B.Sc.

GENETICS
SYLLABUS

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 CORE COURSES
GN I B 01 : CORE COURSE I

METHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVE OF SCIENCES

Unit I: Science and Science Studies

Types of knowledge: Practical, theoretical and scientific knowledge, Information:

What is science? What is not science? Laws of Science, Basis for scientific laws and
factual truths.

Science as a human activity, scientific temper, empiricism, vocabulary of science,

science disciplines.

Revolutions in science, Science and Technology.

Unit II: Methods and Tools of Science

Hypotheses: theories and laws in science, Observations, evidences and proofs. Peer
reviews.

Posing a question; formulation of hypothesis; Hypothetico-deductive model, Inductive
model. Significance of verification (proving), corroboration and falsification
(disproving), auxiliary hypothesis, adhoc hypothesis.

Revision of scientific theories and laws.

Importance of models, simulations and virtual testing. Mathematical methods versus
Scientific methods.

Unit III: Experimentation in Science

Design of an experiment; experimentation; observation; data collection; interpretation

and deduction.

Necessity of units and dimensions; repeatability and replication; Documentation of
experiments, Record keeping. Connection between measurements and underlying
theory.

Types of experiments. Experiments to test a hypothesis, to measure a variable or to
gather data by preliminary and explorative experiments.

Planning of experiments: Design, selection of controls, observational requirements
instrumental requirements.

Scientific Instruments; Sensory extension; choice and selection of instruments;
sensitivity of instruments; Accuracy and precision, Types of instrumentation; Historical
development and evolution of scientific instruments. Robotics. (Only a general
orientation of scientific instruments required).

Making observations: direct and indirect observations, controlled and uncontrolled
observations, human and machine observations.

Examples of great experiments in science. (To illustrate how various tools were
applied to answer a question).

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Unit IV: Data handling in ethics science

Documentation of experiments. Nature and Types of data – typical examples; Data

acquisition; Treatment of data; Data interpretation, Significance of statistical tools in
data interpretation, errors and inaccuracies, instrumental errors and variables, human
errors (basic idea).

Data presentation: graphs, tables, histograms and pi diagrams.

Statistical testing of hypothesis, null hypothesis, Significance test – Statistics based
acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis. Deduction of scientific correlation, patterns
and trends.

Ethics in Science: Scientific information, Depositories of scientific information, primary,
secondary and digital sources, Sharing of knowledge; transparency and honesty;
danger of preconceived ideas.

Reporting of observational and experimental data, human bias, Biased observations,
Influence of observer on observations, using and acknowledge observations by
others. Publications and Patents. Plagiarism.

Reference Books

Gieryn, T.f. Cultural Boundaries of Science., Univ. Chicago Press, 1999.

Collins H. and T. Pinch. The Golem: What Everyone should know about Science .,
Cambridge Univ Press, 1993

Hewitt, Paul G, Suzanne Lyons, John a. Suchocki-Wesley, 2007

Newton R G. The Truth of Science: New Delhi, 2nd edition Bass, Joel, E and et. al,
Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, Allyn & Bacon, 2009.

GN 2 B 02 : CORE COURSE II
CELL BIOLOGY

Total 36 hrs

Unit- 1: Methods in Cell Biology (5 hrs)

Microsopy:- Use of Microscopes in cytology, principles, magnification, resolving
power, handling of different microscopes, compound, phase contract, electron
microscope, fluorescent, scanning electron, dissection, fluorescence activated cell
sorting (FACS), confocal scanning.

Brief account of methods of cell and tissue disruption, centrifugation - preparative,

analytical, differential, density gradient, method of separating whole cells.

Unit- 2: Introduction to the Cell (3 hrs)

Cell theory, evolution of the cell from molecules to the first cell, from prokaryotes to
eukaryotes from single cells to multicellular organisms. Structural organization of
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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Unit- 3: Molecular Architecture of Cell (15 hrs)

Plasma membrane – cell wall, extracellular matrix, cell junction

Nucleus - Nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nuclear transport, chromosome,
chromatin (euchromatin, heterochromatin).

Special types of chromosome (polytene, lamp brush).

Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, vericles, lysosomes.

Mitochondria, Chloroplast, peroxisomes.

Cytoskeleton - microtubules, actin, intermediate filaments, centriole, cilias, flagella.

Unit- 4: Cellular Regulation (13 hrs)

A brief overview of cell cycle and its regulation

Mitosis and meiosis

Cell-cell signalling

A brief overview of cancer

Cell apoptosis. .

References:
1. The cell- Bruce Alberts.
2. Cell and molecular biology – De Robertis
3. Cell and molecular biology – Gerald Karp.
4. The cell –Cooper (a molecular approach)

GN 3 B 03: CORE COURSE III

BASIC GENETICS

Total – 54 hrs

Unit- 1: Introduction to Genetics (1 hr)

Introduction

Scope and significance of genetics

Unit- 2: Principle of Genetic Transmission (10 hrs)

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Mendels’ Experiments

Symbols and terminology.

Principle of dominance and segregation

Principle of independent assortment

Mendelian inheritance and probability (Multiplication and Addition rites)

Unit- 3: Extension of Mendelism (12 hrs)

Allelic variation and gene function
Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles

Gene action-from genotype to phenotype.
Gene interaction, penetrance, expressivity, epistasis, pleiotropy, interaction with
environment.

Unit- 4: Quantitative Genetics (6 hrs)

Continuous variation

Quantitative traits - additive alleles, calculating the number of polygenes,
significance of polygenic control.

Heritability in a broad sense and narrow sense ; Artificial selection.

Unit- 5: The chromosomal basis of Mendelism (25 hrs)

Chromosomes – chromosome number, sex chromosome

Chromosome theory of inheritance
Experimental evidence, non-disjunction as proof of chromosome theory,
chromosomal basis of Mendel’s principles of segregation and independent
assortment.

Sex linked genes in humans
Haemophilia, colour blindness, fragile X.

Sex chromosome and sex determination - Human, Drosophila, other animals.

Dosage compensation of X- linked genes.
Hyper activation of X-linked gene in male drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked gene
in female.

REFERENCES

1. Genetics – Principle and Analysis – Hart and Jones.

2. Genetics – Peter J. Russell.

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3. Principles of Genetics – Snustad and Simmons.
4. Genetics – A Continuity of Life– Daniel J. Fairbanks, W. Ralph Anderson.

GN 4 B 04 : CORE COURSE IV

Cytogenetics and Evolutionary Genetics

(Total – 54 hrs)

Unit- 1: Chromosomal Variations (10 hr)

Morphology of chromosomes

Structural and Numerical Variations

Unit- 2: Linkage, Crossing over and chromosome mapping (15 hrs)

Linkage, Recombination, Crossing over (Mitotic crossing over)

Chromosome mapping (two point and three point test cross)

Tetrad analysis.

Fire structure mapping (r II locus)

Unit- 3: Extranuclear Inheritance (4 hrs)

Maternal Inheritance

Mitochondrial- Snail, poky and petite

Chloroplast – leaf variegation in Mirabilis jalapa, Iojap.
Unit- 4: Population Genetics and Evolution (10 hrs)

Population and gene pool

Allelic frequency

Hardy – Weinberg law

Changes in genetic structure of population
Mutation, genetic drift (causes and effect), migration, natural selection.

Non-random mating (heterosis)
Unit- 5: Genetics and Speciation (10 hrs)

Genetic Variation in natural population

Phenotypic variation

Species concept

Reproductive isolation

Modes and speciation
Allopartic, sympatric, parapatric, quantum speciation.

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References:

Principles of Genetics – Simmons, Snustad, Jenkins.

Concepts of Genetics– Klug and Cummings.

Genetics – Peter J. Russell.

Genetics Fairbanks, Ralph. Anderson.

GN 5 B 05 : CORE COURSE V
Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics I

(Total – 72 hrs)

Unit- 1: Structure of Genetic Material (2 hr)

Introduction – Nature of Genetic material
Discovery of DNA as genetic material (Griffith, Avery, Hershey
Chase)

Strucutre of nucleic acid (A, B and Z model)

Super coiling and Topoisomerase

Types of RNA- Structural and functional.

Unit- 2: Replication of DNA (5 hrs)

Salient features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication.

Unit- 3: Molecular Mechanism of Recombination (7 hrs)

Homologous recombination, Site specific recombination.

Models of recombination (Holiday model, Double strand break, etc.)

Unit- 4: Mutation (5 hrs)

Types of mutation

Causes of mutation - Physical and chemical mutagens

Unit- 5: DNA Repair Mechanism (8 hrs)

Excision Mechanism – Nucleotide, Base

Post Replication Repair- mismatch repair, recombination repair, SOS repair.
Unit- 6: Transposable Elements (8 hrs)

Transposable elements in prokaryotes – IS, Transposons.

Mechanism of Transposition in Prokaryotes

Transposable elements in eukaryotes – AC- Ds system in Maize, Drosophila- P
elements, Yeast - Ty elements

Retro-transposons and Retroposons.

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 GN 5 B 06 : CORE COURSE VI
Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics II

Unit- 7: Transcription and RNA Processing (15 hrs)

Central Dogma

Transcription in prokaryotes, eg: Lac, Tryp operon.

Transcription in eukaryotes

RNA processing – nuclear splicing, rRNA and tRNA processing

Unit- 8: Genetic Code and Translation (15 hrs)

Salient features of genetic code

Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Post-translational modification

Unit – 9: Microbial Genetics

Genetic analysis of bacteria

Bacterial transformation

Conjugation (sex factor, Hfr strain, F’ factor)

Conjugational mapping.

Transduction in Bacteria (General and Specialized)

References:

Genetics – Peter. J. Russell.

Modern Genetic Analysis – Griffth

Genetics – A Continuity of Life – Daniel Fairbanks, Ralph Anderson.

Concepts of Genetics – Klug and Cummings.

Principles of Genetics – Hartt and Jones.

GN 5 B 07 : CORE COURSE VII

Medical Genetics

Total – 54 hrs
Unit- 1: Principles of Human Genetics (2 hrs)
History, Origin of medical genetics, classification of genetic disease, definitions,
impact of genetic disease, major new developments.

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Unit- 2: Biochemical Genetics (7 hrs)

Overview of inborn errors of metabolism
Disorders of urea cycle, lipid metabolism, purine/ pyrimidine metabolism, amino
acid metabolism.

Unit- 3: Genetic Factors in Common Diseases (7 hrs)

Genetic susceptibility to common disease - Diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
coronary artery disease, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease.

Unit- 4: Genetics of congenital abnormalities (5 hrs)

Definition and classification of both defects, genetic cause of informations.
Environmental agents (teratogens).

Unit- 5: Chromosomal disorders (9 hrs)

Chromosome – Nomenclature, banding and karyotyping

Disorders of Autosomes – Numerical abnormalities
Downs syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome.

Translocation – Philadelphia, Down’s, Berkitt’s lymphoma, Duplication, Inversion,
Ring chromosome.

Disorders of sex chromosome- Turner, Klinefelters, XYY syndrome.
Unit- 6: Single Gene Disorders (9 hrs)

Autosomal Dominant
Achondroplasia, NF, Adult polycystic kidney

Autosomal Recessive
Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell Anaemia

X- Dominant
Rett syndrome

X linked rescessive
Haemophilia, DMD

Trinucleotide repeat syndromes
Huntington’s, Fragile-X.

Multifactorial
Cleft lip and palate, Diabetes, Rheumatoid-artheritis

Unit- 7: Linkage Analysis in Humans (8 hrs)

Recombinants and Non recombinants

Genetic and physical map distance

Genetic markers

Two point mapping, multipoint mapping

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Unit- 8: Pharmacogenetics (7 hrs)

Definition, Drug Metabolism, Genetic variation revealed solely by the effects of
drugs (N- acetyl transferase activity, succinyl choline sensitivity, G-6 PD variants,
malignant hypothermia, alcohol metabolism).

Hereditary disorders with altered drug response.
Porphyria, Haemoglobinopathy, Gout

Pharmacogenomics

References:

Emery’s– Elements of Medical Genetics

Strachan and Read – Human Molecular Genetics

Thompson and Thompson – Medical Genetics.

GN 6 B 09 : CORE COURSE IX
Developmental and Behavioral Genetics

(Total – 54 hrs)

Unit- 1: Germ Cells and Fertilization (4 hrs)

Germ cells

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

Fertilization and Gastrulation

Unit- 2: Molecular Aspects of Development (13 hrs)

Maternal effect gene

Gap gene

Pair rule gene

Segment polarity genes

Homeotic genes

Unit- 3: Genetics of Embryonic Development in Drosphila (12 hrs)

Overview of Drosophila development

Zygotic genes and segment formation

Unit- 4: Flower Development in Arabidopsis (5 hrs)

Development

Role of Homeotic Selector Gene

Unit- 5: Genetic Control of Behaviour (20 hrs)

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Introduction

Behaviour in invertebrates

Honeybee, Drosophila, Mice and Dog

Human behaviour - Genetic basis of alcoholism, genetic basis for sexual
orientation.

Courtship behaviour in various animals.

References:

The cell – Bruce Alberts

Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics-Robert. F. Mueller, Ian. D. Young.

Principles of Development - Wolpert

Principles of Genetics – Snustad, Simmons, Jenkins.

GN 6 B 10: CORE COURSE X

BIOINFORMATICS
Unit I
Introduction to bioinformatics, pattern recognition and prediction, biological databases,
primary and secondary sequence databases, composite protein sequence databases, pair
wise alignment technique; database searching NCBI, EMB, FASTA, BLAST BITS etc.
algorithms and programmes, comparison of two sequences, global and local alignment –
multiple sequence alignment; phylogenetic analysis.
Unit II
DNA sequence data bases, features of DNA sequence analysis, approaches of gene
hunting, cDNA libraries, ESTs and EST analysis, general study of software packages,
primary design for molecular biology.
References

1. Introduction to Bioinformatics: by T.K. Altwood, D.J. Parry-Smith and S. Phukan.

2. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis David. W. Mount.
3. Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins, and Computers by C.A. Orengo, D.T. Jones and J.M.
Thornton
GN 6 B 11: CORE COURSE XI
GENETICS AND SOCIETY
Total – 54 hrs
Unit- 1: Genetics and Society (7 hrs)

Brief overview

Theory of natural selection

Application to organic evolution and its social impact.

Inherited traits and ethnic groups

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Unit- 2: Human Genome Project and Its Impact (5 hrs)

Unit- 3: Testing, Screening and Prevention of Genetic Disease (10 hrs)

Carrier detection and pre-symptomatic diagnosis.

Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease – invasive and non-invasive

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

Unit- 4: Ethical Issues (5 hrs)

Ethics Principles – informed consent, informed choice, autonomy confidentiality.

Ethical considerations – prenatal diagnosis, population screening, family
screening, embryo research, gene therapy.
Unit- 5: Genetic Counseling (10 hrs)

Definition

Establishing the diagnosis

Calculating and presenting the risk

Discussing the options, communication and support outcomes in genetic
counseling.
Unit- 6: Eugenics (7 hrs)

Effect of eugenic selection

Positive and negative eugenics

Euthenics

Euphenics
Unit- 7: Legal Protection and IPR in Genetics (10 hrs)

Patenting – Microbes, Genes, Traits, Techniques.

Plant and Animal Genetic Protection right and implication of protection.
References:

Emery’s– Element of Medical Genetics – Ian. D. Young, Robert. F. Mueller.

Genetics-Fairbanks, Ralph.

Genetic Counseling – Diane. L. Baker, Jane. L. Schuette, Wendy. R. Uhlmenn.

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 GN 6 B 12: CORE COURSE XII

Open Course - II (for B.Sc. Genetics)

GN 6 B 12 (E1) -Course. I: Cancer Genetics

Unit- 1: Cancer Cell and Its Properties

Clonal nature of cancer

Proposed theories of carcinogenesis.

Causes of cancer

Radiation carcinogenesis – radiation and human cancer temporal stages of radiation action.

Genetic effects of ionizing radiation.

Virus and oncogene activation by radiation.

Interaction of radiation and chemical carcinogenesis.

Unit- 2: Chemical Carcinogenesis

Tumor initiation

Tumor promotion and progression.

Virus and Human Cancer – Small and large DNA viruses, retroviruses.

Induced neoplasia.

Unit- 3: Methods in Cancer Cytogenetics.

Chromosome preparation from bone narrow aspirates, peripheral blood and solid tumor samples.

Inherited susceptibility to cancer – genetic markers of cancer predisposition, chromosome
instability, familiar cancer.

Chromosome abnormalities in chronic myeloid leukaemia

Philadelphia chromosome – clonal evolution.

Unit- 4: Cytogenetics of Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia.

B-CLL and T-CLL

Chromosome abnormalities in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia

Secondary acute leukaemia.

Non-random chromosome changes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Molecular genetic aspects.

Cytogenetics of pre leukaemia – myelodysplastic syndromes, mycloproliferative disorders.

Cytogenetic findings in malignant lymphoma- Hodgkin’s disease, Burkitt’s lymphoma, non-

burkitts, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Unit- 5: Clonal chromosome aberration in solid tumors

Oncogenes and Human Cancer

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Cellular oncogene families

Mechanism of activation of oncogenes.

Cellular oncogene products

Tumor suppressor genes

References:

Cancer Cytogenetics

Molecular Biology of Cancer- F. Mac Donald, C.H. Ford.

Genetics of Cancer-Sherbet. G.V. and M.S. Lakshmi

GN 6 B 12 (E2) - Course II: Environmental Genetics

Unit- 1: Mutagenesis

Spontaneous and induced mutation

Somatic and germ cell mutation

Gene mutation and chromosomal mutation

Unit- 2: Mutagens

Physical, chemical and biological agents

Submammalian systems for mutagenecity assessment - Salmonella (Ames Test), E. coli, yeast and
Neurospora, Drosophila-life cycle, culture and maintenance of the organism.

Procedures for assessment of genotoxicity

Higher plants - gene mutation in Tradescantia – Allium test

Unit- 3: Mammalian Systems for Mutagenecity Assessment.

Mouse – cytogenetic procedures and techniques to assess gene mutation.

In vitro mammalian system for mutagenecity evaluation.

Human lymphocytes, fibroblasts and Chinese hamster cells in culture

Unscheduled DNA synthesis.

Chromosomal aberrations.

Sister chromatid exchanges.

Gene mutation-HGPRT & TK.

Unit- 4: Carcinogenesis and Teratogenesis

Interrelationship between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.

Test for evaluation

Teratogenesis- mouse as a test system

Congenital anomalies

Teratogens in comparison with mutagens and carcinogen

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Birth defects in man.
Unit- 5: Modification of mutagenic damage.

Antimutagenesis and Desmutagenesis

Molecular techniques to detect mutations.

Interaction of chemical mutagens and radiation with genetic material.

Electromagnetic spectrum.

Biological effects of ionizing radiation and ultraviolet rays.

Radio sensitizers and radio protectors.

Mutation and health.

GN 6 B 12 (E3) -Course III: Human Biochemical Genetics

Unit- 1: Biochemical and Molecular basis of some important human disease.

Inborn errors of aminoacid metabolism

PKU, Alkaptonuria, Homocystinuria, Histidinuria, Albinism.

Diseases involving lysine and ornithine Transcarbamylase deficiency.
Unit- 2: Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Galactosemia, Diabetes mellitus, Lactic acidosis, G-6PD deficiency and glycogen storage disorders.

Inborn error of nucleic acid metabolism: Lesh Nyhan Syndrome, Gout and Pseudo-gout,
Xeroderma pigmentosa.
Unit- 3: Haemoglobinopathies:

Classification

Globin gene mutation

Thalassemias

Sickle cell anemia

Other haemoglobin variants
Unit- 4: Lysosomal Storage Disorders

Mucropolysaccharidoses and Lipidosis.

Other genetic disorders: cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophies, alpha-1 anti trypsin deficiency.

Unit- 5: Genetic Registers and Prevention of Inherited Diseases

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 GN 6 B 13 (Pr): CORE COURSE XIII

PROJECTS/VISITS
1. Field study on gene and genotype frequency of autosomal and sex-linked Mendelian traits
in Humans. Data to be generated by each student from among the college students and
submit the project work.
2. Visit to Genetic clinics and submit the report.
3. Study tour to premier plant and/or Animal breeding centers.
4. Biometrical problems
a) Quantitative inheritance: Problems on kernel colour in wheat, ear length in maize, body
size in poultry and rabbits.
b) Genetics problems on portioning polygenic variability.
c) Genetics problems on heritability, ogenetic advance and correlations.
5. Chemical mutagenesis in plants/Drosphila.
6. Physical mutagenesis in Drosophila.
7. Human Karyotyping.

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 PRACTICALS
GN 2 B 02 (P) - CORE COURSE II: Cell biology
1. STAINING TECHNIQUES
a) Mitochondrial staining in yeast using Janus green
b) Gram staining: E. coli/ Lactobacillus
c) RNA and DNA staining by methylgreen and pyronin
2. TEMPORARY SQUASH PREPARATION
a) Onion root tip for mitosis
b) Grasshopper testis for meiosis

GN 3 B 03 (P) - CORE COURSE III: Basic Genetics

1. CULTURING AND HANDLING OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
a) Cleaning and sterilization of culture bottles.
b) Media preparation.
c) Handling of Drosophila.
d) Isolation of virgins.
2.STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
a) Male and female.
b) Dissection of sex comb, wings and genital plate.
3. STUDY OF MUTANTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
4. DISSECTION OF SALIVARY GLAND AND BRAIN FROM DROSOPHILA LARVAE.
5. GENETIC PROBLEMS
a) Multiple alleles
b) Gene interaction
6. BREEDING EXPERIMENTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
a) Monohybrid
b) Dihybrid
c) Sex-linked

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GN 4 B 04 (P) -CORE COURSE IV: Cytogenetics and Evolutionary Genetics

1. BARR BODY ANALYSIS IN CHEEK EPITHELIUM

2. BLOOD SMEAR STUDY OF DRUMSTICKS IN NEUTROPHILS
3. PREPARATION OF POLYTENE AND METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES FROM SALIVARY GLAND AND BRAIN
OF DROSOPHILA LARVAE.
4. INDUCTION OF POLYPLOIDY IN ONION ROOTS TIPS USING COLCHICINE.

GN 5 B 05 (P) - CORE COURSE V: Molecular Biology & Molecular Genetics

1. EXTRACTION OF DNA FROM
a) CAULIFLOWER
b) HUMAN BLOOD
2. AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF DNA SAMPLES
3. ISOLATION OF PLASMID FROM E.COLI
4. TRANSFORMATION
5. CONJUGATION

GN 6 B 07 (P) CORE COURSE VII: MEDICAL GENETICS

1. MANUAL KARYOTYPING OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL METAPHASE
CHROMOSOME SPREADS (FROM PHOTOGRAPHS

2. PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
3. STUDY OF MENDELIAN TRAITS
(A) CURLY HAIR, (B) HYPERTRICHOSIS, (C) WIDOW’S PEAK, (D) DIMPLE CHEEK, (E) BROWN
EYE AND BLACK EYE, (F) HITCH HIKER’S THUMB, (G) MID-DIGITAL HAIR, (H) PTC
SENSITIVITY, (I) ATTACHED AND DETACHED EAR LOBES.

4. DERMATOGLYPHICS
RECORDING OF FINGERTIPS AND PALM

GN 6 B 09 (P) - CORE COURSE IX: Developmental and Behavioural Genetics

1. STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT IN CHICK EMBRYO
2. DISSECTION OF IMAGINAL DISC IN DROSOPHILA LARVAE.
3. INSTRUMENTATION

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 GN 6 B 10 (P) - CORE COURSE X: BIOINFORMATICS
1. DATABASE SEARCHING- NCBI, EMBL.
2. SEQUENCE RETRIEVAL - NUCLEOTIDE, PROTEIN, ESTS, ORF
3. SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT-FASTA, BLAST

GN 5 D - Open Course- I (V Semester) for Courses other than B.Sc.

Genetics

GN 5 D 01 -Course I : Understanding Basic Concepts in Genetics

Total hrs: 54 hrs

Unit- 1: Basic Ideas in Genetics

At cellular and molecular level

Unit- 2: Tracing the Inheritance of Diseases

Chromosome - study and pedigree analysis.

Unit- 3: DNA - Molecule of the Century

It’s Structure and Function

Unit- 4: Human Genome Project

Deciphering the genetic molecule

Testing and screening of genetic diseases and treatment.

Unit- 5: Human Genetics

Education for preventing inherited diseases

Promises, hopes, worry.

References:

New Biology and Genetic Diseases – Bakhtaver. S. Mahajan.

Medha. S. Rajadhyaksha.

GN 5 D 02-Course II: Human Genetics Total hrs: 54

hrs
Unit- 1: Basic Ideas in Genetics

At cellular and molecular level
Unit- 2: Chromosomes

Human Genome, Type of Chromosome

Inheritance pattern

Unit- 3: Genetic Disorders

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Chromosomal

Single gene and multifactorial disorders

Unit- 4: Diagnostic Techniques

Cancer detection

Pre-symptomatic and prenatal diagnosis

Unit- 5: Genetic Counseling: Bioethics

References:

Genetic Counseling – Diane. L. Baker, Jane. L. Schuette, Wndy. R. Uhl Menn.

Thompson and Thompson.

Emery’s Elements in Medical Genetics – Ian. D. Young.

GN 5 D 03Course III: Applications of Genetics

Unit- 1: Basic Ideas in Genetics

At cellular and molecular level

Unit- 2: Genetics in Medicine and Forensics

Unit- 3: Genetics in Agriculture and Industry

Unit- 4: Legal and Ethical Issues in Genetics

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COMPLEMENTARY COURSES

1. BIOCHEMISTRY
2. BIOTECHNOLOGY

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 1STCOMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PAPER 1 - ELEMENTARY BIOCHEMISTRY (1)

(36h)
Unit I. Physical Aspects
(20h)

Fundamentals of the following: Law of mass action- statements and explanations, the
equilibrium constants of ions, electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Brönsted’s definition
of acids and bases. Meaning of normality, molarity, molality, actual acidity and titrable
acidity of solutions. Dissociation of water. Concept of pH and pOH. Simple numerical
problems involving determination of H+, OH-, pH and pOH. Elementary study of
methods to determine the pH (a)theoreticalcalculations, (b) using indicators, (c)
using pH meter.

Dissociation of weak acids- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, simple numerical
problems involving application of this equation. Shapes of titration curves of strong
and weak acids and bases. Meaning of Ka and pKa values. Buffers and buffer
actions. Simple numerical problems on buffer composition.

Fundamental principles of diffusion and osmosis. Definition of osmotic pressure-
relationship of osmotic pressure to gas laws. The general equation for dilute solutions
(p=g/mRT). Problems involving the general equation- influence of ionization and
molecular size on osmotic pressure. Fundamental study of Donnan equilibrium and
dialysis. Meaning of colloidal solutions and coarse suspensions, crystalloids and
colloids. Elementary study of charge on colloids and Tyndall effect. Lyophilic and
lyophobic colloids. Emulsions and emulsifying agents.

Classification of isomerism with examples. Basic ideas about hydrogen bonds and
weak interactions. An example for the following type of reactions – oxidation,
reduction, substitution, addition, elimination, condensation and decarboxylation.

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Unit II. Blood and other body fluids
(8h)

Blood – functions, plasma proteins. Special proteins in blood. Acid base balance and
maintenance of pH of blood – biochemistry of blood clotting. Brief account of the
function and composition of lymph, interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid,
bile, seminal fluid, saliva, gastric juice, tears, milk, urine, sweat and feces.
Unit III. Modern techniques in Biochemistry
(8h)

Principles and application of: (a) chromatography (paper, thin layer, gas, HPLC, gel
filtration), (b) electrophoresis (paper, PAGE, immunoelectrophoresis), (c) absorption
photometry (colorimetry and spectrophotometry), (d) centrifugation, (e) radio-
immunoassay.

1ST COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

PAPER II - ELEMENTARY BIOCHEMISTRY- 2
(36h)
Unit I. Carbohydrates
(10h)

Isomerism of carbohydrates, relationship- D and L forms of glyceraldehyde –
examples of epimers, mutarotation and its explanation by ring structures, anomers,
structure (linear and cyclic structures of glucose, galactose, mannose and fructose).
Reducing actions. Sugar derivatives. Structure of methyl β- D glucopyranose, 2-
deoxy β- D ribofuranose.

Structure of the following disaccharides (Haworth perspective formulas- maltose,
isomaltose, sucrose, lactose trehalose and cellobiose (elucidation of the structures of
mono-, di-, and polysaccharides is not included). Structure and important properties
of the following polysaccharides – amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose and
chitin. Heteropolysaccharides, classification and functions.

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 Unit II. Lipids
(6h)

Basic ideas about physiological functions of lipids. Fatty acids – classifycation,
structure of the following fatty acids – stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid. Structure of
triacylglycerol. Saponification. Structure of phosphatidic acid, lecithin, cephalin, and
phosphatidyl serine. Sphingo lipids. Definition of saponification number, acid number
and iodine number of fats. Chemical structure and functions of cholesterol and
ergosterol.
Unit III Aminoacids and Proteins
(12h)

Basic ideas about physiological functions of proteins – Name (with abbrevia-tion) and
structures of the 20 important aminoacids occurring in proteins. General chemical
reactions of aminoacids. Representation of alanine, in the zwitter ionic form.

Elementary study of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
The general methods of proteolysis. Identification and estimation of aminoacids.
Sequencing of proteins (only basic principles of the methods employed). Denaturation
of proteins, precipitation reactions and colour reactions of proteins.
Unit IV Nucleic acids
(8h)

Classification of nucleic acids. Chemical structure of adenine, guanine, cytosine,
uracil and thymine. Structure of adenosine, AMP and ATP. Structure of RNA-
primary and secondary structures. Structure of DNA – regularities in base
compositions. Watson and Crick model of DNA.

24
 1STCOMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PAPER III - ENZYMOLOGY AND METABOLISM (1)
(54h)
Unit I. Enzymes
(20h)

History of Enzymology.Classification of enzymes; six major classes of enzymes with one
example each.

Elementary study of the following factors affecting velocity of enzyme-catalysed
reactions – effect of substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature and
pH; Michaelis Menten equation (without derivation)., Km and its significance The
Lineweaver- Burk plot.

Definition of enzyme specificity – an example each for group specificity, optical
specificity, geometrical specificity and cofactor specificity of enzymes from the
pathways to be studied this year. Explanation of competitive and non competitive type
of inhibition, their destination on the basis of double reciprocal plot, brief study of
allosteric inhibition with an example.

Brief study of the activation of zymogen form of enzymes. Activation of SH enzymes
and activation of enzymes by prosthetic groups, coenzymes and metal activators.
Brief study of allosteric activation with example. Industrial enzymes (preliminary
study).
Unit II. Anaerobic Metabolism of Carbohydrates
(15h)

Introduction to metabolism. Digestion of carbohydrates and absorption. Reactions of
glycolytic sequences with the names of enzymes and intermediates (without
structures). Fate of pyruvate in alcoholic fermentation. Outline study of glycogenesis
and glycogenolysis. Role of cyclic AMP and hormones in glycogen metabolism.
Gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathway (only outlines without structures of
intermediates).
Unit III. Muscular contractions
(3h)

Name of different proteins in muscles-the sliding filament theory-energy source for muscle
contraction.

25
 Unit IV. Aerobic Oxidation of Carbohydrates
(10h)

Decarboxylation of pyruvate – reactions of citric acid cycle (without structures of
intermediates) only outline expected. Calculation of energy yield (as ATP) of aerobic
and anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates. The mitochondria – arrangement of
electron carriers in the electron transport chain. Substrate level phosphorylation – site
of ATP formation in the chain (Mechanism of ATP formation not expected).
Classification of high energy compounds with an example each. Phosphate potential,
principle of reversible reaction.
Unit V. Photosynthesis
(6h)

Outline of cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation- outline study (without
structures) of the path of carbon in the dark reaction (Calvin cycle), glyoxylate cycle,
significance.

1STCOMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PAPER IV – METABOLISM ( 2)
(54h)
Unit I. Metabolism of Lipids
(10h)

Outline study of lipid digestion and absorption. Outline study of β-oxidation scheme
(without structures). ATP yield in β-oxidation – outline study (without structures) of the
cytoplasmic systems of fatty acid biosynthesis. Physiological functions of
phospholipids. Outline study of cholesterol synthesis without structure. Inborn errors
of metabolism.
Unit II Metabolism of Aminoacids and Proteins
(10h)

Proteolytic enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract and their activation (from zymogen
forms). Classification of proteins based on catabolism. Absorption of aminoacids
from the intestine – an example each indicating decarboxylation, deamination and
transamination of aminoacids (without molecular mechanisms). Urea cycle.
Metabolism of glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, ammonia.
Unit III Genetic aspects of metabolism
(16h)

26

Central dogma, the chemical nature of gene- replication of DNA, coding for
aminoacids by triplets of bases and transcription of DNA. Types of RNA, their
structural features, their role in protein biosynthesis- fundamental study, translation of
mRNA – the ribosomal events. Post transcriptional and translational modifications,
genetic code, inhibitors.
Unit IV Vitamins and Hormones
(9h)

Classification, source, chemical nature and deficiency disorders of vitamins. Basic
physiological functions of vitamin C, B1, B2, pyridoxine and niacinamide (chemical
structures not expected). Biochemical reactions involving TPP, FMN, FAD, NAD+,
NADP+, PLP, CoA and biotin from metabolic sequences prescribed to be studied in
other chapters. Fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K. Physiological functions daily
requirements, etc.

Classification, mechanism of action (preliminary study), site of biosynthesis, important
physiological functions of thyroxine, insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, glucocorticoids
and growth hormones.
Unit V: Mineral Metabolism
(9h)

Sodium, potassium, iron, copper, iodine, fluorine, selenium – biological role and
nutritional importance. Introduction to Secondary Plant Products (types, source, and
functions)

Reference books:
1) E.S. West, W.R. Todd, H.S. Mason and J.T. Van Bruggen.. Text book of
Biochemistry. Pub. The Macmillan Company, Collier-Macmillan Ltd., London
2) Medical Biochemistry : Ramakrishnan
3) Text Book of Biochemistry : D.M. Vasudevan
4) Text Book of Biochemistry: A.C. Deb
5) Plant Metabolism: H.D. Kumar and H.N. Singh Pub. Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi
6) Principles of Biochemistry: Worth Publishers A.L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson
and M.M. Cox.
1STCOMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Practicals

27
1. Preparation of solutions

percentage solutions, (ii) molar solutions, (iii) normal solutions

Standardisation of pH meter, preparation of buffer, principles of colorimetry and
verification of Beer-Lambert law.
2. Qualitative analysis

Carbohydrates- general reactions of carbohydrates (mono, di and polysaccharides)
Molisch test, anthrone reaction, phenol -sulphuric acid reaction. Specific reactions of
reducing sugars – Benedict’s test, Fehling’s test picric acid test ,ferricyanide test.
Scheme for analysis of biochemical solution containing a single component;
carbohydrate (starch, reducing sugar, ketose), protein (Biuret test, ninhydrin,
solubility pattern, xanthoproteic test, millons test, glyoxylic acid test, nitroprusside
test, precipitation by heavy metal ions and alkaloidal reagents)
3. Quantitative analysis

Glucose estimation by Benedict’s method, anthrone or arsenomolybdate methods)

Aminoacid estimation by Ninhydrin method

Protein estimation by Biuret method.

Protein estimation by Lowry et al. method.

Cholesterol estimation by Zak’s method.

DNA estimation by diphenylamine method & RNA estimation by orcinol method
4. Demonstration experiments

Demonstration of paper chromatography and TLC

Digestion of starch by salivary amylase.
References
1. Practical Biochemistry :Plummer
2. The Tools of Biochemistry: Cooper, T.G. . Pub. John Wiley & Sons.
3. Practical Biochemistry: K.E. Van Holde

28
 2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Paper I - Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology
(36 hrs)
I. Introduction to microbial fermentation. Range of microbial fermentation
processes.
Flow chart of typical industrial fermentation process. Concept of value addition,
shelf life improvement, low-volume high value and high-volume, low-value
products (3 hr)
II. Isolation of industrially useful microbes from soil, air and water. Microbial
screening producers. Fermentation media and sterilization of media.
Fermentation equipment and use. Inoculum preparation and scale up of
fermentation. Downstream processing including filteration, centrifugation and
chromatographic techniques (5 hr)
III. Typical fermentation process. Acetic acid and penicillin. Large scale cultivation of
plant cells in bioreactors. Animal cell culture and production of animal cell based
products (vaccines) using bioreactor. (5 hr)
IV. Intellectual Property Rights: forms of IPR criteria for securing patents, IPR in
Biotechnology.
Current status and novel trends in EBT water microbiology: sources of micro org:
E. coli as indicator, water purification methods: sedimentation, filtration and
chlorination. Bacteriological examination of water:- presumptive confirmed and
completed test (8 hr)
V. Municipal waste and industrial effluent treatment and disposal:- mechanical
treatment, biological treatment:- activated study, biological filters and anaerobic
treatment.
Bioenergy from waste
Biogas production from food waste
Biosorption and Bioplastics
References
1) Stanbury: Fermentation technology
2) Jogdand : Industrial Biotechnology
3) Indushekar Thakur: Industrial Biotechnology

29
 2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

Practicals : Industrial and Environmental Biodiversity

1. Isolation of antibiotic producing microorganisms from soil.

2. Determination of probability of water samples by detecting coliforms.
3. Determination of dissolved oxygen concentration of water sample.
4. Study of biogenic methane production from different habitats.

2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

Paper II - Animal Biotechnology and Immunology
36 hrs

History and scope of animal tissue culture, types of animal tissue culture,
Advantages and disadvantages of Animal tissue culture. (3
hrs)

Substrates used for animal tissue culture, Types of culture media, Types of cell
lines in animal tissue culture (2
hrs)

Initiation of cell culture:- Isolation and disaggregation of explants, culturing of
cell lines and maintenance. Large scale culture of monolayer cultures
suspension and immobilized cell culture (5
hrs)

Application of animal tissue culture: Gene transfer methods, transgenic animals
(mice, rabbit, goat, fish), Invitro fertilization in humans, embryo transfer in cattle,
Animal cloning, Molecular pharming Tissue engineering (Artificial skin and
cartilage) (5
hrs)

Introduction to immune systems:- Types of immunity cells and organs of
immune system (5
hrs)

Structure of antigen, antibody, Brief account on humoral and cell mediated
immune response (5
hrs)

30

Applications:- Hybridoma technology and Production of monoclonal antibody,
Uses of monoclonal antibodies, Interferous, Vaccines. (6
hrs)

Biotechnology in medicine:- Disease diagnosis, Gene therapy and forensic
medicine (5 hrs)

References
1. Animal cell culture methods by Jennie. P. Mathur, David Barnes, Vol. 57,
Academic Press.
2. Animal cell culture, A practical approach, II edition, Edited by R.I. Freshney
3. Culture of animal cells. A manual of basic technique R. Ian Freshney
4. Biotechnology. B.D. Singh
5. Immunology – Kaby
6. Immunology – Roitl.

2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

Practicals- Animal Biotechnology and Immunology

1. ABO Blood grouping

2. Antigen-Antibody interaction;- Radial immuno diffusion.
3. Protocol of immunization in animals.
4. Differential counting of blood cells.

31
 2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Paper III - Plant Biotechnology
(36 hrs)

Laboratory organization of plant tissue culture, medicine preparation and
sterlization, explant selection and inoculation, growth regulations.
(3 hrs)

Types of cultures

Anther culture, Meristem culture, Ovaryculture, Ovule culture, Endosperm,
Embryoculture. Detection and Uses.
(3 hrs)

Micropropagation, clonal propagation applications, callus culture and
applications
(5 hrs)

Monoclonal variation and significance in crop improvement
(3 hrs)

Protoplast isolation and fusion methods, selection of hybrids, applications of
hybrids in crop improvement
(5 hrs)

Genetic manipulation in plants-vectors used for transformation of plants
(Plasmid vectors Ti, Ri, Viral Vectors) Direct gene transfer methods implants,
reportesgenes
(7 hrs)

Transgenic plants for insect resistance, virus resistance, plant derived vaccines,
safety regulations for transgenic plants
(10 hrs)
References
1. Developments, in crop science, S.S. Bhojwani and M.K. Razdan. Plant tissue
culture theory and practice.
2. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, fundamental methods, O.L. Gamborg, G.C.
Phillips.
3. Trends in plant tissue culture and biotechnology, L.K. Pareek., P.L. Swarnkar.

32
 2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Practicals - Plant Biotechnology

1. Media preparations
(a) Stock preparations - Macro and micronutrients, Hormones, Vitamins
(b) pH adjustments
(c) Sterilization
2. Explants collections and surface sterilization.
3. Practices in laminar flow chamber.
4. Inoculation
Monitoring for callus induction and regeneration.

2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

Paper IV - Recombinant DNA Technology
(36 hrs)
1.Introduction to recombinant DNA technology. Scope and applications (2 hr)

2. Isolation and purification of DNA

(3 hr)
3. Gene cloning – enzymes and basic tools
(4 hr)
Cloning vectors – plasmids, phages, cosmids, transposons, yeast vectors, plant and
animal viral vectors, binary, cointegrate, shuttle vectors (8 hr)
4. Techniques in recombinant DNA technology
DNA sequencing methods, Hybridization techniques, Blotting techniques
(Northern, southern, western), in situ hybridization, PCR and its modifications.
Genetic markers, molecular markers – RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, DNA finger-
printing. (10 hr)
5. Introduction of recombinant DNA into bacterial, plant and animal cells.
(4 hr)

33
6. Applications of recombinant DNA technology – production of recombinant proteins,
transgenic plants, transgenic animals, recombinant vaccines, subunit vaccines etc.

(5 hr)
References
2. Watson, T.D. Gitman, M., Witkowski, J. and Foller, M. 1992. Recombinant
DNA, second edition, Scientific American Books, W.H. Freeman and Co, New
York.
3. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. 1994, Principles of gene manipulation, An
introduction to genetic engineering, Blackwell Scientific Publication, 5th edition.
4. Recombinant DNA technology, T.A. Brown.

2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

Practicals : Recombinant DNA Technology

1. Isolation of DNA
2. Gel Electrophoresis
3. Demonstration of PCR amplication of DNA
4. Induction of Lac operon.

34
MODEL QUESTIONS

35
 CELL BIOLOGY
I. Answer all the questions
Fill in the blanks
1. Cytoplasmic organelles absent in ----- cells.
(Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic)
2. In the light microscope the limit of resolution depends on the ----- of the light and
numerical aperture. (Frequency, Wavelength, Velocity)
3. ----- permits a direct study of biological ultrastructure.
(Election microscope, phase contrast, compound)
4. The properties of a given organism depend on those of its -----.
(DNA, RNA, proteins, individual cells, genes)
II. Match the following
5. Nucleus (A) Glycosylation
6. Mitochondria (B) Intracellular digestion of food particles
7. Golgi apparatus (C) RNA processing
8. Lysosomes (D) Oxidative phosphorylation
9. ----- are the largest family of cell-surface receptors.
10. A cell will activate a suicide program and kill itself- a process called -----.
11. No is made by the enzyme ----- by the deamination of the amino acid arginine.
12. ----- can be considered the final separation of the already duplicated macromolecular
units.
13. Darkfield microscopy, also called -----.
14. The transition between prophase and metaphase is called -----.
15. Signalling molecules are secreted from the signalling cell by -----.
16. Cyclic AMP is synthesised from ----- by a plasma-membrane-bound enzyme adenylyl
cyclase.

36
 17. The nerve terminals contact their target cell at specialized cell junctions called -----.
18. ----- are ancestors of mitochondria.
19. ----- are membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolyzing enzymes capable of breaking
down complex substances.
20. The simplest eukaryotes are -----.

III. Short Answer

21. Define cell theory
22. Functions of endoplasmic reticulum.
23. Resolving power.
24. Cell cycle.
25. FACS
26. Principle of centrifugation.

IV. Short Essays

27. Difference between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
28. Apoptosis.
29. Difference between light microscope and Electron microscope.
30. Note on special types of chromosomes.
31. Explain cell division present in germ cells of sexually reproducing organisms.
32. Pathways of intracellular signal transduction.
Basic Genetics
1. Alleles of ----- genes do not follow X or Y linked pattern of inheritance, instead they are
transmitted from mothers and fathers to sons and daughters alike.
2. ----- is a proportion of one allele relative to all alleles at a lower in a population.
3. ----- are alleles that produce independent effects when heterozygous.
4. Two alleles appear to contribute equally to the phenotype of heterozygous, they are said to
be -----.
5. ----- is condensed mass of chromatin found in nuclei as a result of X-inactivation.
6. The cross of an F1 hybrid to one of the parental type is -----.
7. Spindle fibre attachment region of a chromosome is -----.

37
8. ----- is individual derived from two embryos.
9. Variation not represented by distinct classes -----.
10. Phenotypic variability involving distinct classes is -----.
11. Genetic material that is not stained to intensely by dyes-----.
12. Genetic material that is darkly stained -----.

13.
Monohybrid Cross - a) Proportion of total phenotypic variance that is the genotype
variance.
14.
Narrow sense - b) Cross between homozygous parents differing in two traits.
heritability
15.
Dihybrid cross - a) The proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to addictive
effects of alleles.
16.
Broad sense - Cross between parents differing in only one traits.
heritability

17.
Penetrance a. Proportion of total phenotypic variance that is the genotype variance.

18.
Pleiotropy b. Is interaction between products of non allelic genes.

19.
Expressivity c. Is percentage of individuals that show a particular phenotype.

20.
Epistasis d. Is degree of expression of a trait controlled by a gene

21.
22. Give an account on dosage compensation.
23. Note on chromosomal theory of hereditary.
24. Hyper activation of X-chromosome with an example.
25. Account on probability.
26. Explain the terms:- Allele, Gene, Dominant, Recessive.
27. Explain gene interaction with example.
28. Give an account on Mendels law of inheritance with example.
29. Difference between genotype and phenotype.
30. Brief note on multiple alleles with suitable examples.
31. Sex determination in detail.
32. Detail note on sex linked genes in humans. Give examples.
33. Detail note on chromosomes.

38
 Cytogenetics and Evolutionary Genetics
1. Transmission of a trait through only one parent is known as -----.
2. Submetacentric chromosomes exhibit ----- shape during anaphase.
3. A gene occupies a well defined site or ----- in the chromosome.
4. Chloroplast and mitochondria exhibit ----- type of inheritance.
5. In a breeding programme to improve crop plants which of the following mating systems
should be employed to produce a homozygons line in the shortest possible time?
a) Self fertilization
b) Brother-sister matings
c) First cousin mating
d) Random mating
6. Monoploid a. 2n
7. Diploid b. 2n + 1
8. Triploid c. 4 n
9. Tetraploid d. n
10. Monosomic e. 2n-1
11. Trisomic f. 3n
12. Telocentric chromosomes are found in -----
b) Man
c) Mouse
d) Drosophila
e) Onion
13. Mechanical barrier in isolating mechanism include:
b) The difference in the structure of genitalia
c) Distance
d) Time season
14. The spread of genes from one breeding population to another by migration is known as ----
-.
15. ----- is the area of biology concerned with chromosome and their implication in genetics.
16. Two geographically separated population are said to be -----.

17. Duplication - b) Rearrangement that reverses the order of linear array

39
 of genes in a chromosome.

18. Inversion - c) Change in position of a segment of chromosome to

another part of the same chromosome.

19. Deletion - d) Occurrence of a segment more than once in the same

chromosome.

20. Translocation - e) Absence of a segment of chromosome.

Short Answers
21. Explain Hardy-Weinberg law.
22. Write note on linkage.
23. Define heterosis.
24. Explain theory of selections.
25. Explain translocation.
26. Explain the causes and effects of genetic drift.

Short Essays
27. Explain maternal inheritance, taking the examples of Poky and Petite in yeast.
28. What is Tetrad Analysis?
29. Define different modes of speciation.
30. Explain the process of migration in evolution.

Long Essays
31. What are isolating mechanisms? Explain.
32. Write a detail account on different chromosomal aberrations.

40
 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS
Objective type questions. Answer all the questions.
1.The nitrogen base which is not present in DNA.
a) Thymine b) Adenine c) Uracil d) Cytosine
2. The exchange of corresponding chromosome parts between homologs by breakage and
reunion is called ------
3. DNA elements that are not essential for the basic operation of the bacterial cell are ------.
4. ------ is a triple – helical form of DNA.
a) Z-DNA b) B-DNA c) H-DNA d) A-DNA
5. Origin of replication in E.coli is called ------

Match the following

6. DNA polymerase α synthesis of leading strand.

7. DNA polymerase β mitochondria.
8. DNA polymerase λ synthesis of DNA during repair.
9. D-loop replication synthesis of lagging strand.
10. Linear DNA molecules at the ends of a chromosome can only be synthesized by ------
enzyme.
a) Telomerase b) DNA polymerase III
c) Helicases d) RNA Polymerase I
11. RNA polymerase I encodes for
a) mRNA b) rRNA c) tRNA
12. TATA box is also called as
a) Pribnow box b) Spacer region
c) Hogness box d) Shine dalygarno sequence
13. The portion of cellular DNA that contains rRNA genes is called ------
14. Large segments of DNA that move from one location to another are called ------.

15. DNA sequence element, when bound by an activator stimulates transcription of a gene.
a) Promoter b) Enhancer c) Reppressor d) Operator
16. Class of enzyme that convert DNA from one topological form to another is ------

41
17. A bacterial distress mechanism that stimulates error-prone repair is ------
18. Agents that enter the cell and cause mutation ------
19. The complex of enzymes involved in mRNA splicing are called ------
a) AP Endonuclease b) Spliceosomes
c) 3’-5’ exonuclease d) NOR
20. The transfer of an F’ factor through conjugation in bacteria is known as ------

Short Answers
21. What is Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
22. Transition and Transversion.
23. Photoreactivation
24. Describe the central dogma of molecular genetics.
25. Describe the characteristics of post-replicative repair mechanisms.
26. What are mutational hot spots?
27. Brief note on DNA polymerase III holoenzyme.

Short Essays
28. Explain post-transcriptional modification.
29. Explain the mechanism of transposition in prokaryotes.
30. Types of point mutations.

Long Essays
31. Transcription in Eukaryote.
32. DNA replication in prokaryotes.
Medical Genetics

1) ------ is an x-linked recessive disorder

(a) DMD
(b) NF
(c) Diabetes
(d) Sickle cell anaemia
2) TDF exhibits ------ types of inheritance.
3) Recombination fraction define
a) Physical distance

42
 b) Interference
c) Genetic distance
d) All of the above
4) Invasive method in Prenatal diagnosis is
a) α- fetoprotein
b) Fetoscopy
c) Ultrasound
d) All above
5) ------ is due to the deficiency of the enzyme tyrosinase in melanocytes.
a) albinism
b) cystinuria
c) alkaptonuria
6) ------ enzyme is deficient in Phenylketonuria
Match the following
7) Alkaptonuria a) Low lipoprotein receptor
8) Citrullinaemia b) Carbamyl synthetase
9) Carbamyl Synthetase deficiency c) Argino succinic acid synthetase
10) Familial hyper cholesterolaemia d) Homogentisic acid oxidase
11) Lesh – Nyhan disease e) Hypoxanthine guanine
Phosphoribosyl transferase
12) ------ is the study of genetically determined variation in drug metabolism.
13) ------ is the gene for cystic fibrosis
14) X- linked recessive inheritance
a) Affects almost exclusively males
b) Affect either sex
c) Affects females
d) Affects males having an affected father.
15) Cri-du chat syndrome is due to deletion in ------ chromosome.
16) XO is ------ syndrome
17) Cleft-lip and cleft palate is ------ disorder.
18) Rheumatoid arthritis is a ------ disorder.
19) Paternal imprinting is exhibited by ------ syndrome.

43
20) Maternal imprinting is exhibited by ------ syndrome.

Short answers
21) Explain trinucleotide syndromes.
22) Explain Recombinants and Non recombinants.
23) Explain the significance of pedigree analysis.
24) Explain Y-inked inheritance.
25) Add notes on Paris nomenclature
26) Give an account on the pathogenesis of Achondroplasia.

Short Essay
27) Explain aneuploidy with syndromes.
28) Give an account on teratogens
29) Explain different types of diabetes mellitus.
30) Explain the genetic variation exhibited by the effect of succinylcholine and alcohol.

Long Essay
31) Explain different types of inheritance pattern with an example of multifactorial
inheritance.
32) Give a detailed account on linkage analysis in human.
33)
Developmental and Behavioral Genetics

1. A specialized reproductive cell with a haploid number of chromosome is ------

2. ------ is apical organelle in the head of the sperm.
3. A single layered sheet or ball of cells, that follows the morula stage is ------
4. A gene that controls the formation of adjacent segments in the body of Drosophila is ------
5. An early animal embryo consisting of two layers of cells is ------
6. The reproductive cells of egg and sperm is ------
7. The process of self fertilization is know as ------
8. A mass of cells in the larvae of Drosophila that give rise to particular adult organs such as
antennae, eyes and wings are ------
9. ------ is a hormone that influences development in insects.

44
10. Internal cell layer of embryo from which lung, digestive tract, bladder and urethra are
formed is ------
11. Surface layer of embryo that develops into epidermis, skin, nerves, hair, nails are ------
12. Cell layer of embryo developing into connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood vessels,
blood, notochord and gonads are ------
13. ------ are the primordials of the sperm cells.
14. ------ is a post meiotic process of differentiation of mature spermatozoa.
15. ------ is the primordial female germ cell that is enclosed in a follicle by the term of birth
and becomes the oocyte.
16. ------ is a cell formed by secondary spermetocyte.

17. Bicoid gene - b) affect the specialized structures at head and tail
ends of embryo

18. Nanos gene - c) lead to a reduction or loss of head and thoracic

structure.

19. Torso gene - d) Bicoid protein primarily activates anterior

expression of gap gene which in turn activate
other zap gene.

20. Hunch back gene - e) Causes the loss of abdominal regions.

Short notes
21. Note on zygotic genes.
22. Role of Homeotic selector gene.
23. Genetic basis of alcoholism.
24. Fertilization.
25. Define maternal effect gene.
26. Define behavioural genetics.

Short Essay
27. Different development stages in Drosphila.
28. Comment on Behavioural genetics in dog.
29. Brief account on development in Arabidopsis.

45
30. Oogenesis in brief with diagram.

Long Essay
31. Detail note on Drosophila Embryogenesis.
32. Detail note on Spermatogenesis.

Genetics and Society

Objectives Type
1. The rules of animal and human behaviour based on genetic or social traditions is --
a) Eugenics b) Ethics c) Euphenics d) Ethnicity
2. Carrier detection can be done in
a) Hemophilia b) Retinoblastoma
c) Huntingtons disease d) Lymphoma
3. Techniques of identification of individuals based on a pattern of DNA markers in the
genomic DNA of an individual is ------
4. ------ is an action of force in nature that maintain genetically fittest organism in a habitat.
a) Genetic drift b) Natural selection c) Gene pool d) Random mating
5. Insertion of a functional normal gene into the germ cell line of an organism inorder to
correct a genetic defect is called -----
6. The study of causes of disease and its development is
a) ideology b) ethology c) etiology d) eugenics
7. An example for teratogen
a) Thalidomide b) Aspirin c) Salicylate
8. Improvement of human race by application of genetic principles to breeding is called -------
a) Euthenics b) Ethics c) Eugenics d) Euphenics
9. Presymptomatic diagnosis can be applied to persons with ----- disorders.
a) Autosomal recessive b) Autosomal dominant c) X-linked
10. ------ are focussed on the physical mapping and sequencing of entire genome of human.
a) Chromosome waling b) DNA sequencing c) Human genome project.
11. ------ is a complete single set of an organism

46
12. ------ is the assumption of superiority of any particular ethnic group.
a) Ethnicity b) Stigmatization c) Idealism d) Racism
13. ------ is a strong membrane enveloping the mammalian embryo and fetus containing the
fluid.
14. ------ is the outermost envelope of the mammalian embryo.
15. A vector for genetherapy which is not an organism
a) Episome b) liposome c) Adenovirus d) Retrovirus
16. ------ is a method of radiological examination of genetic disorder during pregnancy.
17. ------ is an application of genetic principles to the breeding of the human race with the
purpose of improvement.
18. ------ is a corrective measures for genetically determined defects with the aid of non-
genetic means.
19. ------ determines the health status among the possible nature of causes of a problem with
fetus before birth.

Short Answers
21. Comment on preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
22. Comment on ‘playing God’.
23. Add notes on Amniocentesis.
24. Ethical considerations in genetic testing.
25. Effect of eugenics.
26. IPR.

Short Essays
27. Application of genetics in agriculture and medicine.
28. Qualities of a good genetic counselor.
29. Is genetic testing a boon or curse?
30. Human genome project

Long Essay
31. Explain prenatal diagnostic techniques.
32. Give an overview of the ways and means of prevention of Genetic Diseases

47
 1ST COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PAPER I - Elementary Biochemistry-1

Section -A Objective Questions

Attempt all 20 questions. (Weightage –1)

I. 1. Which of the following globulin is important for coagulation?

(a) Fibrinogen (b ) Prothrombin (c) Both a & b (d) Haptoglobulin
2. Life span of RBC is
(a) 120days (b) 120h. (c) 60days (d) 160days
3. The mean diameter of human erythrocyte is :
(a) 7.0 µm (b) 7.2nm (c) 7.2µm (d) 7.0nm
4. Largest leucocytes present in blood
(a) Neutrophils (b) Lympocytes (c) Monocyte (d) both b&(c)
II. 5. The organ concerned with destruction of platelets
(a) Liver (b) spleen (c) Kidney (d) thymus
6. Which sugar is present in seminal fluid?
(a) Glucose (b) Fucose (c) Fructose (d) Mannose
7. log Ka is -------------
(a) –Ka (b) pH (c) pOH (d) pKa
8. Importance of Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is in ----------------
(a) Buffer (b) Acid base balance (c) Ionoic strength (d) Dissociation

III. 9. Which enzyme activates trypsinogen to trypsin?

(a) Chymotrypsin (b) Pepsin (c) Enteropeptidase (d) Proelastase
10. The isomers having same molecular formula but difference in the spatial arrangement of
atom/groups are called
(a) Structural isomers (b) Stereoisomers (c) Geometrical isomers (d) Positional isomers
11. ----------------Chromatography is used to desalt a protein solution.
12. -----------------is the most widely used salt for salting out of proteins
IV. 13. ----------------chromatography is used form the determination of molecular mass.
14.----------------leucocyte is responsible for engulfing bacteria
15. HCl is synthesized from -----------------------cells of gastric lining.
16. -------------------leucocyte is responsible for specific immune mechanism.

48
V. 17. The enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose to component sugars------------------.
18. Which plasma protein helps in the transport of bilirubin.
19. -----------------is the ultrafiltration of plasma
20. The chemical component that is present especially in smoker’s saliva is----------.
Section -B Short answer questions.
Attempt any six (Weightage- 1)

21. State the Beer-Lambert’s law

22. Write down the composition and function of synovial fluid
23 What is a buffer? Give example.
24. What is oxidation and reduction reaction? Give an example for each
25. Write the principle of affinity chromatography
26. Distinguish between colloidal solution and coarse suspension
27. Write the principle of gel filtration chromatography
28. Give the principle of adsorption chromatography

Section -C Short Essay.

Attempt any four Weightage 2

29. Write the functions of plasma proteins

30. Explain the classification of isomerism
31. Explain the working principle of pH meter
32. Distinguish between lyophilic and lyophobic colloids
33. Derive Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
34. Write the composition and functions of cerebrospinal fluid

49
 Section - D Long essay
Answer any two Weightage 4

35. Explain the process of blood coagulation in detail

36. Discuss the functions of blood
37. Explain briefly the techniques involved in macromolecular separation.

1ST COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

PAPER II - Elementary Biochemistry- 2

Section- A Objective Questions

Attempt all 20 questions. (Weightage –1)

I. 1. Mannose is the epimer of

(a) Galactose (b) Glucose (c) Fructose (d) Ribose
2. Which of the following is an essential fatty acid
(a) Linolenic (b) Stearic (c) Palmitic (d) Oleic
3. Which is not an aromatic amino acid
(a) Tryptophan (b) Histidine (c) Proline (d) Phenylalanine
4.Which form of RNA is abundant in cell
(a) rRNA (b) tRNA (c). mRNA (d) hnRNA

II. 5. Which diasaccharide is having α1→6 linkage

(a) Maltose (b) Isomaltose (c) Lactose (d) Sucrose
6. Which polysaccharide acts as an anticoagulant
(a) Hyaluronic acid (b) Heparin (c) Chondroitin (d) Keratan sulphate
7. Diphosphatidyl glycerol is known as
(a) Lecithin (b) Cephalin (c) Cardiolipin (d) Plasmalogen
8. Which of the following is a monoamino dicarboxylic acid
(a) Aspartic acid (b) Asparagine (c) Glutamine (d) Glutathione

50
III. 9. Which of the following is not a pyrimidine base
(a) Uracil (b) Thymine (c) Cytosine (d) Adenine
10. Which anomer form of sugar exists in ribonucleotides
(a) β-D- ribofuranose (b) α -D- ribofuranose. (c) α -L-ribofuranose (d) α- D-ribopyranose
11.-------------------- is a non reducing disaccharide
12. .--------------------is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature

IV. 13.-------------------- amino acid is optically inactive

14. .-------------------- is a calcium binding protein
15.-------------------- is the sweetest sugar
16. Steroid nucleus is --------------------

V. 17. Lipids are soluble in --------------------

18. The major esterified fatty acid component in coconut oil is --------------------
19. Transport form of lipid is --------------------
20. Sugar present in DNA is --------------------

Section- B Short answer questions.

Attempt any six (Weightage- 1)

21. What is an essential amino acid?. Give examples .

22. Give the structure of phosphatidic acid
23. What are epimers ? Give examples
24. Give the cyclic structure of fructose.
25. Write the functions of lipids
26. Draw the general structure of tRNA
27. Write the structure of cholesterol
28. What is meant by saponification number ?
Section- C Short Essay.
Attempt any four Weightage 2
29. What is mutarotation- give explanation with one example
30. Give the structure of following compound lipids
(a) lecithin (b) cephalin (c) Phosphatidyl serine
31. Explain the structure of DNA

51
 32. Explain the classification of fatty acids
33. Explain the colour reactions of proteins
34. Explain the heterocyclic compounds present in nucleic acids.
Section- D Long essay
Answer any two Weightage 4
35. Explain the structural organization of protein
36. Explain different types of RNA
37.Compare the structure of starch and cellulose and add a note of enzymatic breakdown of
starch.

1ST COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

PAPER III - Enzymology and Metabolism

Section -A Objective Questions

Attempt all 20 questions. (Weightage –1)
I. 1 Which is the key enzyme in glycolytic pathway
(a) Pyruvate kinase (b) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (c) Glucokinase (d)
Phosphofructokinase
1. In glycogen metabolism which enzyme is inactive in dephosphorylated form?
(a) Glycogen phosphorylase (b) Glucose phosphatase (c) Glycogen synthase (d)
Glycogen phosphates
3. In aerobic glycolysis how many molecules of ATP are produced
(a) 10 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 8
4. Major significance of pentose phosphate pathway is the production of
(a) NADP (b) NADPH (c)ATP (d) NADH
II.
5. Which is the essential cofactor for pyruvate decarboxylase
(a) TPP (b) PLP (c) Biotin (d)FAD
6. Which enzyme is not present in animal tissue
(a) Pyruvate carboxylase (b)Pyruvate decarboxylase (c) Alcohol dehydrogenase (d) None of
the above
7. In TCA cycle how many ATPs are produced
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 8 (d)10

52
 8. Synthesis of carbohydrate from non carbohydrate sources is called
(a) Glycolysis (b) Glycogenesis (c) Gluconeogenesis (d) All the above
III
9. Which hormone regulate glycogenesis
(a) Glucagon (b) Epinephrin (c) Insulin (d) Cortisol
10. Gluconeogenesis takes place in
(a)Cytosol (b )Mitochondria (c) Both cytosol and mitochondria (d) Golgi complex
11. Name the ketopentose synthesized in oxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway.
12. The catalytic activity of the enolase is inhibited by.--------------------
IV
13. Tricarboxylic acid cycle takes place in .--------------------
14. The pathway that is involved in the synthesis of glucose from acetyl CoA in plant is .-------------
-------
15. Which aldose sugar is synthesized from pentose phosphate pathway?
16. Retenone is the inhibitor of .--------------------

V
17. Marker enzyme of mitochondria is
18. The protein part of an enzyme is.--------------------
19. .-------------------- coenzyme involved in carboxylation reaction
20. .-------------------- group of enzyme involved in joining of two molecules

Section- B Short answer questions

Attempt any six (Weightage- 1)

21. What is mean by allosteric enzyme?. Give one example.

22. Which are the key enzymes in gluconeogenesis
23 What is covalent modification of enzymes? Give one example
24. What is competitive inhibition ? Give examples
25. Outline alcoholic fermentation
26. Name the enzymes and catalytic cofactors involved in decarboxylation of pyruvate.
27. Write Michelis Menten equation, explain the term Km.
28. What do you mean by retro inhibition. Give one example

53
 Section- C Short Essay.
Attempt any four Weightage 2
29. Explain the role of cAMP in glycogen metabolism
30. Write a short note on enzyme specificity with examples.
31. Explain the factors which affect the rate of the enzyme catalyzed reactions
32. Schematically write the pentose phosphate pathway. Mention its significance
33. Explain the classification of high energy compounds with examples
34. What is multienzyme complex? Explain with one example
Section- D Long essay
Answer any two Weightage 4
35. Explain the structure of mitochondria and arrangements of electron carriers in electron
transport chain
36. Write short notes on: (a)competitive inhibition , (b) Noncompetitive inhibition,
(c) Allosteric inhibition.
37. Explain aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.

1ST COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

PAPER IV – METABOLISM (2)

Section -A Objective Questions

Attempt all 20 questions. (Weightage –1)
I
1. Rickets is due to the deficiency of.--------------------
(a) Vitamin C (b) Vitamin D (c) Vitamin E (d)Vitamin A
2. ATP yield during the β oxidation of palmitic acid is
(a) 149 (b) 131 (c) 129 (d) 12
3. The coenzyme needed for fatty acid oxidation is
(a) NAD (b) NADP (c) TPP (d) Biotin

54
 4. Transamination reacation are carried out by.--------------------
(a) Aminotransferases (b) Aminoacid carboxylase (c) Aminoacid oxidases (d)
Dehydrogenase
II5. Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis is
(a) HMG CoA reductase (b) HMG CoA synthase (c) Acetyl CoA carboxylase (d) Cholesterol
synthase
6. The metal ion present in hemoglobin is
(a) Mg2+ (b) Fe2+ (c) Mn2+ (d) Cu2+
7. Which vitamin is an antioxidant
(a) Vitamin E (b)Vitamin A (c)Vitamin B1 (d) Vitamin B12
8. Diabetes mellitus is due to the deficiency of
(a) Insulin (b) Glucagon (c) Epinephrine (d) Inulin
III9.-------------------- is the trace element deficient in milk
(a) Copper (b) Calcium (c) Iron (d) Sodium
10. The coenzyme form of thiamine is
(a) TPP (b) CoA (c) Biotin (d) FAD
11. Active form of vitamin D is.--------------------
12.-------------------- is the codon of methionine
IV13. Name the site of β -oxidation of fatty acids
14.-------------------- enzyme involve in the activation of amino acid during translation
15 The cluster of ribosomes associated with single mRNA is called--------------------
16.-------------------- is the rate limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids.
V17.-------------------- is the key enzyme in urea cycle
18. .-------------------- is the trace element present in glutathione reductase
19. Deficiency of iodine causes.--------------------
20.-------------------- is an example of provitamin.

Section-B Short answer questions

Answer any six Weightage 1

21. What is the function of carnitine

22. Explain the term pellagra
23. What are zymogens?
24. What are non-sense codons?

55
25. Explain the term ‘central dogma’
26. Name out the fat soluble vitamins
27. What are the factors that retard iron absorption.
28. What are Okazaki fragments?

Section-C Short essay

Attempt any four Weightage 2

29. Describe the cholesterol synthesis

30. Explain physiological function of phospholipids
31. Give an account of genetic code
32. Explain termination of transcription in detail
33. Explain the biological roe of iodine and fluorine
34. Discuss about Wobble hypothesis.

Section- D Long essay

Answer any two Weightage 4

35. Explain the urea cycle and its significance.

36. Explain the fatty acid biosynthesis.
37. Explain the translation process in prokaryotes.

56
 2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Paper I - Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology
1.Biogas is mixture of CH4 and -----
2. Presumptive test is used in ----- microbiology.
3. +ve test in presumptive is received as -----
4. Completed test determines ----- of water sample.
5. ----- is used to differentiate E. coli and E. aerogenus.
6. Biosorbent – M removes -----
7. Selective media for confirmed test.
8. Major indicator of polluted water.
9. E. coli is a ----- bacteria.
10. ----- is an ethanol producing bacteria.
11. Name a fungi involved in pesticide removal.
12. Name a bacteria involved in pesticide removal.
13. Organism which degrades propanil.
14. F: solani degrades -----
15. Carriers used in CAST include -----
16. Mutation results in ----- formation
17. Name an organism involved in Bioventing.
18. Name an organism involved in Bioscrubber.
19. Name an organism involved in Biosorption.
20. Name an organism which produce amino acid.

Long Essay
21. Write on pesticide degradation by microbes
22. Improvement in strain

Short answer
23. Biosorption
24. Bioventing
25. Current status of EBT
26. Biodegradation of petrochemical effluents

57
 27. Options for waste water treatment
28. Bacteriological examination of water

Short Essay
29. Protoplast fusion for strain improvement
30. Aerobic waste water treatment
31. Pesticide degradation
32. Sources of microorganisms

2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

PAPER II - ANIMAL TISSUE CULTURE AND IMMUNOLOGY
OBJECTIVE
1. An example for Animal Tissue Culture media (MS, BS, DME, White’s)
2. A chemical used for somatic cell fusion
(CaCl2, PEG, Sucrose, None)
3. HAT medium is used for ------ isolation
(Mouse cells, Hybrid cell, Tumor cells)
4. A pentameric immunoglobin (lgG, lgM, lgE, lgA)
5. Give an example for agglutination reaction
6. Expand ELISA
7. Culture vessel used for monolayer culture
[a) Airlift fermenter b) Roux bottle c) Stirred Bioreactor d) None]
8. Define epitope
9. B-cells are produced from ------
10. Interleukins are produced from ------ [B-cell, T-cell, Mast cells, None]
11. Example for cryoprotectant (H2S, H2O, liq N2, None).
12. Which among is a secondary lymphoid organ (Bone marrow, thymus, Splean, Liver)
13. Enzymes used for disaggregation of explant. (Pectinase, Collagenase, Amylase, None).
14. Heat labile constituents are sterilized by ------ (Oven, Boiling, Filtration, None).
15. Animal virus vector ------
(Gemini, CMC, SV40, None)

58
16. Shotgun method on which particle T.DNA is coated
(Platinum, Gold, Silver, Copper)
17. Introduction of F-DNA into vector is called ------
(Transformation, Transfection, Transduction, Conjugation)
18. An example for an adjuvant (Nr2Cl2, Alum, MgSO4, Gold)
19. An example for tissue engineering (Callus culture, Artificial skin)
20. Father of immunology (Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Koch, None)

Short answer
21. Differentiate between anchorage dependent and independent
22. What do you meant by bioforming?
23. Mino injection
24. Structure of lgE.
25. Classes of immunoglobin
26. V-region

Short Essay
27. Any one transfection method?
28. Types of immunity.
29. Structure of lymph node-Explain
30. What is agglutination? Explain with one reaction

Long Essay
31. Monodonal Ab production?
32. Write a short note on transgenic animals?

59
 2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Paper III - Plant Biotechnology
I. OBJECTIVES
1. The embryos formed from unfertilized eggs are known as
(a) Somatic embryos (b) parthenogenic embryos
(c) Zygotic embryos (d) Androgenic embryos
2. The culture technique used for obtaining virus free plants.
(a) Anther culture (b) Callus culture
(c) Meristem culture (d) Pollen culture
3. Most commonly used plant tissue culture media.
(a) Ms medium (b) B5 medium (c) White’s medium (d) WP media
4. Name the person who demonstrated haploid production
(a) Zenketeler (b) Guha and Maheswari
(c) Carlson (d) None of the above
5. Name the person who is aptly regarded as the father of plant tissue culture.
(a) Gottlieb haberlandt (b) Charles Darwin
(c) Skoog (d) Miller
6. The hormone used to induce rooting under in vitro conditions
(a) IBA (b) BAP (c) 2, 4-D (d) None of the above
7. Most commonly used carbon source.
(a) Mannitol (b) Sorbitol (c) Sucrose (d) Glucose
8. The chemical used as a fusogen
(a) ABA (b) PVP (c) PEG (d) CaNO3
9. The plant tissue culture media used to culture woody plants.
(a) MS medium (b) WPM (c) B5 (d) N6
10. The function of activated charcoal in plant tissue culture media
(a) Chelating agent (b) Adsorbing agent
(c) Precipitating agent (d) None

11. The hormone which induces callus in explants

60
 (a) 2, 4-D (b) GA3 (c) Ethylene (d) None
12. The metal which is provided in the media in chelated form is
(a) fe (b) cu (c) co (d) mg
13. Mg ion is mainly needed by the organelles ------ (Chloroplast)
14. The enzyme which is being used for protoplant isolation is ------ (Pectinase)
15. Adventitious bud technique is a ------ (Micropropagation technique)
16. The hormone isolated from DNA is ------ (kinetin)
17. The basic principle of plant tissue culture is ------
18. The culture technique which reduces incompatibility barriers is ------ (somatic
hybridization)
19. Totopotency was demonstrated by ------ (Haberlandt)
20. The variability seen among pollen derived plants is ------ (Gametoclonal variation).
II. Short answer
21. Name a medium used for anther culture.
22. Define vitrification
23. The sterilization method used to sterilize heat labile hormones.
24. Expand FDA
25. Define protoplast
26. Mention the use of embryo culture.
III. Short Essay
27. Explant selection
28. Somaclonal variation
29. Composition of MS media
30. Growth regulators used in tissue culture media
IV. Long Essay
31. Explain the different types of cultures and their applications.
32. Short note on somatic hybridization and its applications.

61
GENETICS – as a Complimentary for other B.Sc.
Courses

62
 Paper I : Basic Genetics (Semester I)

Unit - 1: Introduction to Genetics (3 hrs)

Introduction, scope and significance of genetics
Unit - 2: Principles of Genetic Transmission (10 hrs)
Mendel’s Experiment, Symbols and Terminology, Mendel’s law, Mendelian
Inheritance
Unit - 3: Extension of Mendelism (10 hrs)
Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, Gene interaction,
Penetrance and expressivity, epistasis and phiotropy.
Unit - 4: Quantitative Genetics (3 hrs)
Continuous Variation, Quantitative Traits, Heritability.
Unit - 5: Chromosome basis of Mendelism (10 hrs)
Chromosome-chromosome number, sex chromosome, chromosome theory of
heredity.
Sex linked gene in humans - haemophilia, colour blindness.
Sex chromosome, sex determination, dosage compensation.
References:

Genetics – Principle and Analysis – Hartl and Jones.

Genetics – Peter J. Russell.

Principles of Genetics – Snustad and Simmons.

Genetics – A continuity of life – Daniel J. Fairbanks, Ralph.

Practicals: I

1) Genetic Problem – Interaction, Multiple Allele.

2) Study of Model Organism- Morphological features of Drosophila, Arabidopsis and C.
elegans.
3) Study of mutants in Drosophila.
4) Staining Technique – Mitochondrial staining, Blood smear.

63
 Paper II : Cytogenetics (Semester II)
Unit- 1: Chromosomal Variation (5 hrs)

Morphology of chromosome

Structural and Numerical
Unit- 2: Linkage, Crossing Over and Chromosome (10 hrs)

Linkage, recombination, crossing over

Chromosome mapping

Tetrad analysis
Unit- 3: Extra Nuclear Inheritance (5 hrs)

Maternal inheritance

Mitochondrial inheritance – Snail, Poky, Petite

Chloroplast inheritance- leaf variegation in Mirabilis, Iojap.
Unit- 4: Sexuality and Recombination in Bacteria and Virus (10 hrs)

Three methods of transfer of genetic material
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation.

Sexual conjugation in bacteria
F+, F-, Hfr strains and F’ strain

Replication and Recombination in Virus
Lysogenic and Lytic cycle.
Unit- 5: Molecular Mechanisms of Recombination (6 hrs)

Hybrid DNA models involving single strand breaks.

Hybrid DNA models involving double strand break.

Mismatch Repair & post meiotic segregation.

Enzymes and proteins involved in recombination
References:

Principles of Genetics – Snustad, Simmons, Jenkins.

Concepts of Genetics – Klug and Cummings.

Genetics – Peter J. Russell.
Practical:
1) Dissection of Salivary Gland
2) Preparation of Polytene Chromosome
3) Mitosis and Meiosis

64
 Paper III : Evolutionary and Population Genetics (Semester III)

Unit- 1: History of Evolution (5 hrs)

Unit- 2: Population Genetics and Evolution (10 hrs)

Population and Gene Pool

Allelic Frequency

Hardy-Weinberg Law

Changes in structure of population (Mutation, genetic drift causes and its effects,
migration, natural selection )
Unit- 3: Isolating Mechanisms (5 hrs)

Types of Isolating
Unit- 4: Genetic and Speciation (10 hrs)

Genetic variation in natural population

Phenotypic variation

Species concept

Modes of speciation (Allopatric, Sympatric, Parapatric and Quantum Speciation)
Unit- 5: Mutation and Migration (6 hrs)

Irreversible mutation

Reversible mutation
References:

Principles of Genetics – Snustad, Simmons, Jenkins.

Concepts of Genetics – Klug and Cummings.

Genetics – Peter J. Russell.

Evolution – Strickberger.
Practical:
1) Genetic Drift and Natural Selection.
2) Field Study of Gene and Genotypes, Frequency of autosomal inheritance.

65
 Paper IV : Human Genetics (Semester IV)
Unit- 1: Introduction to Human genetics (2 hrs)

Unit- 2: Human Chromosomes (2 hrs)

Human karyotype

Paris Nomenclature
Unit- 3: Mendelian Traits (2 hrs)

Straight Hair, Curly Hair, Widow’s peak, Dimpled cheeks, Mid digital hair,
Hitchhicker’s thumb, Clasping of hands, Hypertrichosis.

Unit- 4: Pedigree Studies (4 hrs)

Symbols used in pedigree analysis

Pedigree analysis of important genetic diseases like Haemophila, Colour
blindness, DMD.

Unit- 5: Genetic Diseases and Inheritance Pattern (15 hrs)

Autosomal Inheritance ,Dominant- Adult polycystic kidney, Neurofibromatosis.

Autosomal Recessive- Albinism, Sickle Cell Anaemia.

X-linked Recessive-DMD.

X-linked Dominant – Rett Syndrome.

Y-linked – Holandric.

Multifactorial – Cleft lip and Palate, Rheumatoid arthritis.
Unit- 6: Parental Diagnosis (6 hrs)

Definition ,Various procedures used such as Amniocentesis, Chorionic Villus
sampling, Ultrasonography and Fetoscopy.
Unit- 7: Genetics and Society (5 hrs)

Human genome project ,Forensic science ,Eugenics and euthenics
References:

Emery’s Element of Medical Genetics – Ian. D. Young, Robert F. Mulleur.

Thompson and Thompson – Medical Genetics.

Practicals:
1) Pedigree analysis
2) Human Keryotypic using photographs (cut and paste)
3) Medelian Traits
4) Barr Body Analysis

66