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wings
Introduc)on
to
Aeronau)cal
Engineering
Ir.
Nando
Timmer
Low
pressure
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
+
+
+
Tip
+
vortex
+
Maarten
Visser
-‐
CC
-‐
BY
-‐
SA
2.0
High
pressure
NASA
flight
test
Characteris/cs
of
finite
wings
The
vortex
also
causes
induced
veloci@es
V∞
w
Tip
vor/ces
V∞
w
Local
flow
vector
Induced
drag
L1
Geometric
angle
of
aMack
α
V∞
w
αi
Induced
drag
αi
L1
L
Geometric
αeff
angle
of
aMack
α
αi
V∞
w
αi
Induced
drag
αi
L
Geometric
αeff
angle
of
Induced
drag,
Di
aMack
α
αi
• By
introducing
twist
Span
efficiency
factor
e1
:
Span
efficiency
factor.
Ellip@cal
loading
:
e1
=
1,
minimum
induced
drag
Non-‐ellip@cal
loading
:
e1
<
1,
higher
induced
drag
Total
drag
of
the
wing:
Effect
on
aspect
ra/o
on
induced
drag