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genome
uncoated
Synthesis
mRNA replication &
(RNA = cytoplasm Replication
DNA = nucleus)
proteins
Release*
Virus particle (virion)
1. Genome (DNA or RNA)
2. Protective coat (capsid)
with or without envelope
3. Transport, attachment,
facilitate penetration
Definitions
Virus Particle = VIRION
• Naked: coat (capsid) protein (CP) + genome
Transmission:
animal viruses: aerosols, break in
proteins skin, fluids [blood, sexual contact]
plant viruses: insects, fungi,
nematodes, abrasion, seeds,
pollen, vegetative propagation
progeny virion assembly
Release:
animal viruses lyse cells or bud
through (plasma) membrane
plant viruses “channel” through
“release” * wall (MPs) without lysis
There is no Evidence that Plant Viruses Attach to
Specific Receptor Sites on Plant Cells
Studies with some plant viruses (e.g. TMV, TBSV) suggest that bound
Ca+2 can stabilize virion capsid structure
It has been suggested that the low Ca+2 concentrations inside plant
cells may facilitate uncoating of at least some plant viruses
TABLE 2. Transmission of Viruses Between Hosts1
Lazarowitz (2001) in Fundamental Virology (Knipe & Howley, eds. )4th Ed, Lippincott
Virus Intercellular Transport
The goal is for progeny viruses to infect new host cells and repeat
the infectious cycle
Í May be an immediate neighbors or a distant cells
Í In animals and humans, the circulatory and nervous systems are
conduits for systemic infection (dissemination to distant sites)
All Plant Viruses spread directly cell to cell within a leaf without an
extracellular phase (local movement)
Í An extracellular form is transported leaf to leaf through the phloem
(nutrient transport system) for systemic (long distance) infection
Í For most, but not all, plant viruses the extracellular form appears
to
be virus particles
Plant Viruses use Movement Proteins to Move Cell to Cell
without an Extracellular Phase and without Lysis
CELL 1 PD
CELL 2
MP
plants protoplasts
(RNA = cytoplasm
mRNA replication DNA = nucleus) What are the molecular and
cellular events that allow virus
multiplication?
proteins
What steps are virus-specific
(potential targets for resistance)?
“release” *
RNA VIRUSES
ADVANTAGE
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases do not require a primer
) replication can be initiated at the ends of a linear molecule
) 3 exceptions: picornaviruses [polio] (protein primer), influenza and
bunyaviruses (stolen caps)
PROBLEMS
Cells do not express the enzymes required to initiate replication of viral
RNA
) virus must provide its own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
(RdRP: replicase, transcriptase)
> Eukaryotic RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm
• exceptions: influenza, retroviruses
Do not contain same controlling elements as the host to regulate gene
expression
) regulate gene expression in unique ways
) distinguish mRNAs from replication templates
Viral genes organized and translated like host genes
) eukaryotic RNA viruses must reconcile genome structure with requirement for
monocistronic mRNAs
Virus Life Cycle
entry/penetration*
Viral genomes are compact
•Strategiesto expand
genome translation their coding capacity
proteins and regulate their gene
uncoated
expression
replication
Rep •Transcriptional
transcription and translational
mRNA
•Multiple
proteins from
one gene (translation unit)
vRNA MP(s)
CP Viruses play by the rules
transmission
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