Research 2.

Exploratory Sequential – interview first then

- Is a systematic investigation into and the best one will give survey.
study of materials and sources in order 3. Explanatory Sequential – survey the
to established facts and reach interview.
conclusions.
- Coined from the word CERHIER QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
- Looking for something or facts PROCESS
- CERHIER means to seek, find, search,
DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
look
- RE means to repeat APPROACH
BIAS BASED ON THE
1. To become a Research Literate FEELINGS, OPINIONS
2. To develop critical thinking RESEARCH GOALS
3. To generate knowledge TO DESCRIBE, TO EXPLORE,
4. To come up solutions EXPLAIN, OR PREDICT DISCOVER
FOCUS
4 PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS NARROW WIDE AND DEEP
Post Positivist – everything can be quantified; METHOD
Quantitative Approach
SURVEY INTERVIEW AND
Constructivist – experience through words;
QUESTIONNAIRES OBSERVATIONS
Qualitative Approach
RESEARCHER’S ROLE
Transformative – either; increase quality of life
and betterment of the society. DETACHED AND INVOLVED, PARTIAL
IMPARTIAL
Pragmatic – Mixed Approach; numbers and
NATURE OF DATA
words.
NUMBER WORDS
3 Approach DATA AND ANALYSIS
Qualitative Approach – exploring, STATISTICAL LOOKING FOR
understanding individuals or groups ascribe to TREATMENT PATTERNS AND
a social or human problem. THEMES
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE PRESENTATION
1. Phenomenological – lived experiences GRAPHS AND CHARTS NARRATIVE FORM
2. Case Study – in depth analysis RESULTS
3. Narrative – has a story
GENERALIZED SPECIFIC FINDINGS
4. Grounded Theory – has a theory
FINDING
5. Ethnographic – culture
6. Historical – history
Quantitative Research - the systematic
Mixed Approach – inquiry involving collecting
empirical investigation of observable
both qualitative and quantitative then
phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or
integrating the two.
computational techniques.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
KINDS OF MIXED APPROACH
1. Objective
1. Convergent Parallel – altogether;
2. Clearly defined research questions
simultaneous interview and survey (sabay)
3. Structured research instruments
4. Numerical Data
5. Large Sample sizes
6. Replication
7. Future Outcomes
WEAKNESS OF QUANTITATIVE
1. It requires a large number of respondents.
2. Costly
3. Information are difficult to gather using
structured research instruments.
4. If not done seriously and correctly, data
from questionnaires may be incomplete and
inaccurate.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
1. Descriptive Research – concerned with
describing the nature, characteristics and
components of the population or a
phenomenon.
- no manipulation of variables or search for
cause and effect related to the phenomenon.
Example: Descriptive research is used if you
want to know how many hours SHS students
spend in social media.
2. Correlational Research – systematic
investigation of the nature of relationships or
associations between and among variables
without necessarily investigating into casual
reasons underlying them.
Example: If you want to know if
comprehensive examination results can be
used to predict performance in board
examination, then the higher pre-board grade,
the higher most likely passed in the board
examination.
3. Evaluation Research – aims to asses the
effects, impacts, or outcomes of practices,
policies or programs.
Example: Determining the impact of K-12
program to the learning competencies of the
students.
4. Survey Research – used to gather
information from groups of people by
selecting and studying samples chosen from a
population.
2 KINDS OF SURVEY RESEARCH
1. Cross Sectional – information is collected
from a sample in just single point in time.
2. Longitudinal – information is collected from
the same subjects over a period of time,
sometimes lasting many years.
5. Casual-Comparative Research – also know as
ex post facto; this research derives
conclusions from observations and
manifestations that already occurred in the
past and now compared to some dependent
variables.
Example: How weight influences stress-coping
level of adults (This is an ex post facto design
because a pre-existing characteristic – weight
was used to form groups.)
6. Experimental Research – utilizes scientific
method to test cause and effect relationships
under conditions controlled by the researcher.
Example: A teacher wants to know if a new
teaching strategy is effective or not. (The
teacher then will teach one sections with the
aid of the NEW teaching strategy and will
teach another without the new strategy.
Achievement test will be given to both
sections to compare results.
What are variables?
- building blocks of quantitative
methods; central concept in research
- concepts that can be measured by
indicators.
- Indicators can be numerical values or
categories can be unidimensional (e.g.
age), multidimensional (e.g.
intelligence) or dichotomous (e.g.
gender).
Ex. Topic:
-”Emotional Quotient as predictor of the
Academic Excellence of SHS Students”
Variables: EQ and Academic Excellence.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
Dependent Variable (DV) – variable being
tested and measured in a scientific
experiment.
Independent Variable (IV) – variable that is • Interval variable – a measurement
changed or controlled in a scientific where the difference between the two
experiment to test the effects on the DV. values have meaning (temperature)
Ex: • Ratio variable – has the property of
-”Effects of Playing Computer Games to the interval variable and has a clear
Academic Excellence of SHS Students” definition of zero indicating that there
DV: Academic Excellence is none of that variable (height,
IV: Playing of computer game weight)
The Effects of Memory Retention Through a variable that has a limited number of
the Aid of Auditory Stimulation to the distinct values.
Learning Process of OLFU Students Discrete Variable – also known as categorical
DV: Learning process of OLFU Students or classificatory variable; a variable that has a
IV: Memory Retention through the aid of limited number of distinct values.
auditory stimulation EX: gender, blood group, number of children
MEDIATING AND MODERATOR in the family
VARIABLE ----can be categorized as either nominal or
- can be mediating or intervening or go- ordinal variables.
between variable which affects the test • Nominal variable – variable with no
result of the dependent variable quantitative value, used for labeling
Ex. Amount of studying (IV) leads to input of (gender, religion)
knowledge in long-term memory (mediating • Ordinal variable – variable that has 2
variable), which affects test results (DV) or more categories that can be ranked
- can be moderator variable that affects (winners in a contest)
the relationships between DV and IV at
different levels
Ex. The relationship between the amount of
studying (IV) and test results (DV) changes at
different levels with the use of memory-
enhancing drug (moderator)
EXTRANEOUS AND CONFOUNDING
VARIABLE
Extraneous Variable – any variables that you
are not intentionally studying in your
research; also referred as undesirable
variable.
- can be confounding variable if the
extraneous variable is really proven as the
cause of the outcome.
CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE
VARIABLES
Continuous Variable – a variable that can
take the infinite number on the value that can
occur within a population.
EX: age, height, temperature
--can be categorized as either interval or
ratio variables.