Revised Sir Muria 2 PDF

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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
Lipa City Colleges

10 G.A. Solis St., Lipa City Batangas
Telephone Number: 756-1943
Fax Number: 756-3768 local 300
www.lipacitycolleges.net
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In addition to this according to Derkzen et. al., (2009) visitation for inmates
is often the most widely discussed inmate right when a family member or loved
one has entered a correctional facility. Visitation restrictions do not violate the
Constitution unless they have no reasonable relationship to a legitimate
penological goal (a goal related to prison management and/or criminal
rehabilitation). The Supreme Court has stopped short of holding that prisoners
have no rights of association, but has upheld severe limits on visiting by children
and ex-prisoners, and an indefinite denial of all non-legal visiting for prisoners
convicted of infractions related to substance abuse. Restrictions on the time, place
and manner of visiting will generally be upheld by courts. Courts may give prisons
great deference because the prisons may not have the resources to allow visits or
ensure safe environments for visits as populations increase. Thus, distinctions in
visitation rules for general population prisoners, as opposed to those in
segregation or protective custody, will generally be upheld. Courts have upheld
rules restricting visitors. Visitors may be required to get prior approval for visits.
Close family members including children may be barred from visiting based not
only on good cause, such as a past attempt to smuggle contraband, but also by
facility regulation. Inmates are entitled to receive visits from clergy and religious
advisers, but prison officials have considerable control over how these rights are
exercised. Courts have been more sympathetic in cases involving county jails with
extremely limited visiting opportunities or oppressive conditions.
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Further, according to Tewksbury and Dabney (2008), prisoners legal right
to be visited is the moral argument that deprivation of liberty, via incarceration,
should not entail complete isolation from family, friends, and communities. As an
empirical matter, however, a substantial proportion of inmates are never visited.
Some inmates may never be visited because they have, for different reasons,
severed ties with family and friends and thus have a limited pool of potential
visitors. Family members may have been the victim of the offender’s crime, they
may have restricted access to the individual because of a restraining order, or they
may otherwise choose not to remain in contact with the prisoner. For example,
research suggests that a proportion of inmates, about 5%, are pathologically
violent, and it is plausible that these offenders have no remaining ties on the
outside with whom they could engage in visitation. However, the percentage of
inmates never visited greatly exceeds that figure.
Often during incarceration, however, it can be difficult for inmates to
maintain connections to family and social networks. Social ties tend to be severed
during incarceration, leaving inmates with little social capital. Reports has
increasingly identified social capital as the “ability of actors to secure benefits by
virtue of membership in social networks or other social structures”. Stakes in
conformity refers to the strength of bonds (weak to strong) to conventional society
and presumes that stronger bonds represent a deterrent to delinquent/criminal
behavior. Not only do inmates lack social capital while incarcerated, but the
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isolation of prison settings can also contribute to a weakened stake in conformity.
Visitation is one way for inmates and family members to preserve contact and cope
with the distance incarceration creates. A recent study conducted suggests that
visitation may also be linked to lower rates of recidivism. Inmates who experienced
higher rates of family contact (regardless of the methods of contact) tended to have
lower rates of recidivism following reentry into the community. Inmate visitation can
create a connection to social ties that may provide a helpful resource upon release
from an institution (Drury and Delisi 2010).
According to Mears and Bales as cited by Cochran (2013), visitation effects
can also vary by the type of person who makes the visit, which in turn may affect
inmate behavior. A prisoner’s ties to their spouse or child, for example, are likely
to be stronger than his or her ties to a community volunteer. Visitation by volunteers
or distant relatives may be less likely to be effective, especially if those visits hold
little potential for fostering a long term bond or providing access to social
resources. Even so, it may be that any visit, regardless of the intimacy of the
connection, can plausibly provide relief from the day-today rigors of imprisonment
and thus work to improve behavior.
In addition, according to Dixey and Woodall (2012), there is reason to
believe that the effect of visits depends upon the context under which a visit occurs
and the events that transpire during it. For example, visits can be positive because
visitation provides an opportunity for family and community members to express
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support for inmates and to provide encouragement. Visitors can bring gifts, food,
or other items from home. During visitation, inmates have opportunities to catch-
up with recent events, to interact with their children, and to maintain a sense of
connection to their roles as a family or community member and, more broadly, a
connection to the free world. Even if a visit is from a volunteer or a distant relative,
the interaction during a visit may offset some of the day-to-day strain, including the
tedium, of prison life. Other types of visitation experiences, however, may be more
unpleasant. For instance, relationships between inmates and their spouses or
intimate partners are often tenuous during incarceration. For example, visitors may
travel to prison for the purpose of breaking off a relationship with an inmate. Visits
can lead to arguments and fights, which may be more likely in settings, such as
prison, where power differences exist. Inmates cannot, for example, control what
happens outside of the prison, and may feel acutely the strain of not being able to
influence what a visitor has done or will do after the visit. At the same time, visitors
typically characterize prison visitation as challenging and intimidating, which can
contribute to tension during visits.
According to Tomar (2013), for some inmates the major source of stress
would include the loss of contact with family and friends outside the prison. There
is also fear of deterioration. There is lack of personal choice within the prison
environment which may affect inmates. After many years of being told what to do,
they may well lose the ability to think for themselves and make their own decisions
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and choices freely. The use of prison was originally designed to allow inmates to
rediscover their own conscience and better voice through spiritual conversion.
Unfortunately, it was later discovered that it is a form of torture, because it ended
up causing within many inmates adverse psychological effects such us: delusions,
dissatisfaction with life, claustrophobia, depression, feelings of panic and on many
instances madness, stress (skin and hair problems, such as acne, psoriasis,
and eczema, and permanent hair loss), denial, nightmares and the inability to sleep,
phobias, substance abuse, criminal activity and some forms of self-destructive
behavior. There were other effects that have been noted by prison psychologist
include feelings of: guilt, shame and suicidal tendencies. Other effects are:
dependence on institutional structure and contingencies, interpersonal distrust and
suspicion, emotional over-control, alienation and psychological distancing, social
withdrawal and isolation, incorporation of exploitative norms of prison culture,
diminished self-worth and personal value, post-traumatic stress reactions to the
pains of imprisonment, fear of the unknown, distrust of authoritarian environment,
lack of apparent control over the future and isolation from family.
In relation to this, according to Goode (2011), lack of contact with the
inmates’ family may have negative consequences. It affect their well-being (i.e.,
stress, depression, suicidal/self-harm behaviors), improve inmates’ rule breaking
within the prison environment and reduce recidivism as measured by official
records.
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Further, according to Monahan et. al., (2011), without access to their family
inmates lose hope that they can achieve more in their lives, become more socially
impaired, and their emotional resources are depleted. As a result, they may re-
offend at higher rates than previously. It also found that inmates receiving few or
lack visits from their children increased their stress and anxiety, which affected
their adjustment to the prison environment.
In addition to this, according to Sturges and Al-Khattar (2009), many
inmates are not visited at all, while others experience at least some visitation.
Inmates who are male, are minority, have more prior convictions or incarcerations,
have committed more severe offenses, and come from disadvantaged
communities may experience less visitation. Non-visitation or less visitation of
inmates can affect their psychological and physical condition. Psychological
effects may include homesickness, boredom and stress (e.g., feeling sad, lonely,
helpless, depressed, depressive thoughts, anxiety, panic attacks , sense of
insecurity, frequent mood swings, feeling that we don't belong, wanting to leave,
crying as we think of and miss home, lack of concentration at work/studies, loss of
confidence, not being able to enjoy fully, loss of motivation/enthusiasm, simple
tasks become difficult and challenging, social withdrawal and an unwillingness to
engage in and commit to social events, irritability/ complaining). Physical effects
include health implication (e.g., loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, lack of self-
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care, isolating, physical illness as a result of excessive mental stress or poor diet,
headaches/stomachaches, nausea, and fatigue / lethargy).
Moreover, according Duwe and Clark (2011), lack of visitation constitutes
an additional punishment on some inmates that may constitute a form of unequal
treatment and that may perpetuate social disadvantage. Collateral consequences
constitute adverse events or experiences that stem from a sanction. Inmates report
that the severing of ties to family and friends constitutes one of the most important
fears that they have about incarceration.
Relative thereto, according to De Claire and Dixon (2015), there are
numerous studies found that inmates who received visits are less likely than those
who are not visited to engage in misconduct. Individuals with a more extensive
prior record experience less visitation. Specifically, inmates who commit more
serious offenses and who have been incarcerated more frequently receive the
lowest amounts of visitation. This finding is important because it further
demonstrates the idea suggested by scholars that serious, chronic offenders are
likely to have weaker social networks. It is also useful for understanding the social
consequences of entering into or stabilizing a cycle of offending. Family members
and friends are likely to become less willing to maintain ties to an individual who
continues to offend and who is repeatedly incarcerated. To the extent that
visitation, then, is a manifestation of offenders’ existing social ties and social
capital, reduced visitation for repeat offenders is likely indicative of a shrinking pool
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of social connections who are willing to put time and effort into maintaining their
bonds to the offender. Here, then, it bears emphasizing that any identified visitation
effect on recidivism might not stem from visitation per se but rather from what
visitation signals about an individual—that is, a lower social bond or less social
capital.
Furthermore, according to Liebling and Maruna (2008), fear, anxiety,
loneliness, trauma, depression, injustice, powerless, violence, uncertainty are all
part of prison life. We define this to include the social, psychological, behavioral,
and emotional impacts of the incarceration experience on inmate during and after
their captivity as well as the impact of imprisonment on inmates’ prisoners’ families
and indeed, the impact that the institution of the prison has on a society especially
in the present times of incarceration in the US and elsewhere.
In addition to this, according to Sullivan (2009), despite the need for
adequate medical care and drug treatment services for inmate in prison, perhaps
the most challenging issue facing prison officials today is how to treat them with
mental issues. One study estimated that nearly 25% of them (one out of every four)
could be categorized as mentally ill. The six common mental issues are: anxiety,
major depression, dysthymia (chronic depression), post-traumatic stress disorder,
bipolar disorder and schizophrenia or psychosis.
According to Monroe (2011), one factor that may influence the maintenance
of social capital and help rebuild a strong stake in conformity is inmate visitation.
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While visitation may help to sustain an inmates’ social capital and preserve their
stake in conformity, there are several barriers that hinder accessibility to inmate
visitation. In accordance with previous literature, that most inmates typically were
not visited. Frequent obstacles can include distance from the visitor’s home to the
location of the prison, cost, and prison visitation policy and procedure. Visitation is
commonly hindered due to the geographic location of inmates. Many prison
institutions are located in remote areas and visitors regularly spend more time
traveling to the prison facilities than the time spent visiting with the inmate. Many
family members of incarcerated individuals may choose not to visit because the
cost and time involved in travel is too great. Studies reported that elevated rates
of visitation were associated with the close proximity of visitors’ residence in
relation to the prison facilities. Low-income families may rely on public
transportation to visit inmates, but public transportation, such as buses, does not
always provide direct routes to prison facilities.
In relation to this, according to Cobbina, et. al., (2012) visitation policies
within the prison system can further impede an already difficult voyage for inmate
visitors. While most visitation policies are in place to provide safety and security
measures, frequently visitation procedures are strict and limiting to visitors. Many
facilities only offer daytime visits. A person with school age children or who is
employed may have a difficult time visiting an inmate because of the limited hours
available to visit. While many prisons have created more lenient policies to help
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decrease these barriers, prisons still lack adequate staff to supervise the changes
to visitation procedures.
According to Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Actual Jail
Population Data as of May 31, 2018, there are 144,871 inmates in all jails
nationwide of which there are 141,422 are detainees and only 3,499 are
sentenced. On the other hand, Region IV-A has detained 22,464 offenders wherein
22,370 remain as detainees and only 94 were convicted (an excerpt from
https://www.bjmp.gov.ph/datstat.html).
In BJMP – Lipa as of September 2018, there are 298 total number of
inmates. There are 266 male inmates, and out of these 101 or 38% of them were
non - visited.
Based on the data gathered by the researchers, 22 or 7.38% of male
inmates committed murder, 3 or 1.00% committed homicide, 31 or 10.40%
committed rape, 2 or 0.67% committed physical injuries, 3 0r 1.00% committed
robbery, 171 or 57.38% were drug violators and 46 or 15.43% committed other
crimes of against person and property.
Specifically, the non-visited male inmates were 60 or 59.4% were drug
violators, 13 or 12.8% committed physical injuries, 9 or 8.9% committed homicide,
9 or 8.9% committed rape, 7 or 6.9% committed murder, 2 or 1.9% committed
robbery and 1 or 1.9% committed theft.
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Further, 3 of them had reported mental health issues or nervous breakdown,
9 of them reported health problems and 12 of them reported violation of prison
rules.
Furthermore, 73 or 72.28% stayed for about 1 – 3 years and 28 or 27.72%
of non-visited male inmates stayed for about 4 – 6 years in the BJMP.
Meanwhile, 66 or 65.34% of male non visited inmates are from Lipa City, 5
or 4.95% are from Batangas City, 4 or 3.96% are from Laguna, 3 or 2.97% are
from Tanauan City, 3 or 3.97% are from Bulacan, 2 or 1.98% are from Rizal, 2 or
1.98% are from Cavite, 2 or 1.98% are from San Juan Batangas, 2 or 1.98% from
Samar, 1 or 0.99 are from Pasay City, 1 or 0.99 are from Paranaque City, 1 or 0.99
are from Quezon, 1 or 0.99 are from Talisay, Batangas, 1 or 0.99 are from Rosario,
Batangas, 1 or 0.99 are from Sorsogon, 1 or 0.99 are from Mindoro, 1 or 0.99 are
from Mataasnakahoy Batangas, 1 or 0.99 are from San Jose Batangas, 1 or 0.99
are from Camarines Sur, 1 or 0.99 are from Malvar Batangas.
In BJMP – Batangas as of September 2018, there are 297 total numbers of
inmates. There are 57 females and out of these 15 or 26% were non - visited.
Based on the data gathered by the researchers, 47 or 90% of female are
drug violators, 2 or 2% of them committed qualified theft, 1 or 10% of them
committed theft, 1 or 1% committed Murder, 1 or 1% committed robbery with
homicide, 1 or 1% committed false testimony and 4 or 4% committed human
trafficking.
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Specifically, the female non-visited inmates were 12 or 80% of them are
drug violators and 3 or 20% of them committed robbery, theft and qualified theft.
Further, none of them had reported mental health issues or nervous
breakdown, 8 of them reported health problems and 13 of them reported violation
of prison rules or house rules.
Furthermore, 13 non-visited female inmates stayed for about 1 – 3 years
and 2 of them stayed for about 4 – 6 years.
Meanwhile, 9 or 60% of them were from Batangas City, 5 or 33.33% were
from Manila and 1 or 6.66% were from Mindoro.
Furthermore, BJMP – Lipa and BJMP – Batangas have rehabilitation
programs for inmates to eliminate offenders’ pattern of criminal behavior and to
become them a law-abiding citizen and productive citizen. First the Alternative
Learning System (ALS) for the educational programs, administered by the
Department of Education. The program starts at January and ends on October. All
inmate participants are required to take the year-end examination to assess their
learning from the program. After passing the examination, they will be given
diplomas which can be used by inmates after their release.
Another program given to the inmates are vocational programs. This
program is administered by the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA). This program aims to acquire professionalism that can be used
also after their release.
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For the inmates’ spiritual development they offered service provider and
Bible studies administered by the different religious groups.
For sports activities program they offered basketball games for recreational
activities.
Moreover, in BJMP – Lipa and BJMP - Batangas offered livelihood
programs which are continuously implemented to male and female dormitory this
includes manual weaving synthetic wigs in which inmates are paid by the
European Hair Factory in the amount of one thousand five hundred pesos (P1,500)
per full head of synthetic wig made; and other livelihood products of this jail facility
are dress making, bracelets, necklace, wallets, bags, keychains and beaded
flowers making and bonsai tree making. All projects are income generated
measures of the inmates while incarcerated.
In the BJMP – Lipa and BJMP Batangas there are visiting hours, rules and
policies that have to be observed and followed by the visitors. It is not intended to
limit the rights of inmates to visitation but to promote public safety and for the safety
and welfare of both the visitors and inmates, (in accord with Paragraph (b) (2), Sec
4, R. A. 7438 in conjunction with Sec. 63, R. A. 6975. Visitors are required to have
valid identification card with latest picture (expired identification cards are strictly
prohibited). They allowed to visit on Tuesday to Friday from 1:00 to 5:00 in the
afternoon and Saturday and Sunday from 8:00 in the morning to 12:00 afternoon
then resumed at 1:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon. No visitor shall be allowed to visit in
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the afternoon if he/she has already visited in the morning. The number of visitors
depends on the capacity or availability of personnel or the overall security situation
which should be limited to a maximum of three (3) persons only per inmate at a
time. Exempted from the provisions on the limitation on days and visiting hours are
lawyers, medical doctors, priest, imam, pastor, or religious minister especially
when the inmate needs immediate medical attention. No overnight stay. Inmates
who have violated this rule must be imposed of penalty of suspension of their
visitation right for a period of time as determined by the Warden. Visitors/Personnel
wearing Yellow T-shirt/upper shirt are NOT ALLOWED to enter the jail facility.
Female visitors should not wear seductive dress/blouse or shirt and short pants
when visiting jail facilities. All visitors and personnel MUST fill-out the visitor
logbook and enroll in the Computerized ID System including biometrics or in any
other prescribed procedures by jail authorities. Only those who are prospective
regular visitors should be enrolled in the Computerized ID System. Non-
compliance thereof is a ground to be denied entry. Children below 18yrs old must
be accompanied by adults/parents. Infants are not allowed within the jail facility,
more so, within the cell/detention area. All personnel and visitors MUST undergo
body frisk/search including their belongings, foods and other materials carried
before entering the jail facility. Non-compliance thereof is a ground to be denied
entry. For the conduct of strip search, a waiver MUST be signed. (Source form
from the searchers).
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In the advent of all these, the researchers also aimed to find out the effects
of non-visitation of inmates to their psychological, physical, social and emotional
condition. After assessing the effects of non-visitation to inmates, the researchers
also aimed to formulate programs to help those non – visited inmates.
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Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored to certain relevant theories. First theory is the
Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1988) which states that attachment affects human
beings “from the cradle to the grave”. Attachment theory focused on the
relationships and bonds between people, particularly long-term relationships
including those between a parent and child and between romantic partner. This
theory serves to aid in understanding the importance of the development of the
parent-infant or parent-child relationship. According to Bowlby, the lack of
opportunity for regular and sustained contact between an infant and parent will
prevent the development of the infant’s attachment to the parent. After an
attachment has developed, separation from parent can generate a set of adverse
emotional reactions from sadness to anger, which in turn, will interfere with the
optimal development of the child (Sroufe, 1988). Finally, Bowlby’s theory alerts us
to the fact that mothers experience anxiety just as children do when two separated.
This theory supports the present study in a way that non-visited inmates
have an attachment behavior system that helps to control how close or distant they
are from their love ones. The way they develop this system is dependent on their
perception of their attachment figure. When they feel secure that the attachment
figure is present and responsive, non-visited inmate’s attachment behavior system
relaxes. When they wonder whether the attachment figure is missing and or
absent, their attachment behavior system becomes deactivated. They become
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upset and strive to restore closeness to their family or love ones. Inmates who had
better and more intimate relationship to their children and partners showed greater
impact at the time of separation.
Another theory which is found to be related to the present study is Family
System Relationships developed in the mid 1950 by Psychiatrist Murray Bowen.
Family relationships are very complex, and no two families are exactly alike.
Despite these differences, some theories suggest that all families fall into the same
model of the emotional system. This concept is referred to as the Family Systems
Theory. This theory is a concept of looking at the family as a cohesive emotional
unit. According to the FST, family members are intensely emotionally connected.
The family systems theory states that a family functions as a system wherein each
member plays a specific role and must follow certain rules. Based on the roles
within the system, people are expected to interact with and respond to one another
in a certain way. Patterns develop within the system, and each member's
behaviors impact the other members in predictable ways. Depending on the
specific system, these behavioral patterns can lead to either balance or
dysfunction of the system- or both, at various points in time.
This theory helped in the present study in a way that non-visited inmates
may feel they are disconnected from members of their family. The isolation from
their family has a profound impact on their emotions and actions- whether positive
or negative. Drop in communication with family or friends during incarceration may
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lead to increased physical isolation and social disengagement, and trigger
instability and insecurity.
Another theory which is found to be related in the present study is Social Bond
Theory created by Travis Hirschi in 1969. This theory is focus on peers and peer
groups of individuals. The four basic elements of social bond theory are
attachment, commitment, involvement in conventional versus deviant or criminal
activities, and lastly the common value system within an individual’s society or
subgroup. Attachment is described as the level of values and or norms that an
individual hold in society. Attachment is especially important when it come to the
person’s parental figures. Also, the “bond” between mother, father, and child in a
normal nuclear family, is very strong, this in turn has made a blue print of an entire
adult life on the child.
This supports the study in a way that Social bonds theory posits that prison
visitation can help maintain or strengthen positive social bonds through face-to-
face interaction, which can help to prevent incarcerated individuals from engaging
in further criminal behavior upon their release. Further, visitation can offer
individuals the opportunity to preserve or restore relationships that were severed
as a result of their incarceration.
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Conceptual Framework
Demographic
Profile of the
Respondents
 age, Psychological Physical

 gender,
 civil status, Effects of
 educational Non-visitation
attainment,
 length of
Social Emotional
stay in
BJMP, and
 year of last
visitation
Program
Formulation
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 illustrates the interplay between the demographic profile of the
respondents which includes age, gender, civil status, educational attainment,
length of stay in BJMP, year of last visitation and the effects of non-visitation to
inmates in terms of psychological, physical, social and emotional which further
leads to the formulation of a program which will serve as the study’s product.
The indirect relationship of the profile of the respondents to the effects of
non-visitation to inmates which include psychological, physical, social and
emotional.
After assessing the effects of non-visitation to inmates in Batangas
Province, a proposed program design that is hoped to help the non-visited inmates
will be formulated.
With these above cited propositions, this study is guided and sought to
answer the following:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. age,
1.2. gender,
1.3. civil status,
1.4 educational attainment
1.5. length of stay in BJMP, and
1.6. year of last visitation?
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2. To what extent is the effects of non-visitation to inmates in Batangas Province
in terms of:
2.1. psychological,
2.2. physical,
2.3. social, and
2.4. emotional?
3. Is there a significant difference between the assessment of the respondents on
the effects of non-visitation?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the
respondents and their assessment on the effects of non-visitation?
5.Base on the result of the study what program can be proposed?
Hypotheses:
Based on the preceding statement of the problem, the following are the null
hypotheses to be tested in the study.
1. There is no significant difference between the assessment on the effects
of non-visitation.
2. There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the
respondents and their assessment on the effects of non-visitation.
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METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Descriptive method emphasizes that the study focuses at the present
situation. The purpose is to find new truth which may have different form such as
increased quantity of knowledge, a new generalization or new “law” or an
increased insight into factors which are operating, the discovery of new causal
relationship, a more accurate formulation of the problem to be solved, and many
others. Descriptive researchers are significant in providing facts in which scientific
judgment may be based; providing essential knowledge about the nature of objects
and persons; for closer observation into the practices, behavior, methods and
procedures; playing a large part in the development of instruments for the
measurement of many things. I.e., instruments that are employed in all types of
instruments like questionnaires, tests, interviews, checklist, score cards, rating
scales, and observation schedules; and formulating of policies in the local, national
or international level.
Furthermore, descriptive research is kind of the study that explores the
causes of a particular phenomenon. It is a kind of the study that explores the
present conditions or characteristics of research subject. It does not necessarily
involve hypothesis. It is used in different field of studies because of its applicability
to address varied kinds of research problem (Novicio et. al – Villavicencio et. al
2016).
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Sampling Technique
The researchers utilized the population sampling. Population sampling is a
type of purposive sampling where the whole population of interest (i.e., a group
whose members all share a given characteristic) is studied. It is the most practical
because the total number of the respondents are manageable size.
Respondents and Locale of the Study
The respondents of the study are 116 non-visited inmates. The 101 non-
visited male inmates are from BJMP – Lipa and 15 female non-visited inmates are
from BJMP – Batangas.
The two cities had the most number of non-visited inmates so the
researchers had disregarded the respondents in Tanauan City as advised during
the Pre-oral Defense.
Data Gathering Instruments
The questionnaire contains two parts: Part 1 deals about the demographic
profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, educational
attainment, length of stay in BJMP, year of last visitation, and address of relatives.
Part 2 includes the effects of non-visitation to inmates in terms of: Psychological,
physical, social and emotional. The researchers distributed the questionnaires
personally to achieve a hundred percent retrieval. It took two days to finish the
distribution and retrieval of questionnaires.
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Validation of Research Instrument
In order to test the validity and reliability of the research instrument, the
researchers seek the assistance of people who are expert in the field of sociology
and psychology, Mr. Renato Maligaya, Mr. Aldwin R. Jose and Kristine Joy
Bautista respectively.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers used the step by step procedure to come up with this study
on the effects of non-visitation to inmates in Batangas Province. The researchers
began with the formulation of different titles corresponding with the different ideas
of researchers of what they want to study then proposed to the research adviser.
After being approved, the researchers submitted a request letter to the BJMP
Regional Office to have clearance to conduct study in different jails in Batangas
Province. After the approval of request, the researchers submitted letters to BJMP
– Lipa, BJMP - Tanauan and BJMP – Batangas for the purpose of proving that
there are really effects of non-visitation to inmates. By having a copy of data
regarding the number of non-visited inmates, it proved that there are problem
existing. When the data has already gathered, the researchers were able to
provide their statement of the problem. Then it was proposed as a title to the Dean
of the College of Criminology for approval.
In addition, the researchers used some books and unpublished thesis from
Lipa City Colleges Learning Resource Center, First Asia Institute of Technology
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and Humanities Learning Resource Center and Lyceum of the Philippines
Learning Resource Center as references to their related literatures and local
studies. They also scanned and browsed internet websites for additional foreign
literatures and study; and research for theoretical frameworks that can support the
study. The researchers also interviewed the non-visited inmates. From this, the
researchers constructed a questionnaire and presented to their thesis adviser by
three experts namely, Mr. Renato Maligaya (sociologist), Mr. Alwin R. Jose
(psychometrician) and Ms. Kristine Joy Bautista (psychometrician). Finally, the
questionnaires were administered to the respondents of the study, tallied them and
brought back to the statistician for the interpretation. Gathered were analyzed and
interpreted through the use of the most statistical tools and procedures with the
help of statistician.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The statistical tools used to interpret the data gathered from the
respondents were frequency count, percentage, ranking, weighted mean,
correlation coefficient t-test and correlated t-test.
The frequency count was used to determine the relative distribution of the
respondent’s profile.
Percentage was used to determine the relationship of a part to the whole.
The formula used to compute this is as follows:
𝒇
𝑷= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵
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Where:
P = computed percentage
f = frequency
N = total number of respondents
100% = constant multiplier
Ranking was used to arrange the different indicators of the study as
perceived by the respondents.
Weighted Mean was used to determine the average effects of non –
visitation to inmates.
The formula is:

𝐓𝐕
𝐖𝐌 = Or 𝐖𝐌 = 𝐟(𝐱)
𝐍
Where: WM - Weighted Mean

F - Frequency
N - Total number of respondents
TV - Total Value
- Summation symbol
Correlation Coefficient was used measure the strength between variables
and relationships.
The formula is:
Where: Σx = sum of x scores
Σy = sum of y scores
Σxy = sum of products of paired scores
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Σx2 = sum of squared x scores
Σy2 = sum of squared y scores
n = number of paires of scores
Lastly, T-test uses means and standard deviations of two samples to make
a comparison. The formula for T-test is given below:
Where,
x¯¯¯ = Mean of first set of values
x¯¯¯2 = Mean of second set of values
S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values
S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values
n1 = Total number of values in first set
n2 = Total number of values in second set.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents. Tables 1 – 6 show the distribution of profile
of the Inmate-Respondents.
Table 1. Age Profile of the Inmate-Respondents from the BJMP
Age (Male) Age (Female)

F P R F P R
30 – 39 years old 44 43.56 1 30 – 39 years old 6 40.00 1

60 years old and 2 1.98 5 60 years old and 0 0 5
above above
Total 101 100 Total 15 100
As stated in Table 1, the age range of 30 – 39 years old gained the highest
frequency count of 44 or 43.56% at rank 1 for the inmate-respondents from Lipa
City while 60 years old and above got the least frequency count of two or 1.98%
at rank 5.
On the part of the inmate-respondents from Batangas City, the age range
also of 30 – 39 years old made the highest frequency count of six or 40.00% at
rank 1 while 40 – 49 years old had a frequency of eight or 30.69% at rank 2
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whereas 50 – 59 years old yielded the least frequency count of two or 13.33% at
rank 4. None of them had an age of 60 years old and above.
As to the profile of the respondents from BJMP within the two cities of
Batangas in terms of age, majority are 30 – 39 years old.
These findings only signify that most of non-visited inmates are young
adults. Non-visitation of young adults might have negative impact on them.
Research has demonstrated that family involvement decreases fights in facilities,
reduces recidivism (the rate of return to prison once released), and boosts success
when returning home. But despite these findings, prisons are often located in
extremely isolated places making it difficult, and at times impossible, for families
to stay in contact with their loved ones (excerpt from
https://www.vera.org/blog/why-reimagining-prison-for-young-adults-matters)
Table 2. Gender Profile of the Inmate-Respondents from the BJMP

F P R
Male 101 87.07 1
Female 15 12.93 2
Total 116 100
As given in Table 2, all the inmate-respondents from Lipa City, (101 or
100%), were male while all the inmate-respondents also from Batangas City, (15
or 100%) were female.

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The results revealed that both male and female inmates are not visited. To
support this, according to Black (2015), in Tallahassee, Florida more than 50% of
men inmates never receive a visit while incarcerated and it is not uncommon that
children are mislead about their father’s location, being told that he is in a hospital
or away on business. Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of family
contact during incarceration, whether contact is sustained upon release, and how
contact influences entry and re-entry among incarcerated men in general; even
less is known about contact with incarcerated fathers.
In addition to this, Siennick et. al., (2013) explored the association between
parental stress and the amount of prior contact, as well as the type and frequency
of current contact between incarcerated children and their mothers. This study
found out that females significantly experience non-visitation and associated high
level of stress and depressions.
Table 3. Civil Status Profile of the Inmate-Respondents from the BJMP
Male Female
Civil status F P R Civil status F P R
Married 52 51.49 1 Single 5 33.33 1
Separated 26 25.74 2 Separated 4 26.67 2.5
Single 23 22.77 3 Widowed 4 26.67 2.5
Widowed 0 0 4 Married 2 13.33 4
Total 101 100 15 100
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As gleaned in Table 3, married obtained the highest frequency count of 52
or 51.49% at rank 1 for the inmate-respondents from Lipa City. On the other hand,
23 of them or 22.77% at rank 3, the least were still single.
For the inmate-respondents from Batangas City, single got the highest
frequency count of five or 33.33% at rank 1 while married gained the least
frequency count of two or 13.33% at rank 4.
This only implies that most of non-visited inmates in BJMP - Lipa are
married while non-visited female inmates in BJMP - Batangas are single. To
support this result, according to the National Census, inmates are about twice as
likely to be in the “never married” category as the general population and three
times as likely to be “married”. At this point, the number of prisoners was highest
among the married and followed by unmarried
people (excerpt from https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=46024).
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Table 4. Educational Attainment Profile of the Inmate-Respondents from
the BJMP
Educational Male Educational Female

Attainment Attainment
F P R F P R
High School 32 31.68 1 High School 6 40.00 1

Undergraduate Undergraduate
High School 23 22.77 2.5 Elementary 5 33.33 2
Graduate Graduate
Elementary Graduate 23 22.77 2.5 College 1 6.67 4.5
Undergraduate
Vocational Graduate 12 11.88 4 College 1 6.67 4.5
Graduate
Elementary 7 6.93 5 Highschool 1 6.67 4.5
Undergraduate Graduate
College 3 2.97 6 Elementary 1 6.67 4.5
Undergraduate Undergraduate
College Graduate 1 0.99 7 Vocational 0 0 7
Graduate
Total 101 100 Total 15 100
As revealed in Table 4, High School Undergraduate got the highest
frequency count of 32 or 31.68% at rank 1 for the inmate-respondents from Lipa
City whereas only one or 0.99% at rank 7 was College Graduate.
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For the educational attainment profile of the inmate-respondents from
Batangas City, six of them or 40.00% at rank 1 were High School undergraduates
whereas Elementary undergraduate, high school graduate, college undergraduate
and college graduate got equal frequency counts of one or 6.67 percent at ranks
4.5, the least.
With regards to educational attainment, most of the respondents from BJMP
Lipa and Batangas were high school undergraduates.
This only means that that undergraduates are more prone to commit crimes
compared to educated one. According to Zoukis (2015), inmates are significantly
less educated than the general population of adults. When looking at the
educational level of inmates, it is clear there is a deep need for education. It’s twice
as common for inmates to have only a grade eight education or less, and a high
percentage of prisoners don’t have a high school diploma or equivalent or a college
education. Learning disabilities are common and prisoners with an ethnic minor
background tend to have lower education levels.

Table 5. Length of Stay in the BJMP of the Inmate-Respondents
Length of Stay Male Female

in the BJMP F P R F P R
1 – 3 years 73 72.28 1 13 86.67 1

4 – 6 years 28 27.72 2 2 13.33 2
Total 101 100 15 100
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As reflected in Table 5, 73 or 72.28% at rank 1 from the inmates in Lipa City
stayed in the BJMP for 1 – 3 years while 28 or 27.72% at rank 2 stayed in the
BJMP for 4 – 6 years.
On the part of the inmate-respondents from Batangas City, 13 of them or
86.67% at rank 1 stayed in the BJMP for 1 – 3 years whereas two or 13.33% at
rank 2 also stayed for 4 – 6 years.
Results revealed that majority of the inmate respondents from Lipa and
Batangas City stayed at the BJMP for 1 – 3 years. Only means that almost three
years they don’t have any contact with their family or love ones. The study of
Rodriguez et. al., (2016) stated that substantial proportion of inmates in Arizona,
ranging from 45-70%, are never visited for about three years during their stay in
prison.
Table 6. Last Visit of the Relatives of the Inmate-Respondents
Last Visit of Relatives Male Female
F P R F P R
None 90 89.11 1 15 100 1
2016 8 7.92 2 0 0 2.5
2015 3 2.97 3 0 0 2.5
Total 101 100 15 100
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As discussed in Table 6, 90 or 89.11% at rank 1 of the inmate-respondents
from Lipa City had no visit from their relatives during their stay in the BJMP the
highest while three of them or 2.97% at rank 3 had their last visit of relatives on
2015.
For the inmate-respondents from Batangas City, all the 15 inmate-
respondents or 100% at rank 1 had no visit.
With regards to the last visit of the relatives of the inmate-respondents from
BJMP Lipa and Batangas majority are not visited. Researchers cited different
reasons, first, although a majority of prison inmates are from urban areas, most
major prisons are located in rural areas far from the city center. Data from the
Bureau of Justice Statistics revealed that more than half of prisoners with children
live more than 100 miles from where they lived before prison, and 10% lived more
than 500 miles away. Given that many prisoners come from poverty, their families
cannot typically afford the costs associated with visiting prisons so far away. The
second impediment to prison visitation are the administrative policies of prisons.
Few prison visitation programs are designed to encourage visits. Rather, most
visitation programs are subordinate to safety and security procedures. Many
prisons perform background checks on potential visitors and bar anyone with a
criminal background. The state has begun charging visitors for background
checks, adding to the financial burdens of visiting families. Also, visitation hours
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are usually limited to a few hours and only on certain days of the week. The
Supreme Court has affirmed the rights of prison administrators to limit visitation
programs for the sake of facility security and safety. The last major barrier to
visitation involves the nature of many visitation programs and the uncomfortable
settings, that is why family members of inmates failed to visit their incarcerated
love ones. Generally speaking, prisons are not designed for the comfort of
prisoners or visitors. The families of inmates often travel long distances to prisons,
only to wait in line for hours in rooms that sometimes have no bathrooms or
vending machines, and poor circulation. After waiting for hours, visitors usually
meet with inmates in large multipurpose rooms, where they are closely watched
and allowed little physical contact (Schirmer et. al., 2009)
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Table 7. Assessment of the Inmate - Respondents on the Effects of Non- Visitation
to Inmates in Batangas Province in Terms of Psychological
Male Female
Items Items
WM VI R WM VI R
Dahil walang bumibisita Dahil walang

o dumadalaw sa akin bumibisita o
ako ay nakararanas ng: dumadalaw sa akin
ako ay nakararanas
ng ng:
labis na pagsisisi sa 4.47 LS 1 labis na pagsisisi sa 3.93 S 1
nagawang kasalanan nagawang kasalanan
sobrang pag-aalala sa 4.44 LS 2 kawalan ng pag- 3.80 S 2
pamilya o kamag-anak asang matupad ang
mga pangarap sa
buhay
hindi nakakapag 4.20 LS 3 sobrang pag-aalala sa 3.73 S 3.5
desisyon ng ayos pamilya o kamag-
anak
kawalan ng pag- asang 4.03 S 4 hindi nakakapag- 3.73 S 3.5
matupad ang mga desisyon ng ayos
pangarap sa buhay
nawawala ang 4.02 S 5 nawawala ang 3.60 S 5
konsentrasyon sa mga konsentrasyon sa
bagay-bagay bagay-bagay
pag-iisip na tapusin na 3.95 S 6.5 hindi na kukuntento 3.53 S 6
ang buhay sa mga bagay na
mayroon na sa buhay
pagkabalisa at hindi 3.95 S 6.5 pagkabalisa at hindi 3.47 S 7
mapakali sa loob ng mapakali sa loob ng
bilangguan bilangguan
pagkatulala o natitigilan 3.93 S 8 pagkatulala o 3.20 MS 8
kapag may gawain natitigilan kapag may
gawain
hindi nakukuntento sa 3.79 S 9 pag-iisip na tapusin 3.07 MS 9
mga bagay na mayroon na ang buhay
na sa buhay
nawawala sa sarili sa 3.66 S 10 nawawala sa sarili sa 2.87 MS 10
labis na pag-iisip labis na pag-iisip
Composite Mean 4.04 S Composite Mean 3.49 S
Legend: LS = Lubusang sumasang-ayon WM = Weighted Mean
S = Sumasang-ayon VI = Verbal Interpretation
MS = Medyo Sumasang-ayon R = Rank
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As gleaned in Table 7, the inmate-respondents from Lipa City strongly
agreed on the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay nakararanas
ako ng labis na pagsisisi sa nagawang kasalanan” which gained the highest
weighted mean of 4.47 and the highest rank of 1. On the contrary, they agreed on
the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay nakararanas ako ng
nawawala sa sarili sa labis na pag-iisip” which got the least weighted mean of 3.66
and the least rank of 10.
For the inmate-respondents from Batangas City, majority of the
respondents agreed on the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay
nakararanas ako ng labis na pagsisisi sa nagawang kasalanan” with the highest
weighted mean of 3.93 and the highest rank of 1. On the other hand, they
moderately agreed on the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay
nakararanas ako ng nawawala sa sarili sa labis na pag-iisip” which got the least
weighted mean of 2.87 and the least rank of 10.
The composite means were 4.04 for the inmate-respondents from Lipa City
and 3.49 for the inmate-respondents from Batangas City which safely implied that
respondents agreed that they are affected psychologically by non-visitation.
Findings only revealed that inmates who are not visited by their family or
love ones experience the feeling of guilt or they blame themselves for their wrong
doings. These feelings might lead to depression. Anybody who’s been depressed
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can tell you that feelings of guilt and self-blame can be overwhelming. In fact, the
tendency to blame oneself excessively (and inappropriately) is a key factor in
depression. The brains of depressed people have a “gap” in the communication
between two key areas, which may explain why depression is so hard to overcome,
and relapse so common (Tangney et. al., 2012).
Jail inmates, as a group, do not lack the capacity to experience guilt or self-
blame. Inmates prone to depression feel guilty or blame themselves, but not when
they feel angry or blame others. This could reflect a lack of access to details about
what exactly was inappropriate about their behavior when feeling guilty, thereby
extending guilt to things they are not responsible for and feeling guilty for
everything. Guilt and Self-blame are one of the most toxic forms of emotional
abuse experienced by inmates while they were in prison (Zahn, 2012).
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to Inmates in Batangas Province in Terms of Physical
Male Female
Items Items
WM VI R WM VI R
Dahil wala ng Dahil wala ng

bumibisita o bumibisita o
dumadalaw sa akin ako dumadalaw sa akin ako
ay nakararanas ng: ay nakararanas ng:
kakulangan sa tulog o 4.11 S 1 kawalan ng 4.00 S 1
pagkapuyat pangangalaga sa sarili
pagbaba ng timbang o 4.05 S 2 kakulangan sa tulog o 3.87 S 2
pamamayat pagkapuyat
kawalan ng ganang 3.91 S 3 kawalan ng ganang 3.47 S 3.5
kumain kumain
panghihina ng 3.84 S 4 pagbaba ng timbang o 3.47 S 3.5
pangangatawan dahil pamamayat
sa kakulangan ng
gawaing pisikal
kawalan ng 3.82 S 5 pagiging matamlay 3.13 MS 5
pangangalaga sa sarili
pagiging matamlay 3.75 S 6 pagiging masasakitin 3.07 MS 6
pagiging masasakitin 3.69 S 7 panghihina ng 2.80 MS 7

pangangatawan dahil
sa kakulangan ng
gawaing pisikal
labis na pagkapagod 3.57 S 8 pagsakit ng iba’t-ibang 2.73 MS 8
parte ng katawan
pagsakit ng iba’t-ibang 3.39 S 9 labis na pagkapagod 2.67 MS 9
parte ng katawan
panlalagas ng buhok o 2.64 MS 10 panlalagas ng buhok o 2.00 DS 10

pagkakaroon ng sakit pagkakaroon ng sakit
sa balat sa balat
Composite Mean 3.68 S Composite Mean 3.12 MS
Legend: S = Sumasang-ayon WM = Weighted Mean
MS = Medyo Sumasang-ayon VI = Verbal Interpretation
DS = Di-Sumasang-ayon R = Rank
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As shown in Table 8, majority of the inmate-respondents from Lipa City
ako ng kakulangan sa tulog o pagkapuyat” which made the highest weighted mean
of 4.11 and the highest rank of 1 while they moderately agreed on the item “dahil
walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay nakararanas ako ng panlalagas ng
buhok o pagkakaroon ng sakit sa balat” which yielded the least weighted mean of
2.64 and the least rank of 10.
Regarding the assessment of the inmate-respondents from Batangas City,
majority agreed on the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay
nakararanas ako ng kawalan ng pangangalaga sa sarili” with the highest weighted
mean of 4.00 and the highest rank of 1. Meanwhile, majority disagreed on the item
“dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa kanila ay nakararanas sila ng panlalagas
ng buhok o pagkakaroon ng sakit sa balat” which got the least weighted mean of
2.00 and the least rank of 10.
and 3.12 for the inmate-respondents from Batangas City which safely signified that
the said respondents from Lipa City agreed whereas the respondents from
Batangas City moderately agreed that non-visitation affects them physically.
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Findings revealed that male inmates who are not visited by their love ones
are experiencing lack of sleep while female inmates who are not visited failed to
take care of themselves properly.
In this connection the study of Steadman et., al (2009) revealed different
illness that might experience by inmates due to non – visitation by their love ones.
These illness are: (a) difficulty sleeping or excessive sleeping, (b) fatigue and lack
of energy, (c) a dramatic change in appetite resulting in a 5% change in weight
(gain or loss) in one month, (d) feelings of worthlessness self-hate, and guilt, (e)
inability to concentrate, think clearly, or make decisions, (f) agitation, restlessness,
and irritability, (g) inactivity and withdrawal from typical pleasurable activities, (h)
feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, and (i) thoughts of death or suicide.
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to Inmates in Batangas Province in Terms of Social
Items Male Items Female
WM VI R WM VI R
Dahil walang bumibisita Dahil walang bumibisita
o dumadalaw sa akin o dumadalaw sa akin
ako ay nakararanas ng: ako ay nakararanas ng:
nawawalan ng interes 3.75 S 1 nahihirapang iangkop 3.47 S 1
sa mga bagay na dati ang sarili sa loob ng
ay gustong gawin kulungan
nahihirapang iangkop 3.65 S 2 nawawalan ng interes 3.13 MS 2
ang sarili sa loob ng sa mga bagay na dati
kulungan ay gustong gawin
hindi pagtitiwala sa 3.45 S 3 hirap na makisalamuha 3.07 MS 3
ibang preso/kasamahan sa ibang preso
kagustuhang laging 3.44 S 4 hindi pakiki-isa sa mga 3.00 MS 4

mapag-isa aktibidad ng institusyon
nalalabag ang mga 3.38 MS 5 kagustuhang laging 2.93 MS 5
patakaran sa loob ng mapag-isa
kulungan
hirap na makisalamuha 3.30 MS 6 hindi pagtitiwala sa 2.80 MS 6
sa ibang preso ibang
preso/kasamahan
pagkakasangkot sa 3.29 MS 7 walang pakialam sa 2.73 MS 7
mga komosyon o away nangyayari sa loob ng
sa loob ng kulungan institusyon
hindi pakiki-isa sa mga 3.12 MS 8 nalalabag ang mga 2.60 MS 8.5
aktibidad ng institusyon patakaran sa loob ng
kulungan
walang gustong lumapit 2.95 MS 9 walang gustong lumapit 2.60 MS 8.5
at makipag-usap saakin at makipag-usap
saakin
walang pakialam sa 2.88 MS 10 pagkakasangkot sa 2.53 DS 10
nangyayari sa loob ng mga komosyon o away
institusyon sa loob ng kulungan
Composite Mean 3.32 MS Composite Mean 2.89 MS
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As discussed, the inmate-respondents from Lipa City agreed on the item
“dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay nakararanas ako ng nawawalan
ng interes sa mga bagay na dati ay gustong gawin” with the highest weighted mean
of 3.75 and the highest rank of 1 while they moderately agreed on the item “dahil
walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay nakararanas ako ng walang pakialam
sa nangyayari sa loob ng institusyon” which got the least weighted mean of 2 88
and the least rank of 10.
For the assessment of the inmate-respondents from Batangas City, they
ako ng nahihirapang iangkop ang sarili sa loob ng kulungan” which made the
highest weighted mean of 3.47 and the highest rank of 1 whereas the inmate-
respondents disagreed on the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin
ay nakararanas ako ng pagkakasangkot sa mga komosyon o away sa loob ng
kulungan” with the least weighted mean of 2.53 and the least rank of 10.
and 2.89 for the inmate-respondents from Batangas City which safely generalized
that the said respondents moderately agreed that socially they are affected by non-
visitation.
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Findings signify that male inmates who are not frequently visited by their
love ones lost their interest on the different activities while female inmates
experienced difficulties in adapting to prison environment.
This result is related to the study of Drury and Delisi (2010), which stated
that individuals with lack of visitors are also lack in social capital or a stake in
conformity and may be more likely to reoffend. Visitation have a negative effect in
copping prison environment. Inmates may experience a strong feeling of longing
due to separation from the home environment, yearning to go back home, loss of
interest, constant feeling of loneliness, etc.
In addition, the adaptation to imprisonment is almost always difficult and, at
times, creates habits of thinking and acting that can be dysfunctional in periods of
post-prison adjustment. It is important to emphasize that these are the natural and
normal adaptations made by prisoners in response to the unnatural and abnormal
conditions of prisoner life. The dysfunctionality of these adaptations is not
"pathological" in nature (even though, in practical terms, they may be destructive
in effect). They are "normal" reactions to a set of pathological conditions that
become problematic when they are taken to extreme lengths, or become chronic
and deeply internalized (so that, even though the conditions of one's life have
changed, many of the once-functional but now counterproductive patterns remain)
(excerpt from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447348/).
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Table 10. Assessment of the Inmate - Respondents on the Effects of Non-
Visitation to Inmates in Batangas Province in Terms of Emotional
Male Female
Items Items
WM VI R WM VI R
Dahil walang bumibisita Dahil walang bumibisita
o dumadalaw sa akin o dumadalaw sa akin ako
ako ay nakararanas ng: ay nakararanas ng:
nagkakaroon ng inggit 4.22 LS 1 nagkakaroon ng inggit sa 4.07 S 1
sa ibang presong ibang presong
nakakatanggap ng nakakatanggap ng dalaw
dalaw o bisita o bisita
nararamdaman na hindi 4.21 LS 2 nararamdaman na wala 4.00 S 2
na mahal ng kamag- ng halaga ang sarili
anak o pamilya
pagiging malungkutin 4.14 S 3 pagiging sobrang 3.93 S 3
sa sinapit sa buhay sensitibo
nararamdaman na wala 4.09 S 4 madalas mairita ng 3.87 S 4

ng halaga ang sarili walang dahilan
pabago-bago ng 3.95 S 5 pagkimkim ng sama ng 3.80 S 5.5

nararamdaman o mood loob sa pamilya o
swing kamag-anak
pagiging sobrang 3.91 S 6 nararamdaman na hindi 3.80 S 5.5
sensitibo na mahal ng kamag-anak
o pamilya
pagiging tahimik 3.85 S 7.5 pagiging malungkutin sa 3.73 S 7
sinapit sa buhay
pagiging mainitin ang 3.85 S 7.5 pabago-bago ng 3.60 S 8
ulo sa mga bagay na di nararamdaman o mood
naman kagalit-galit swing
madalas mairita ng 3.81 S 9 pagiging mainitin ang ulo 3.53 S 9
walang dahilan sa mga bagay na di
naman kagalit-galit
pagkimkim ng sama ng 3.80 S 10 pagiging tahimik 3.47 S 10
loob sa pamilya o
kamag-anak
Composite Mean 3.98 S Composite Mean 3.78 S
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Out of ten items listed in Table 10, the inmate-respondents from Lipa City
strongly agreed on the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay
nakararanas ako ng pagkaroon ng inggit sa ibang presong nakakatanggap ng
dalaw o bisita” with the highest obtained weighted mean of 4.22 and a rank of 1
while they agreed on the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay
nakararanas ako ng pagkimkim ng sama ng loob sa pamilya o kamag-anak” with
the least weighted mean of 3.80 and least rank of 10.
On the part of the inmate-respondents from Batangas City, they agreed on
the item “dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay nakararanas ako ng
pagkaroon ng inggit sa ibang presong nakakatanggap ng dalaw o bisita” which
made the highest weighted mean of 4.07 and the highest rank of 1 while the item
“dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ay nakararanas ako ng pagiging
tahimik” which is verbally interpreted as agree with least weighted mean of 3.47
and least rank of 10.
and 3.78 for the inmate-respondents from Batangas City which safely concluded
that the said respondents agreed on the emotional effects of non-visitation.
Inmates who are not visited feel envious to the other inmates who are
frequently visited by their love ones. This finding is related to the study conducted
by Bezanson (2009) who stated that jealousy among inmates is common,
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especially to those who are not visited by their love ones. He further explain that
inmates observe other inmates closely and become envious of the changes in their
lives. Even in jail setting transformed inmates exhibit peace, patience and love,
and the other inmates want it. Inmates are more likely to think about a person they
envy and pay attention to details about them. Jealousy and envy are two emotions
that could be described as the toxic renewable energy that fuels much of the
negative behavior that is both running and ruining the inmates.
Table 11. Significant Difference Between the Assessment of the Inmate-

Respondents on the Effects of Non-visitation
Variables t-value p-value Decision Interpretation
Psychological 4.05 0.00075 p<0.01, Reject Highly Significant

Ho
Physical 2.38 0.02858 p<0.05, Reject Significant
Ho
Social 3.41 0.00312 p<0.01, Reject Highly Significant
Ho
Emotional 2.47 0.02374 p<0.05, Reject Significant
Ho
As stated in Table 11, the computed t-values of 4.05 for psychological and
3.41 for social have corresponding p-values of 0.00075 and 0.00312, respectively
which were less than the p-value of 0.01, thus rejecting the null hypothesis.
In addition, the computed t-values of 2.38 for physical and 2.47 for
emotional have corresponding p-values of 0.02858 and 0.02374, respectively
which were less than the p-value of 0.05, thus rejecting the null hypothesis.
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These safely generalized that the assessment of the inmate-respondents
on the effects of non-visitation have high significant difference in terms of
psychological and social and significant differences in terms of physical and
emotional.
With regards to the effects of non-visitation of the inmate respondents from
BJMP Lipa and Batangas they implied that the effects have high significant
difference in terms of psychological and social and significant difference in terms
of physical and emotional.
These findings are supported by Moran (2013) examined visitation as an
event that occurs or not—that is, the inmate was visited or was not visited—rather
than as one that may vary in quality and quantity and that may be patterned in
different ways over the course of a prison term. Research has indicated that non-
visited individuals can experience extreme distress and are at increased risk for a
range of health problems, in terms of physical and psychological functioning and
well-being.
In addition, according to Visher and O’Connell (2012) prison visitation can
significantly improve the transition offenders make from the institution to the
community. Visit reduced the risk of recidivism by 13% for felony reconvictions and
25% for technical violation revocations, which reflects the fact that visitation
generally had a greater impact on revocations. However, findings further showed
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that less and no visitations were associated with increased risk of recidivism. The
results also suggest that the less sources of social support an offender has, the
higher the risk of recidivism.
Further, according to Mears (2012), incarceration by definition, involves
separation from family, friends, and the broader network of social relationships that
inmates had prior to imprisonment. The separation is a central part of what makes
incarceration a punishment and it constitutes a central area of concern among
inmates. Even so, few studies have explored the effects of visitation on inmates’
emotional and behavioral conditions either during incarceration or after release
from prison. However, the percentage of inmates never visited greatly exceeds
that figure found that only 24% and 39% of prisoners, respectively, received 1 or
more visits. Specifically, interviews with inmates who had attempted suicide
suggested that they had fewer friends among fellow prisoners and never received
visits, wrote fewer letters and missed specific people (family members or mates).
This idea not only pervades the literature on inmate visitation but it is also reflected
in prisoner accounts. Inmates who reported less family support and who stayed in
prison for longer periods of time had less optimism about their life following prison.
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Table 12. Significant Relationship Between the Profile of the Respondents
and their Assessment on the Effects of Non-visitation
Variables Corr. p-value Decision Interpretation
Coeff.
Age 0.52 0.00584 p<0.01, Highly Significant
Reject Ho
Gender 0.83 0.00000 p<0.01, Highly Significant
Reject Ho
Civil Status 0.56 0.00017 p<0.01, Highly Significant
Reject Ho
Educational 0.46 0.00282 p<0.01, Highly Significant
Attainment Reject Ho
Length of Stay 0.64 0.00009 p<0.01, Highly Significant
in the BJMP Reject Ho
Last Visit of 0.74 0.00000 p<0.01, Highly Significant
Relatives Reject Ho
As written in Table 12, the computed correlation coefficients 0.52 for age,
0.83 for gender, 0.56 for civil status, 0.46 for educational attainment, 0.64 for length
of stay in the BJMP, 0.74 for last visit of the relatives have corresponding p-values
of 0.000584, 0.00000, 0.00017, 0.00282, 0.00009 and 0.00000, respectively which
were less than the p-value of 0.01, thus rejecting the null hypothesis.
These safely concluded that the assessment of the inmate-respondents on
the effects of non-visitation have high significant relationships when grouped
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according to their age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, length of stay
in the BJMP, and last visit of the relatives.
These results are supported by Cochran et. al., (2014) which stated that
female inmates are likely to have stronger, more stable social networks. Females
are also more likely to take a more substantial role in the care taking of children
than are males and to put more effort into maintaining ties with family and friends.
This work suggests that females experience more contact and be visited more
often than males during incarceration.
Prior research suggests that younger inmates may experience more
visitation than mid age and older inmates. Although young adulthood is the period
during which offending peaks and social bonds may begin to weaken, younger
offenders are more likely than other offenders to still be involved with their family,
including parents, guardians, and siblings. Over time, older inmates are more likely
to have drifted away from tight-knit family and peer groups.
Minority inmates typically have fewer years of formal education, experience
greater socioeconomic disadvantage, and have had more frequent contact with
the criminal justice system. Their potential visitors—their family and community
members—are likely to share many of these characteristics. Thus, minority groups
may experience less visitation because their outside social ties have fewer social
and economic resources, experience greater difficulty in obtaining transportation
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to prisons, have difficulty paying fees associated with visitation, and, more
generally, may face more challenges in overcoming the many barriers to visitation
(Cochran et. al., 2014).
In addition, according to Wakefield and Uggen (2010), approximately more
than half of both men and women inmates are married. For this large number of
inmates, visits from the spouse are usually a possibility. We may ask: Is it practical
to try to preserve a marriage when one partner is imprisoned? One further point
about the martial situation: one of the obligations of marriage that contributes to
the husband's self-respect is the support of his wife and children. Prisoners almost
inevitably lose this sense of obligation. Prisons usually pay only a token wage to
prisoners, whatever else they earn being absorbed by the overpowering cost of
prison operation. In addition, many reasons beyond the prison's control make it
impossible to give full employment to prisoners. The inability of the prisoner-
husband to aid wife and children undermines family unity.
All prisons permit spouses (and other categories of relatives and friends) to
visit prisoners in the prison. Almost without exception these visits are infrequent
and brief. The husband or wife who lives at a distance is allowed to stay longer on
infrequent visits. Some administrators gave reasons for the short and infrequent
visits. Old overcrowded prisons do not have enough space for frequent visits;
prisoners are rotated through the visiting room as often as possible. Another
handicap was limited supervisory prison staff. It seems probable also that in many
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prisons customary practices are followed year after year without a definite policy
or review of the situation.
Further, according to Nagin et. al (2009), the most important relationship
disrupted by imprisonment for adolescents is with their parents and for adults with
their intimate partners or children. These primary relationships allow prisoners to
maintain their social identity and provide a sense of security, well-being, and an
assurance of worth suggested that the maintenance of these relationships
throughout the sentence leads to decreased recidivism and improved mental
health and family reunification after release. However, a study found that those
who received visits had lower offending rates than those who did not. Contact with
children is viewed as having a positive effect on a parent’s relationship with their
child(ren), and many parents work hard to maintain contact during periods of
separation. Indeed, review found benefits of child contact for incarcerated parents
in reduced distress levels and better parent– child relationships for both male and
female prisoners. However, this relationship is complicated. Although a lack of
contact with their child may have negative consequences for the prisoner, bringing
their children into the prison environment may not feel appropriate and limit any
positive effects. While for female prisoners, there is little evidence that adult
intimate relationships are protective the consensus is that they are protective for
male offenders. There are difficulties associated with maintaining visits throughout
a prison sentence. Although some prisoners may see visits as the highlight of their
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time, their families can view visits as difficult emotionally and practically and prison
staff see visits as organizationally problematic.
Recommended Program to the Effects of Non-Visitation to Inmates in
Batangas Province
Based on the findings, the researchers suggested some programs for the non-
visited inmates and their families. These programs are all listed in the proposed
action plan of this study.
The action plan propounded by the researchers is a combination of their self-
made plans and adopted ideas from the findings of the study. The researchers
suggested programs that may help the non-visited inmates to reduce the effects
of non-visitation in their psychological, physical, social and emotional aspects.
First, there should be a counselling of non-visited inmates to give advice and
treatment for those who suffer excessive feeling of guilt and self-blame. Second,
there should be regular checkups to monitor health condition of those who suffer
lack of sleep and self-care. Third, there should be Sports Activities to make those
who experience loss of interest and difficulty in adjusting prison environment
cooperative, learned how to deal with others, had respect authority, kept
themselves busy, felt comfortable and relieved. Fourth, there should be Emotional
Modification Program to assist those who suffer envy, feeling of worthless and
feeling of not being love by their family in managing, handling and coping their
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emotions. Fifth, the BJMP should expand visitation hours during evenings and
weekends, to accommodate visitors who are employed or have to travel long
distances. Lastly, renovation of visitation area, to improve the quality of visitation
and to make sure that visitation rooms are clean, comfortable, and hospitable.
Through this action plan, the non-visited inmates can now be easily recovered
from the effects brought by non-visitation.
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PROGRAM
Action Plan
Program for the Effects of Non-Visitation to Inmates
Mission
This program aims to help the non-visited inmates by means of giving
attention on the psychological, social, physical and emotional aspect of their
lives.
Target Date: January to December 2019
Activities Object Date / Time People / Success /
Agency Indicator
Involved
Counselling To give Every Sunday Psychologist, Non-visited
advice and non-visited inmates will
treatment for Inmates be able to
those who cope up with
suffer their situation
excessive and be
feeling of guilt guided on
and self- their situation
blame
Check ups To monitor Regularly Department of Non-visited
health Health, non- inmates may
condition of visited have quality
those who inmates health care
suffer lack of and assess
sleep and their health
self-care issues with
proper
treatment.
Sports To make 2019 BJMP, non- Non-visited
Activities those who visited inmates may
experience inmates have friends
loss of and
interest and opportunities
difficulty in to
adjusting communicate
prison to other
environment inmates /
cooperative, people so
learned how that they will
to deal with not get bored
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others, had while inside
respect the jail
authority, kept
themselves
busy, felt
comfortable
and relieved
Behavior To assist Every Sunday BJMP, Non-visited
Modification those who Psychologists, inmates will
Programs suffer envy, Non-visitation learn how to
feeling of Inmates manage,
worthless and handle and
feeling of not cope in their
being love by emotions
their family in
managing,
handling and
coping their
emotions
Expanding To Evenings and BJMP, Family Non-visited
visitation accommodate Weekends members, inmates may
hours visitors who Non-visitation have the
are employed inmates chance to see
or have to and
travel long communicate
distances. to their
families.
Renovation of To improve 2019 BJMP, Local Visitors will
visitation area the quality of Government, be
visitation, Non-visited comfortable
To make sure inmates during
that visitation visitation and
rooms are will likely to
clean, come and
comfortable, visit the
and inmates.
hospitable.
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Conclusions
Based on the significant findings of the study, the following conclusions
were made:
1. Most of the non-visited inmates were 30 – 39 years old, male, married, high
school undergraduates and in jail for 1 – 3 years.
2. Inmates who are not visited by their love ones experience psychological
problem such as feeling of guilt and self-blame, worrying about their family
and losing hope that they can achieve more in their lives.
3. In terms of physical aspect inmates who are not frequently visited
experienced lack of sleep, self-care and lost weight.
4. In terms of social aspect inmates who are not visited loss their interest to
the different activities and difficulty in adjusting prison environment.
5. Inmates who are not frequently visited by their love ones become envious
to those inmates, feeling of worthless and not love by their family who are
visited by their family are the effects of non-visitation in their emotional
aspect.
6. The assessment of the inmate-respondents on the effects of non-visitation
have high significant difference in terms of psychological and social and
significant difference in terms of physical and emotional.
7. The assessment of the inmate-respondents on the effects of non-visitation
have high significant relationships when grouped according to their age,
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gender, civil status, educational attainment, length of stay in the BJMP and
last visit of the relatives.
Recommendations
Considering the findings and the conclusions in this study the researchers
have come up the following recommendations:
1. That the BJMP should provide counselling to give advice and treatment for
those who suffer excessive feeling of guilt and self-blame.
2. The BJMP should coordinate to the Department of Health to have a regular
check up with the non-visited inmates to monitor health condition of those
who suffer lack of sleep and self-care.
3. The BJMP should have Sports Activities in the reformation of non-visited
inmates who experience loss of interest and difficulty in adjusting prison
environment to make them cooperative, learned how to deal with others,
had respect authority, kept themselves busy, felt comfortable and relieved
4. The BJMP should have Behavior Modification Program to assist those who
suffer envy, feeling of worthless and feeling of not being love by their family
in managing, handling and coping their emotion.
5. BJMP should expand visiting hours to evenings and weekends to
accommodate visitors who are employed or have to travel long distances.
6. The researchers also recommend the renovation of visitation rooms to
make it more comfortable and hospitable.
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7. Future researchers may conduct studies which may be similar or related to
this present study to verify or strengthen the findings of this present study.
Further, they may use this study as reference.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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References
Atienza, A., Castillo, E., and Llanes, J. (2014). Effects of Overcrowding to the
Health and Psychological Well-Being of Inmates in BJMP Lipa: Basis for
Improvement of Inmate’s Condition, Unpublished Thesis, Lipa City
Colleges, Lipa City
Bezanson, R. (2009). Go to Jail: Published by: Zondervan, Incorporation
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Cobbina, J. E., Huebner, B. M., & Berg, M. T. (2012). Jail Visitation System
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Cochran, J. (2013) Prison Experiences, Social Ties, and Inmate Behavior:

Examining Visitation and Its Effects on Incarceration and Reentry
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Cochran, J., Mears, D. and Bales, W.D. Disparities in Inmate Visitation

Experiences Who Gets Visited in Prison? Individual- and Community-Level.
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http://cad.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/07/28/0011128714542503
De Claire, K. and Dixon, L. (2015). The Effects of Prison Visits From Family
Members on Prisoners’ Well-Being, Prison Rule Breaking, and Recidivism:
Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26330175
Derkzen, D., Gobeil, R., & Gileno, J. (2009) Visitation and post-release outcomes
among federally-sentenced offenders. Research report. Ottawa, Ontario:
Correctional Service of Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.csc-
scc.gc.ca/research/r205-eng.shtml
Dixey, R. and Woodall, J. (2012) The Significance of ‘The Visit’ in an English

Category-B Prison: Views from Prisoners, Prisoners’ Families and Prison
Staff. Community, Work, and Family. Retrieved from:
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Drury, A. J., and DeLisi, M. (2010). The Past is Prologue: Prior Adjustment to
Prison and Institutional Misconduct. The Prison Journal 90. Retrieved from:
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Duwe, G. and Clark, V. (2011). Blessed Be the Social Tie That Binds: The Effects
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Goode, E. (2011) Inmate visits now carry added cost in Arizona. New York Times.
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Hoberock, B. (2010). Prisoner visitation will be cut in half. Tulsa World. Retrieved
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be-cut-inhalf/article_d67e852b-5d10-5280-8fa1-1297eb1377a9.html
Liebling, A., and Maruna, S., (2008). The Effects of Imprisonment. Willan
Publishing, London England
Mears, D. P. (2012). The Prison Experience: Introduction to the Special Issue.

Journal of Criminal Justice. Retrieved from:
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Monahan, K.C., Goldweber, A. and Cauffman, E. (2011). The Effects of Visitation

on Incarcerated Offenders: How Contact with the Outside Impacts
Adjustment on the Inside. Law and Human Behavior. Retrieved from:
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Monroe, A. (2011) Effects of Prisoner Location on Visitation Patterns. Retrieved

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Visitation, Recidivism, and Hyper incarceration. Environment and Planning
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Visitation Research Forward: The Arizona Prison Visitation Project1
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Schirmer, S., Nellis, A., & Mauer, M. (2009). Incarcerated parents and their
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about Returning Home. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 386–393.
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Wakefield, S., & Uggen, C. (2010). Incarceration and stratification. Annual Review
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Zoukis, C. (2015) Inmate Education Levels. Retrieved from:

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education-levels/
Web References
https://www.bjmp.gov.ph/datstat.html
https://www.vera.org/blog/why-reimagining-prison-for-young-adults-matters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime
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https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/what-is-the-difference-between-jail-and-prison-
31513
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predictions.html
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neurobiology-of-blaming-yourself-for-everything-when-youre-
depressed/#66bfbe5d24fd
LAWS
Republic Act No. 7438 or “An Act Defining Certain Rights of Person Arrested,
Detained or under Custodial Investigation as well as the Duties of the Arresting,
Detaining and Investigating Officers, and Providing Penalties for Violation thereof”.
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Republic Act No. 6975 otherwise known as “An Act Establishing the Philippine
National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local
Government, and for Other Purposes”.
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APPENDICES
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Dahong Talatanungan
Mga Minamahal naming Responde,
Bilang pagtupad sa pangangailangan ng aming kursong Bachelor of Science in
Criminology, kami ay nagsasagawa ng pananaliksik sa paksang “Effects of Non-
Visitation to Inmates in Batangas Province: Basis for Program Formulation”
Kaugnay po nito, ay nais po naming hingin ang inyong tugon upang
maisakatuparan ang pananaliksik sa pagsagot ng mga katanungan ng buong
katapatan.
Maraming Salamat po.
Sumasainyo,
Macalintal, Charlene Marinela D.
Carbo, John Erick Ryan R.
Barairo, Jan Adrian
Cascante, Joseph
Mga Mananaliksik
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“Effects of Non-Visitation to Inmates in Batangas Province: Basis for
Program Formulation”
Unang Bahagi: Impormasyon tungkol sa Responde.
Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek (✓) ang kahon na umaayon sa iyong sagot.
Pangalan: ______________________________________________
Opsyunal
Edad: _____________
Kasarian: Babae
Lalaki
Katayuang Sibil: Dalaga / Binata

May asawa
Balo
Hiwalay
Antas ng Edukasyon: Umabot ng Elementarya

Nagtapos ng Elementarya
Umabot ng Sekondarya
Nagtapos ng Bokasyonal
Umabot ng Kolehiyo
Nagtapos ng Kolehiyo
Iba pa (kung mayroon): _____________________________
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Haba ng panahon ng pamamalagi sa BJMP: 1 – 3 taon
4 – 6 taon
7 – 9 taon
10 taon pataas
Huling Dalaw: ___________
Tirahan ng Pamilya o kamag-anak: ____________________________
Ikalawang Bahagi. Pag aaral tungkol sa epekto ng hindi pagkakaroon ng dalaw

o ng bisita ng isang preso.
Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek (✓) ang hanay na tumutugon sa iyong sagot.
Iskala:
5 – Lubusang Sumasang-ayon
4 – Sumasang-ayon
3 – Bahagyang Sumasang-ayon
2 – Hindi Sumasang-ayon
1 – Lubusang Hindi Sumasang-ayon
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Sikolohikal
Dahil walang bumibisita o dumadalaw sa akin ako ay nakararanas ng:
INDIKASYON 5 4 3 2 1
1. kawalan ng pag-asang matupad
ang mga pangarap sa buhay
2. sobrang pag aalala sa pamilya o
ka mag anak
3. kawalan ng satispaksyon sa mga
bagay na mayroon na sa buhay
4. nawawala sa sarili sa labis na
pag-iisip
5. pag-iisip na tapusin na ang buhay
6. hindi nakakapag-desisyon ng
ayos
7. nawawala ang konsentrasyon sa
bagay-bagay
8. pagkabalisa at hindi mapakali sa
loob ng bilangguan
9. pagkatulala o natitigilan kapag
may gawain
10. labis na pagsisisi sa nagawang
kasalanan
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
Pisikal
1. pagiging masasakitin
2. panghihina ng pangangatawan
dahil sa kakulangan ng gawaing
pisikal
3. kawalan ng ganang kumain
4. pagbaba ng timbang o
pamamayat
5. kawalan ng pangangalaga sa
sarili
6. kakulangan sa tulog o pagkapuyat
7. pagsakit ng iba’t ibang parte ng

katawan
8. labis na pagkapagod
9. pagiging matamlay
10. panlalagas ng buhok o
pagkakaroon ng sakit sa balat
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
Sosyal

1. hirap na makisalamuha sa ibang
preso
2. walang gustong lumapit at
makipag usap sa akin
3. kagustuhang laging mapag-isa
4. hindi pagtitiwala sa ibang
preso/kasamahan
5. pagkakasangkot sa mga
komosyon o away sa loob ng
kulungan
6. hindi pakikiisa sa mga aktibidad
ng institusyon
7. nawawalan ng interes sa mga
bagay na dati ay gustong gawin
8. nalalabag ang mga patakaran sa
loob ng kulungan
9. nahihirapang iangkop ang sarili sa
loob ng kulungan
10. walang pakialam sa nangyayari sa
loob ng institusyon
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
Emosyonal
Dahil hindi ako nagkakaroon ng bisita o dalaw ako ay nakakaranas ng:

1. pagiging malungkutin sa sinapit sa
buhay
2. pagiging tahimik
3. pagiging sobrang sensitibo
4. pagiging mainitin ang ulo sa mga
bagay na di naman kagalit-galit
5. madalas mairita ng walang `
dahilan
6. nagkakaroon ng inggit sa ibang
presong nakakatanggap ng dalaw
o bisita
7. pagkimkim ng sama ng loob sa
pamilya o kamag-anak
8. pabago bago ng nararamdaman o
mood swing
9. nararamdaman na wala ng halaga
ang sarili
10. nararamdaman na hindi na mahal
ng kamag-anak o pamilya
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
DOCUMENTATIONS
BJMP -LIPA
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Lipa City Colleges

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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
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Lipa City Colleges

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Lipa City Colleges

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Lipa City Colleges

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Lipa City Colleges

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Lipa City Colleges

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Lipa City Colleges

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Documentations
BJMP – Batangas
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First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities Learning Resource Center
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Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas Learning Resource Center
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
CURRICULUM
VITAE
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
EDNA C. SANCHEZ
Pangao, Lipa City
Facebook: facebook.com/edna.sanchez.5815
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age: 37 years old

Birthdate: February 12, 1982
Civil Status: Married
Spouse: Ronald Sanchez
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
PRIMARY: Pangao, Elementary School

Brgy. Pangao, Lipa City
SECONDARY: Lodlod National High School
Brgy. Lodlod, Lipa City
TERTIARY: Lyceum of the Philippines Batangas
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
POST GRADUATE: De La Salle Dasmarinas
Ph.D in Criminology
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CHARLENE MARINELA D. MACALINTAL

Brgy. 9 Lipa City, Batangas
E-mail Address: macalintalcharlenemarinela@gmail.com
Age: 20 years old

Birthdate: November 23, 1998
Civil Status: Single
Gender: Female
Father’s name: Robert M. Macalintal
Mother’s name: Clarissa D. Macalintal
PRIMARY: Teodoro M. Kalaw Memorial School
Balintawak, Lipa City Batangas
SY: 2005 – 2011
SECONDARY: The Mabini Academy

SY: 2011 – 2015
TERTIARY : Lipa City Colleges

10 G.A. Solis Street, Lipa City Batangas
SY: 2015-2019
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
JOHN ERICK RYAN R. CARBO

Brgy. Pinagtung-ulan San Jose Batangas
E-mail Address: johnerickcarbo24@gmail.com
Age: 19 years old

Birthdate: June 24, 1999
Gender: Male
Father’s name: Juanito M. Carbo Jr.
Mother’s name: Marites R. Carbo
PRIMARY: Pinagtung- ulan Elementary School.
Pinagtung-Ulan San Jose Batangas
SY: 2005 – 2011
SECONDARY: The Mabini Academy

SY: 2011 – 2015

SY: 2015-2019
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
JAN ADRIAN BARAIRO
#019 Caloocan Talisay Batangas
E-mail Address: andrian_barairo04@yahoo.com
Age: 20 years old

Birthdate: October 15, 1998
Gender: Male
Father’s name: Nestor Barairo
Mother’s name: Mildred Barairo
PRIMARY: Caloocan Elementary School
Leynes Talisay Batangas
SY: 2010 – 2011 (NOT SURE)
SECONDARY: Talisay Polytechnic Institute

Banga Talisay Batangas
Sy: 2011 – 2015 (NOT SURE)

SY: 2015-2019
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LIPA CITY COLLEGES
JOSEPH P. CASCANTE
#10 jasmin St. Sauz subdivision Sabang Lipa City.
E-mail Address: Cascante0498@gmail.com
Age: 19 years old

Birthdate: August 04, 1998
Gender: Male
Father’s name: Conrado Cascante
Mother’s name: Josephine Cascante
PRIMARY: G.B Lontok Memorial School
Brgy. Sabang Lipa City, Batangas
SY: 2005 – 2011
SECONDARY: Lipa City National Highschool

B. Morada Avenue Brgy. 1 Lipa City, Batangas
SY: 2011 – 2015

SY: 2015-2019
Lipa City Colleges


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1

LIPA CITY COLLEGES

Lipa City Colleges

Constitution unless they have no reasonable relationship to a legitimate

penological goal (a goal related to prison management and/or criminal

convicted of infractions related to substance abuse. Restrictions on the time, place

ensure safe environments for visits as populations increase. Thus, distinctions in

visitation rules for general population prisoners, as opposed to those in

segregation or protective custody, will generally be upheld. Courts have upheld

extremely limited visiting opportunities or oppressive conditions.

Lipa City Colleges

to be visited is the moral argument that deprivation of liberty, via incarceration,

empirical matter, however, a substantial proportion of inmates are never visited.

research suggests that a proportion of inmates, about 5%, are pathologically

inmates never visited greatly exceeds that ﬁgure.

Often during incarceration, however, it can be difficult for inmates to

increasingly identified social capital as the “ability of actors to secure benefits by

virtue of membership in social networks or other social structures”. Stakes in

conformity refers to the strength of bonds (weak to strong) to conventional society

and presumes that stronger bonds represent a deterrent to delinquent/criminal

Lipa City Colleges

from an institution (Drury and Delisi 2010).

According to Mears and Bales as cited by Cochran (2013), visitation effects

to be stronger than his or her ties to a community volunteer. Visitation by volunteers

and thus work to improve behavior.

In addition, according to Dixey and Woodall (2012), there is reason to

visitation provides an opportunity for family and community members to express

Lipa City Colleges

connection to their roles as a family or community member and, more broadly, a

unpleasant. For instance, relationships between inmates and their spouses or

typically characterize prison visitation as challenging and intimidating, which can

contribute to tension during visits.

Lipa City Colleges

Unfortunately, it was later discovered that it is a form of torture, because it ended

dissatisfaction with life, claustrophobia, depression, feelings of panic and on many

phobias, substance abuse, criminal activity and some forms of self-destructive

dependence on institutional structure and contingencies, interpersonal distrust and

suspicion, emotional over-control, alienation and psychological distancing, social

withdrawal and isolation, incorporation of exploitative norms of prison culture,

diminished self-worth and personal value, post-traumatic stress reactions to the

pains of imprisonment, fear of the unknown, distrust of authoritarian environment,

In relation to this, according to Goode (2011), lack of contact with the

stress, depression, suicidal/self-harm behaviors), improve inmates’ rule breaking

within the prison environment and reduce recidivism as measured by official

Lipa City Colleges

their adjustment to the prison environment.

In addition to this, according to Sturges and Al-Khattar (2009), many

have committed more severe offenses, and come from disadvantaged

communities may experience less visitation. Non-visitation or less visitation of

inmates can affect their psychological and physical condition. Psychological

helpless, depressed, depressive thoughts, anxiety, panic attacks , sense of

crying as we think of and miss home, lack of concentration at work/studies, loss of

confidence, not being able to enjoy fully, loss of motivation/enthusiasm, simple

tasks become difficult and challenging, social withdrawal and an unwillingness to

engage in and commit to social events, irritability/ complaining). Physical effects

Lipa City Colleges

headaches/stomachaches, nausea, and fatigue / lethargy).

Moreover, according Duwe and Clark (2011), lack of visitation constitutes

an additional punishment on some inmates that may constitute a form of unequal

treatment and that may perpetuate social disadvantage. Collateral consequences

fears that they have about incarceration.

Relative thereto, according to De Claire and Dixon (2015), there are

lowest amounts of visitation. This finding is important because it further