating engines

 Inline engines : Cylinders are arranged in a line. Most trucks are of inline
Configuration.
 Vertical engines : If the cylinder is arranged in a vertical position, the engine is
called vertical cylinder engine
 Horizontal Engines : cylinder is arranged in horizontal position.
 Radial Engines : cylinder is arranged in a circumference of a circle.
 V engines : It is a combination of two inline engines equally set an angle.
Passenger vehicles have V-type configuration
 Opposed type : cylinders arranged opposed to each other

 Rotary Engines

 Wankel Engines

 According to the type of fuel used

 Petrol Engine : If the fuel is used is petrol, the engine is called as petrol Engine
 Diesel Engine : If the fuel is used is diesel, the engine is called as diesel Engine
 Gas Engine : gaseous fuels like bio-gas, natural gas, or LPG etc, are used as Fuels.
 Bi-fuel Engine : These engines use a mixture of more than one fuel. for example,
Mixture of diesel and natural gas or diesel and neem oil, etc.
 According to the number of strokes per cycle
 4 stroke engine : If the engine completes its working cycle in four different Strokes of
the piston or two revolutions of crankshaft
 2 stroke engine : If the engine completes its working cycle in two different Strokes of
the piston or one revolutions of crankshaft
 According to the method of ignition
 Spark Ignition(SI) engine
: If the fuel is ignited by an electric spark generated by a
Sparkplug, the engine is called as spark ignition engine
 Compression Ignition(CI) engine : In these engines, the fuel ignites when it comes in
Contact with the hot compressed air
 According to the cycle of combustion
 Otto cycle Engine : If the combustion of fuel takes place at constant volume
 Diesel cycle : If the combustion of fuel takes place at constant pressure

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 Dual cycle : combustion of fuel first takes place partially at constant

Volume and then at constant pressure
 According to the number of cylinder used
 Single cylinder engine : if the engine consist only one cylinder, then it is called
as single cylinder engine
 Multi-cylinder engine : if the engine consist of more than one cylinder, then it is
called as single cylinder engine
 According to the method of Cooling
 Air cooled engine : If the heated cylinder walls ( due to combustion of fuel)
Are cooled by circulating air, the engine is called air
Cooled engine
 Water cooled engine : water is circulated through the jacket surrounding the
Heated cylinder walls
 According to the basis of valve arrangement
 I type
 L type
 F type
 T type
 V type

 According to their uses

 Stationary engine
 Automobile engine
 Marine engine
 Aircraft engine
 Portable power system
 Power generation
 locomotive

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PARTS OF AN IC ENGINE

 CYLINDER or CYLINDER BLOCK

It is the heart of an engine, as the name indicates is a cylindrical shaped component in
which combustion of fuel takes place. The cylinder is usually made from grey cast iron or
steel alloys in order to withstand the high pressure and temperature generated inside the
cylinder due to combustion of fuel. All other parts like piston , connecting rod ,
crankshaft etc. bolted on it.

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 CYLINDER HEAD
It is fitted on the top of cylinder block and the function of the cylinder head is to seal the
working end of cylinder and not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover head valves of
the engine. A copper or asbestos gasket is provided between the engine cylinder and
cylinder head to make an air tight joint. The valves, sparkplug, injector etc. are fitted on
it.

 CRANKSHAFT
The function of the crankshaft is to transform reciprocating motion of piston into rotary
motion of crankshaft. The crankshaft transmits the the power developed by the engine to
the various parts of the vehicle, This rotary motion is used to rotate the wheels of the
vehicle. It is located in the bottom end of cylinder block

 CONNECTING ROD
It connect piston to the crankshaft by means of pin joints. The lower end of the
connecting rod is connected to the piston and the bigger is connected to the crankshaft.

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 CAMSHAFT
Camshaft is to control the opening and closing of valves at proper timings. It is placed at
the top or at the bottom of the cylinder.

 VALVES
Valves are used to control the inlet and exhaust of internal combustion engine. Two
valves are used for each cylinder one for inlet of air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder and
other for exhaust of combustion gases. these valves are operated by means of cams driven
by the crankshaft through a timing gear or chain.

 PISTON
The piston is a close fitting hollow cylinder plunger moving to and fro in the cylinder.
The power developed by the combustion of the fuel is transmitted by the piston to the
crankshaft through the connecting rod. Usually made of aluminium alloy which has good
heat conducting property and greater strength at higher temperature.

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 PISTON RINGS
The piston rings are the metallic rings inserted into the circumferential grooves provided
at the top end of the piston. These rings maintain a gas – tight joint between the piston
and the cylinder while the piston is reciprocating in the cylinder. They also help in
conducting the heat from the piston to the cylinder.

 FLYWHEEL
It is a wheel mounted on the crankshaft. which stores excess energy during the power
stroke and returns that energy during the other stroke and maintains a fairly constant
output torque on the crankshaft.

 CARBURETTOR
Its function is to supply the air-fuel to cylinder of petrol engine through the intake
manifold. The mass of mixture entering the cylinder is controlled by throttle valve.
 SPARK PLUG
It is used in spark ignition engine(petrol engine). It is fitted on the cylinder head. It is
used to ignite the air fuel mixture inside the cylinder at the end of each compression
stroke

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 INJECTOR
Injector is usually used in compression ignition engine( diesel engine). It sprays the fuel
into combustion chamber at the end of compression stroke. It is fitted on cylinder head.

 MANIFOLD
The main function of manifold is to supply the air-fuel mixture and collects the exhaust
gases equally from all cylinders. In an internal combustion engine two manifolds are
used, one for intake and other for exhaust.

Materials used for engine parts:

1. Cylinder head - Cast iron, Cast Aluminium

2. Cylinder liner - Cast steel, Cast iron
3. Engine block - Cast iron, Cast aluminum, Welded steel
4. Piston - Cast iron, Aluminium alloy
5. Piston pin - Forged steel, Casehardened steel.
6. Connecting rod - Forged steel. Aluminium alloy.
7. Piston rings - Cast iron, Pressed steel alloy.
8. Connecting rod bearings - Bronze, White metal.
9. Main bearings - White metal, Steel backed Babbitt base.
10. Crankshaft - Forged steel, Cast steel
11. Camshaft - Forged steel, Cast iron, cast steel,
12. Timing gears - Cast iron, Fiber, Steel forging.
13. Push rods - Forged steel.
14. Engine valves - Forged steel, Steel, alloy.
15. Valve springs - Carbon spring steel.
16. Manifolds - Cast iron, Cast aluminium.
17. Crankcase - Cast iron, Welded steel
18. Flywheel - Cast iron.
19. Studs and bolts - Carbon steel.
20. Gaskets - Cork, Copper, Asbestos.

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BASIC ENGINE TERMINOLOGY

1. Cylinder bore (D) : The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder.
2. Piston area (A) : The area of circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore.
3. Stroke (L) : The nominal distance through which a working piston
Moves between two successive reversals of its direction
of motion.
4. Bottom Dead Centre(BDC): This refers to the position the crankshaft when the piston
is in its topmost position ie, the position closest to the
cylinder head
5. Top Dead Centre (TDC) : This refers to the position the crankshaft when the piston
is in its lowest position ie, the position closest to the
cylinder head
6. Piston Displacement : This is the volume swept by the piston in moving from
T.D.C to B.D.C This is also called Swept volume. If D
is the cylinder bore and ‘L’ the stroke the piston
displacement is given by
Vs= ×L
7. Clearance volume (Vc) : The volume of cylinder above the piston when it is in
the T.D.C position is reffered to as clearance volume
8. Cylinder volume (V) : Total volume of the cylinder.
V= Vs + Vc
9. Compression ratio (r) : It is the ratio of the volume above the piston at B.D.C to
the volume above the piston at T.D.C , if ‘r’ is the
Compression ratio then
r=
for petrol engines, compression ratio are about 8:1- 10:1
for diesel engines compression ratio are about 15:1-24:1

10. Engine Capacity : This is a total piston displacement or the swept volume
of all the engine cylinders. If n is the no. of cylinders

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and Vs is the piston displacement then Engine capacity

is ‘Vd’ is given by
Vd = Vs × n
11. Indicated Power (IP) : The power developed within the engine cylinder is
called Indicated power
12. Brake Power (BP) : The actual power delivered at the crankshaft

FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE

(i) Suction stroke (suction valve open, exhaust valve closed)

In this stroke the inlet valve remains open. Piston move from T.D.C to B.D.C. The
mixture of air and petrol comes into the cylinder through the carburetor
(ii) Compression stroke (both valves closed)
even the opened inlet Valve gets closed. The piston moves from B.D.C to T.D.C. The
exhaust valve is also closed. Thus there is no way out for the gases and these are
compressed in the combustion chamber.
(iii) Power stroke (both valves closed)
The compressed gases are given spark by the sparkplug and ignited. As a result the
gases expand and pressure of ignited gases exert on the piston because of which piston
moves from T.D.C to B.D.C. This power received by the piston is delivered to the
crankshaft through the connecting rod and thus flywheel moves. Through the
flywheel, the power of the engine is used for other purposes
(iv) Exhaust stroke (exhaust valve open, suction valve closed)
In this stroke the exhaust valve gets opened. The piston moves from B.D.C to T.D.C
and pulls out the burnt gases

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FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

(i) Suction stroke (suction valve open, exhaust valve closed)
The inlet valve remains open. Piston move from T.D.C to B.D.C. When the piston
goes down, in the empty spaces in the cylinder , clean air is filled.
(ii)Compression stroke (both valves closed)
The inlet valve is closed. Piston moves from B.D.C towards T.D.C and the cylinder’s
air gets compressed in the combustion chamber at high ratio. Because of this high
pressure and temperature of air is highly compressed
(iii) Power stroke (both valves closed)
Diesel sprayed in the compressed hot air with air injector, when diesel comes into
contact with the hot air it burns and gases spread in the cylinder. This causes pressure
on the piston and it moves from T.D.C towards B.D.C. This power received by the
piston is delivered to the crankshaft through the connecting rod and thus flywheel
moves. Through the flywheel, the power of the engine is used for other purposes
(iv) Exhaust stroke (exhaust valve open, suction valve closed)
Exhaust valve remains open. Piston moves from B.D.C towards T.D.C. the gases
burnt by the pressure of the piston are released out of cylinder.

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TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE

FIRST STROKE (SUCTION & COMPRESSION)

In this first stroke, the piston moves from B.D.C towards T.D.C When the piston goes up,
the inlet port is opened and the mixture of air and petrol comes into crankcase through
carburetor from its passage. Thus the suction activity is performed. In the same stroke,
the piston compresses the mixture received in the cylinder and thus the activity of
compression is also completed.

SECOND STROKE (POWER & EXHAUST )

The compressed mixture is ignited with a spark from spark plug. The gases spread and
pressure is exerted on the piston. The piston moves from T.D.C towards B.D.C. thus
function of power stroke is carried out. When the piston comes down, the exhaust port
opens up and the exhaust gases are released. In this way even the act of exhaust stroke is
also performed.

TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

FIRST STROKE (SUCTION & COMPRESSION)

In this first stroke, the piston moves from B.D.C towards T.D.C When the piston goes up,
the inlet port is opened and the clean air filled in the crankcase from its passage. Thus the
suction activity is performed. In the same stroke, the piston compresses the air received in
the cylinder and thus the activity of compression is also completed.
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SECOND STROKE (POWER & EXHAUST )

Diesel sprayed in the compressed hot air with air injector, when diesel comes into
contact with the hot air it burns and the gases spread and pressure is exerted on the
piston. The piston moves from T.D.C towards B.D.C. thus function of power stroke is
carried out. When the piston comes down, the exhaust port opens up and the exhaust
gases are released. In this way even the act of exhaust stroke is also performed.

COMPARISON OF FOUR STROKE & TWO STROKE ENGINE

Sl.No. FOUR STROKE ENGINE TWO STROKE ENGINE

1. Four stroke of the piston and two Two stroke of the piston and one
revolution of crankshaft revolution of crankshaft
2. One power stroke in every two One power stroke in each revolution
revolution of crankshaft of crankshaft
3. Heavier flywheel due to non- Lighter flywheel due to more uniform
uniform turning movement turning movement
4. Power produce is less Theoretically power produce is twice
than the four stroke engine for same
size
5. Heavy and bulky Light and compact
6. Lesser cooling and lubrication Greater cooling and lubrication
requirements requirements
7. Lesser rate of wear and tear Higher rate of wear and tear
8. Contains valve and valve Contains ports arrangement
mechanism
9. Higher initial cost Cheaper initial cost
10. Volumetric efficiency is more due Volumetric efficiency less due to
to greater time of induction lesser time of induction
11. Thermal efficiency is high and also Thermal efficiency is low, part load
part load efficiency better efficiency lesser
12. It is used where efficiency is It is used where low cost,
important. compactness and light weight are
Eg -cars, buses, trucks, tractors, important.
industrial engines, aero planes, Eg-lawn mowers, scooters, motor
power generation etc. cycles, mopeds, propulsion ship etc.

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COMPARISON OF SI & CI ENGINE

Sl.No SI engine CI engine

1 Working cycle is Otto cycle. Working cycle is diesel cycle.

Petrol or gasoline or high octane fuel is
2 Diesel or high cetane fuel is used.
used.
3 High self-ignition temperature. Low self-ignition temperature.

Fuel is injected directly into the

Fuel and air introduced as a gaseous
4 combustion chamber at high pressure at
mixture in the suction stroke.
the end of compression stroke.
Carburettor used to provide the mixture. Injector and high pressure pump used to
5 Throttle controls the quantity of mixture supply of fuel. Quantity of fuel
introduced. regulated in pump.
Self-ignition by the compression of air
6 Use of spark plug for ignition system which increased the temperature
required for combustion
7 Compression ratio is 8 to 10 Compression ratio is 15 to 24
Higher maximum RPM due to lower
8 Lower maximum RPM
weight
Maximum efficiency lower due to lower Higher maximum efficiency due to
9
compression ratio higher compression ratio
10 Lighter Heavier due to higher pressures

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