PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

YANASARI, S.Si

FLUID MECHANICS

FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
may be defined as that branch of engineer-
science which deals with the behaviour of
fluid under the conditions of rest and
motion.
The fluid mechanics may be divided into
three parts :
 Statics
 Kinematics
 Dynamics

FLUID MECHANICS
Properties of fluids – general aspects

The matter can be classified on the

basis of the spacing between the
molecules of the matter as follows :
a)Solid state
b)Fluid state
• Liquid state
• Gaseous state

FLUID MECHANICS
A fluid may be defined as follows
“ A fluid is substance which is capable of
folowing or a fluid is a substance which
deforms continuously when subjected
to external shearing force”

A fluid may be classified as follows

a) Liquid, gas and vapour
b) Ideal fluids and real fluids

FLUID MECHANICS
The properties of water are much importance because the subject of
hydraulics is mainly concerned with it.
Some importand properties of water will be considered are
 Density : mass density, weight density, specific volume
 Specific Gravity
 Viscosity : dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, Newton’s law of
viscosity, types of fluids, effect of temperature on viscosity, effect of
pressure in viscosity
 Thermodynamic properties
 Vapour pressure
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 Surface tension
 Capillarity
 Compressibilty and Bulk modulus

FLUID MECHANICS
Kerapatan massa (Mass Density / specific
mass) : ρ
Rapat massa suatu zat adalah massa dari volume
satuan zat tersebut.

massa(kg )
 3
Volume(m )
Untuk zat cair rapatnya bisa dianggap tetap
pada perubahan-perubahan tekanan
Density water adalah 1000 kgm-3pada 40 C
Weight density

Di definisikan sebagai berat persatuan volume

pada temperatur dan tekanan standar.

w  g
Dalam satuan S.I = 9,81 kN/m3
Dalam satuan M.K.S = 1000 kg/m3
Specific Volume

Didefinisikan sebagai volume persatuan

massa fluida

V 1
vs  
m 
Relative density ( Kerapatan Relatif ) suatu
benda (rp.rlzat)/ Specific gravity

“Harga murni yang menunjukkan ratio antara massa dari

benda dengan massa suatu zat yang bervolume sama yang
ditentukan sebagai standart”

Zat padat & zat cair dengan referensi water,

pada suhu 40 C, sesuai standart
Gas menggunakan referensi udara bebas
dari CO2 dan H2 ( pada 00 C, 1 atm ), sesuai
standart
Persamaan rp.rl
massa zat
rp.rl 
massa air (bervolume _ sama )
Density zat
rp.rl 
Densityair
 zat kg
rp.rl zat  ( )
 air , 4
3
0
m
C

wliquid S = specific gravity

S W = weight
wwater
 Viskositas dinamik ( N.s/m2 )

Viskositas  

 du 
fluida  dy 
 

Viskositas kinematik ( m2/s )


 

Keterangan :
 = viskositas dinamik (N.s/m2 )
 = Tegangan geser
 = viskositas kinematik ( m2/s )
 = densitas
 Tegangan Permukaan ()
 Tegangan Permukaan (Surface Tension)
adalah gaya tarik dari suatu cairan pada
suatu area yang bebas
 SATUAN DAN FAKTOR
KONVERSI

 Panjang : meter, mil, feet, km

 Waktu : jam, menit, detik

 Massa : kg, lbm, ons, gram

 CONTOH KONVERSI
 Konversi kecepatan dari 327 mil/h ke ft/s

1 mil = 5280 ft
1 hour = 3600 second

Kecepatan = 327 mil/h x 5280 ft/mil

x 1/3600 h/s
= 480 ft/s
Variation of shear stress with velocity gradient
NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY

This law states that the shear stress on a fluid

element layer is directly proportional to the
rate of shear strain.

 
 du 
 dy 
 

The fluids which follow this law are known as

Newtonian fluids.
Types of fluids
1. Newtonian Fluids
these fluids follow newton's
viscosity equation, for such fluids
does not change with rate of
deformation.
examples water, kerosene, air,etc
 2. non-newtonian fluids
Fluids which do not follow the linear
relationship between shear stress and rate
of deformation, are termed as non
newtonian fluids. such fluids are relatively
uncommon.
examples. solutions or suspensions (
slurries ), mud flows, blood, etc
 3. Plastic fluids

An ideal plastic or Binigham plastic has

definite yield stress and a constan linear
relation between shear stress and the rate of
angular deformation.
examples, sewage sludge, drilling mud, etc
A thyxotropic substance, which is non
newtonian fluid, has a non linear relationship
between the shear stress and the rate of
angular deformation, beyond an initial yield
stress
Example the printer’s ink.
 Summary of relations between shear strees (  ) and
rate of angular deformation for various types of
fluids

In case of non newtonian fluids, if n is less than unity they are called
pseudo-plastics.
example, paper pulp
while fluids in which n is greater than unity are known as dilatant
Example, butter.