Chapter
  Solutions
Number
  1 for Test Your
Systems
­Concepts
 
CHAPTER 1: Atomic Structure
 
Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. A charged particle in motion loses energy and leads 17. Isobars

to collapse of atom 18. Anode rays
2. fixed 19. High velocity of electron counter-balancing the
3. Tiniest particles of matter that take part in chemical forces of attraction
reactions 20. Protium, deuterium and tritium with neutron
4. High voltage and low pressure numbers as 0, 1 and 2, respectively. 1H1, 1H2, 1H3
5. certain paths 21. Number of protons in hydrogen
6. Different elements having same mass 22. Rutherford’s α-particle Scattering Experiment
7. Doubly ionized He atom 23. empty space
9. 2n2
 
10. Angstrom, Fermi
24. electrostatic
25. neutrons
11. Anode (positive terminal) 26. fourth shell
13. Discovery of nucleus
27. Mass Charge
 
14. Z = number of protons, A = p + n
Electron 9.1 × 10–31 kg 1.602 × 10–19 C
15. James Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons Proton 1.6 × 10–27 kg 1.6 × 10–19 C
by bombarding Be nucleus with α-particles
Neutron 1.6 × 20–27 kg 0
16. Negligible intermolecular forces of attraction
  28. circular

Short Answer Type Questions

29. According to J. J. Thomson, an atom contains
negatively charged particles called electrons
uniformly spread inside a sphere of thinly spread
mass of positive charge. This model has been called
by different names, such as, watermelon model,
plum pudding model or an apple pie model. The
total positive charge of the sphere is equal to the
total negative charge of electrons and for this reason
atom remains electrically neutral.
The model could not explain how the positively
charged particles are shielded from the negatively
charged particles without getting neutralized.
  
2 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts

30. (i) Atomic number equal to proton number (ii)  Large deflections
(ii)   M ass number equal to the sum of the Conclusions:
number of protons and neutrons (i)  Atom to be empty
(iii) Representation is 20X40
(ii) Nucleus
31. Existence of isotopes
36. Atomic mass
 
32. According to Bohr’s atomic model, each orbit or
37. (i)  Atomic number
shell is associated with a definite amount of energy,
and hence, they are also called energy levels. As (ii)  Mass number
long as the electron revolves in a particular orbit, 38. (i) Casting of shadow, path followed by cathode
the electron does not lose energy. Therefore, these rays.
 
orbits are called stationary orbits and the electrons (ii)  Rotation of wheel; have mass and KE.
are said to be in stationary energy states. When an
electron moves from lower-energy level to higher- 39. Number of neutrons = A – Z
energy level, it absorbs energy from an external 40. Electric field—move towards positive plate,
source and gives out energy while jumping from a negatively charged
 
higher-energy level to a lower-energy level. Thus, Magnetic field—deflects perpendicular to the
he explained the stability of an atom. applied magnetic field
33. The main postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are 41. (i) Number of electrons present in the K- and L
the following: shells are 2 and 8.
(i)  Matter is composed of tiny indivisible par- (ii) Number of electrons in the M- and N shells are
ticles called atoms. They neither be created 9 and 2.
nor destroyed nor transformed into atoms of (iii) Writing electronic configuration i.e., 2, 8, 9,
another element. 2. The atomic number is 21 and the element is
(ii) Atoms of a given element are identical in all Scandium.
respects.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

(iii) Atoms of different elements are different from
each other.
(iv) Atoms of different elements take part in the
chemical reaction and combine in a simple
integral ratio to form compounds.
(v) When elements react, the atoms may combine
in more than one simple whole number ratio.
34. Observations:
(i)  Most of the α-particles passing straight
42. (i) Number of electrons present in the K-, L- and
M shells of that atom
(ii) Determination of (n − 1) and (n − 2) based on
the number of electrons in the previous shell
(iii)  Electronic configuration
 (iv)  Atomic number
43. (i) Comparison of mass of electron and proton
(ii)  Calculation of number of electrons

Essay Type Questions

 
45. (i)  2n2 47. (i)  Definite energy
(ii)  Electrons in last orbit (ii)  Transition of electrons
(iii) Mass number – atomic number
48. Maximum number of electrons = 2n2
 
46. Model
49. (i)  Charge
(i)  Nucleus and empty space (ii)  Mass
(ii)  Revolution of electrons (iii)  Path followed
Drawbacks  (iv) Deflection in electric and magnetic fields

 
(i)  Instability of atom  (v)  e/m ratio

CHAPTER 2: Classification of Matter
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. (i)  Solid to liquid state
(ii)  Liquid to vapour state
(iii)  Gas to liquid state
(iv)  Liquid to solid state
(v)  Solid to vapour state
(vi)  (a)  Temperature
  (b)  Solid to liquid state
(c)  Pressure conditions
(vii)  (a)  Temperature
(b)  Liquid to vapour state
  (c)  Atmospheric pressure
(viii) Since the gases are highly compressible, they
can be liquefied by the application of pres-
sure provided the temperature of the gas is
equal to or below its critical temperature
and this process is called liquefaction.
(ix) The temperature at which freezing occurs
at normal atmospheric pressure is called
freezing point of that liquid.
(x) Temperature above which a gas cannot be
liquefied.
(xi) Anything that occupies some space and has
mass is called matter.
(xii)  Homogenous, contains only one kind of
particles
(xiii) Mixing of two or more elements or com-
pounds in any proportion
(xiv)  Pure substances in which molecules are
  composed of only one kind of atoms are
called elements
(xv) Pure substances in which two or more ele-
ments combine chemically in a fixed pro-
portion by weight are called compounds.
(xvi) Have 1 to 3 electrons in their valence shells.
Lose electrons from their valence shells to
attain stable structures and form cations.
(xvii)  Generally, have 4 to 7 electrons in their
  valence shells. Accept electrons to attain
stable structures and form anions.
(xviii) Properties of both metals and non-metals
(xix) Solid–solid homogenous mixture
(xx) chemically unreactive
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 3
2. Wearing away of metal, presence of moisture, air is
called corrosion.
Atmospheric air contains oxygen and water
vapour. When iron comes into contact with this
atmospheric air, it slowly reacts with oxygen to
form ferric oxide. This ferric oxide on further
reaction with water vapour forms hydrated ferric
oxide. This is called rust.
3. Components present in the solution
4. Rust spots on garments can be removed with either
white vinegar or lemon juice.
5. Chromatography
6. Based on the atomicity, the elements are classified
into three types as listed hereunder.
(i) Monoatomic elements: The elements each of
whose molecules contain only one atom.
Examples: Cu, Ag and He
(ii) 
Diatomic elements: The elements each of
whose molecules contain two atoms.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
Examples: H2, O2 and N2
(iii) 
Polyatomic elements: The elements each
of whose molecules contain more than two
atoms.
Examples: O3, P4 and S8.
7. Sublimation
8.   (i) Brass, bronze
  (ii)  Salt solution, solution of I2 in CCl4
  (iii)  Soda water. liquor ammonia
(iv) Water–ethyl alcohol, Benzene-Toluene
mixture
(v)  Air
(vi)  Gunpowder, Mixture of iron and sulphur
(vii)  Sand in water, Suspension of sulphur in water
(viii)  Kerosene and water, and benzene in water
9. (i)  Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
(ii)  CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
(iii)  CO + H2O → CO + H2
 (iv)  SO2 + H2O → H2SO3

4 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts
10. (i)  Solubility of solids in a given
 solvent   (v)  Condensation of water vapour
(ii)  Magnetic nature of one component
(iii) Density variations w.r.t. a given solvent
(iv)  Immiscible liquids
(v)  Soluble solid in a given liquid
(vi)  Difference in boiling points
(vii) Ability of one of the components of gas to
liquefy under high pressure
(viii) Adsorption of components of a mixture
(ix)  Difference in boiling points of gases
11. (i)  Arsenic: Yellow As, Grey As, Black As
(ii)  Antimony: White Sb, Yellow Sb, Black Sb
(iii)  Selenium: Red Se, Grey Se, Black Se
 
12. (i)  Clear liquid formed
(ii)  Solid–liquid solution
(iii) It is the clear liquid that lies above the precipi-
tate or sediment.
13. Increasing rate of reaction
14. Bottom
15. Appearance as Ag, malleability, ductility
16. Less
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
17. Reactivity of Ge with O2
18. Diffusion
19.   (i)  Condensation of water vapour
(ii)  Sublimation of naphthalene balls
(iii)  Evaporation of water
Short Answer Type Questions
31. A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform
appearance and composition throughout. Many
homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred
to as solutions. A heterogeneous mixture consists
of visibly different substances or phases. The
three phases or states of matter are solid, liquid,
and gas.
32. (a)   
Evaporation is a slow process and a surface
phenomenon. Boiling is a fast process and a
bulk phenomenon.
(b) A gas is a state of matter. The molecules are
very loosely packed, and hence, gases have
no definite shape, no definite volume, very
(iv)  Deposition of water vapour
20. Sodium (Na).
21. No. of atoms in a molecule
22. (i)  Positive
(ii) negative
23    (i) Potassium nitrate and sodium chloride
  (ii)  Iodine and sand
  (iii)  Nickel and lead
  (iv)  Sawdust and sand
  (v)  Chalk and water
  (vi)  Salt and water
(vii)  Carbon dioxide and water
(viii) Mixture of NH4Cl (soluble) and I2 (insolu-
ble) Solvent: water
(ix)  N2 insoluble and CO2 (soluble) in KOH
24. Cohesive forces, adhesive forces
25. Translatory, rotatory, vibratory
26. (i)  Increasing order: solids, liquids, gases
(ii)  Decreasing order: gases, liquids, solids
(iii)  Increasing order: gases, liquids, solids
 (iv)  Decreasing order: solids, liquids, gases
27. Conduction of electricity by antimony
28. Liquid state
29. Less
30. Boiling point
low density and very high compressibility.
The gaseous state of matter below its critical
temperature is called vapour
(c) Metals are solids at room temperature. Metals
have very high melting and boiling points.
Non-metals are mostly gases and have low
melting and boiling points.
(d) Substances which are homogeneous in nature
and contain particles (molecules) of only one
kind are called pure substances. Two or more
substances, either elements or compounds,
can be mixed together in any proportion. The
resultant substances are called mixtures

33. (i)  intermolecular force of attraction
(ii)  intermolecular spaces
34. (i)  respiration
(ii)  bleaching action
(iii) fungicides
 
35. Sand heavier than water. The solid component is
insoluble and heavier than the liquid component.
36. Examples of noble metals: Silver, gold and platinum.
They are called noble metals because these have
very less reactivity, hence are precious.
37. (a) 
Melting: Any energy that enters a substance
causes an increase in the movement of the
  particles, resulting in melting.
(b) Boiling: Applying more heat allows the water
molecules to move even faster, overcoming the
attractions between molecules and spreading
out as fast-moving molecules.
(c) Condensation: Cooling removes energy from a
substance causing a reduction in the movement
of the particles. This reduction in movement
results in the condensation.
(d) Freezing: If you continue to remove heat from
the liquid water, solidification occurs and the
water changes to solid ice.
38. (a) Molecules are composed of only one kind of
  atoms
(b) Two or more elements combine chemically in
a fixed proportion by weight
(c)  Constituent substances are mixed physically
39. (a) Iron is mainly used in the form of steel, an alloy
in which the major component is iron. Steel
is used for making buckets, drain pipes, chains,
etc.
(b) Lead is used for making containers for corrosive
liquids and protective screens for X-ray and
other harmful radiations as it is unaffected by
impure water, steam or dilute mineral acids and
has a low melting point.
(c) Copper is used in as electric transmission wires
and electrical goods.
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 5
(d) Zinc is used for galvanizing iron to protect it
from rusting.
40. Solvent extraction: One component of the mixture
is soluble and the other is insoluble in a given
solvent
41. (i)  Definite; Definite
(ii)  Definite
(iii)  no definite shape; no definite shape
(iv)  Moderate
(v)  Negligible; Easily compressible
(vi)  Less rigid
(vii) Any number of free surfaces, only one free
surface
(viii)  Less; highest Least; Moderate
42. (i)  Loosely packed in comparison to solids
(ii)  Very less
(iii)  Moderate; minimum
(iv) 
Vibratory motion; translatory, rotatory and
vibrartory
(v) Higher kinetic energy than solids; very high
kinetic energy
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
43. The molecules are closely packed, and therefore,
solids have a definite shape, definite volume, high
density and negligible compressibility
44. KNO3–KClO3 mixture is separated by fractional
crystallization. In this method, two components
should be soluble in one solvent, but the solubility
should be different. When we add this mixture
to water and heat it, the less soluble component,
KClO3 crystallizes, leaving out the more soluble
KNO3 behind. Then again the solution is heated
and cooled down to get KNO3 crystals.
45. (a) Sublimation
(b)  Gravity method
(c) Filtration
  
6 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts

Essay Type Questions

 
46. (a)  suitable solvent (ii) The empty space (gaps) that exists in between
(b)  molecular weight the molecules is called intermolecular space.
(c)  sublimation, suitable solvent (iii) 
Molecules exert attractive forces, called
 
(d)  suitable adsorbent intermolecular forces of attraction, upon one
another. These forces decrease with an increase
47.   (i) mass
in the distance between the molecules. The
  (ii) volume
force of attraction between similar molecules
 (iii) shape is called cohesive force and that between
 
 (iv) density dissimilar molecules is called adhesive force.
  (v) compressibility
(iv) The molecules possess kinetic energy due to

 (vi) free surface their motion and their movement is ceaseless.
(vii)  thermal expansion
50.  (i) state
 
(viii) diffusion
(ii)  melting and boiling points
48. Metalloids are elements which show the properties (iii) conductivity
of both metals and non-metals.
(iv)  tensile strength
Examples: germanium, arsenic, antimony, selenium (v)  malleability and ductibility
and tellurium (vi) lustre
49.  (i) Every form of matter is composed of small
particles called molecules.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

 
  
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 7

CHAPTER 3: Language of Chemistry and Transformation of Substances

 
Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Criss-cross the valencies of the radicals.

NH4OH

NaCl
(NH4)2HPO4

 
Na CO
KH2PO4
2 3

AlPO4
HCl

Zn3(PO4)2
HClO
 
Ca(NO3)2
HClO4

Al2(CO3)3
HClO2

K2SO4
K2CrO4

(NH4)2SO4
K2Cr2O4

 
NiS
SnS2

Al4C3
Cr2(SO4)3

AgBr2
(NH4)2Cr2O4

CaF2
Fe(OH)3

LiH
PbCl4

AlN
MnO

Fe2O3
BaCO3

NaI
Na2ZnO2

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

KMnO4
Pb(NO3)2

HClO3 2. (i) Composition of LPG

 
Ca(HSO ) 4 2 (ii) Products obtained on combustion

HNO2 3. (NH4)HSO4

H2SO3 4. Equal number of atoms of elements of reactants and

Ca3P2   products on either side of a chemical equation.

KOH 5. Pb+2

HNO3 6. Reaction in the presence of light and heat,

H2SO4 respectively

H2S
  7. ite

Cu2S 8. Decreases the rate of reactions

CuCl2 9. Criss-cross method

HgCl2   10. Sulphur hexafluoride

Na3PO3 11. (i) Type of reactions

Ba3(PO4)2 (ii) Different laws

Ca(HCO3)2 12. No change in molecular composition
 
  
8 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts

13. Synthesis—Combination of substances forming 22. Oxidation—addition of oxygen, reduction—

a single substance. Analysis—Decomposition of a
single substance to form two or more substances.
14. Combination, synthesis
15. Sublimation, no change in molecular composition
16. Oxidation is addition of oxygen or electronegative
element or removal of hydrogen or electropositive
element from a compound.
Reduction is the addition of hydrogen or electro-
positive element or removal of oxygen or electro-
negative element from a compound.
17. Physical change
18. Antimony
19. A chemical reaction associated with evolution of
heat energy is called an exothermic reaction. For
example:
removal of oxygen
23. FeO
24. More active metal displaces less active metal from its
compound.
25. The reaction in which a single compound splits
into two or more simpler substances is known as
decomposition reaction.
E.g., 2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2
26. The rates of some chemical reactions are influenced
by the catalysts and such reactions are called cata-
lytic reactions. For example, The rate of decompo-
sition of KClO3 is more in the presence of MnO2.
27. A chemical reaction which proceeds with the
absorption of heat energy is called an endothermic
reaction.

C + O → CO2 + 94 kcal
E.g., N2 + O2 → 2NO - 44 kcal

20. Cu is more electropositive than Ag 28. evolution

21. Energy changes during making or breaking of 29. C, Co

bonds 30. sulphur

Short Answer Type Questions

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

31. (i) sugar undergoes chemical change (ii) 

prefix is added to a more electronegative
 
(ii) black carbon residue is formed
(iii) sugar is a combination of carbon, hydrogen
element
38. (i) metal ion
and oxygen. (ii) negative radical
32. (i) melting of wax 39. (i) substance which loses oxygen
(ii)  decomposition of hydrocarbons
  (ii) substance which gains the electrons
33. (i) representation of a chemical change
40. If the decomposition of a substance takes place in
(ii)  left-hand side reactants, right-hand side
the presence of light, it is called photolytic decom-
products
position (photolysis).
 
34. (i) 
addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen is
oxidation
2HOCl → 2HCl + O2

(ii)  removal of oxygen, addition of hydrogen is 41. (i)  Decomposition
reduction  (ii)  Combination
35. (i) acidulated water  (iii)  Decomposition

 
(ii) electrochemical reaction   (iv)  Displacement

36. mutual exchange of radicals  (v)  Combination
37. (i) less electronegative nonmetal followed by more (vi)  Double Displacement
electronegative nonmetal
  (vii) Combination

  
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 9

42. (i) new substances formed 44.  (i)  used in chemical reactions
 
(ii) energy changes (ii) used to save time
43. (i)  Physical change 45. (i) corresponding prefix
(ii)  Chemical Change (ii) comparison with other oxyacids
(iii)  Chemical Change

 
(iv)  Physical Change
(v)  Physical Change

 
Essay Type Questions

46. When two or more elements combine to form a
compound, they combine in a fixed ratio of their
weights irrespective of the method of preparation.
Example: Carbon dioxide can be obtained by three
processes as listed hereunder:
(i)  By the decomposition of metallic carbonates.
(ii)  By burning carbon.
(iii) By the reaction of metallic carbonates with
acids.
47. (i) addition or removal of hydrogen (or electro-
positive element)
(ii) addition or removal of oxygen (or electronega-
tive element)
49. A chemical reaction in which two or more sub-
stances combine to form a single new substance is
called combination reaction.
(i) Element–element combination reaction: The
formation of a compound from its constituent
elements is called synthesis.
(ii)  Element–compound combination reaction
(iii)  Compound–compound combination reaction
50. When two elements combine in different ratios
to give more than one type of a product, the ratio
of the masses of the element that combines with a
fixed weight of the other element always bears a

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
simple integral ratio. For example,
48. The reaction in which a single compound splits
into two or more simpler substances is known as
N2O: 28 g of nitrogen combines with 16 g of oxy-
 
decomposition reaction. If the decomposition of gen. Therefore, 14 g of nitrogen combines with 8 g
a substance takes place by the absorption of heat,
of oxygen
it is called thermal decomposition. If the decom-
position of a substance takes place by the passage
NO: 14 g of nitrogen combines with 16 g of oxygen
of electricity, it is called electrolytic decomposition
 
(electrolysis). If the decomposition of a substance

NO2: 14 g of nitrogen combines with 32 g of
oxygen
takes place in the presence of light, it is called pho-
tolytic decomposition (photolysis).

 
 10 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts

CHAPTER 4: Air and Oxygen

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. downward pressure exerted by air due to its weight 16. troposphere

2. mercury barometer, aneroid barometer 17. weak adhesive forces and high density
3. dilutes the activity of oxygen, growth of plants and 18. Pascal. One Newton of force acting per square
animals metre of surface area
4. Pascal 19. oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide. oxygen (active);
nitrogen (inactive)
5. CO2, H2O
20. downward displacement of water
6. electric spark
21. ferrosoferric oxide is formed
7. water
22. sodium and potassium
8. Formation of mirror-like surface
23. tinning
9. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and
thermosphere 24. atmosphere pressure is maximum
10. C6H12O6 + 6O2  
→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 25. 78, 21
11. ignition temperature 26. comparatively low cost and H2 gas is obtained as a
by-product
12. Burning a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen at high
temperature. Welding purpose. 27. thermosphere
13. 2, 4; VI A group, 2nd period 28. minimum temperature at which a substance burns
14. advertisement sign boards, electric bulbs 29. The layer of air that surrounds the earth up to an
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

altitude of 300 km is called the atmosphere.

15. carbogen

Short Answer Type Questions

30. The absorption of heat maintains the temperature 34. (i)  plants
of the earth’s surface which is absolutely essential to (ii)  environment friendly chemicals
support life on earth. This natural process is called
 
greenhouse effect. Examples of greenhouse gases:
(iii)  disposal of waste products
water vapour, carbon dioxide 35. Acid rains are not confined only to industrial areas.
The regions free of industrial pollution may also be
31. (i)  photosynthesis in plants
affected by acid rains due to the movement of the
(ii)  carbon dioxide taken up during photosynthesis
 
32. (i)  composition of air
rain clouds from one region to the other region.
36. (i)  combustion
(ii)  change in density of air
(ii)  metal extraction
33. Combustion is a fast process, takes place at high (iii)  welding
temperatures, does not require catalyst, and release
 
energy in the form of heat and light.
(iv)  rocket fuel
(v)  industry
Respiration is a slow process, takes place at body
temperature, requires catalyst, and release energy in 37. (i) Variable composition of air in different places
the form of heat only. on earth,

(ii) No heat change is involved in the mixing up of
gases in air,
(iii)  No definite boiling point for liquid air,
(iv) Separation of air into various components can
be done by physical methods.
38. Metals in the reactivity series react with oxygen.
39. Ash produced in small dark flecks by the burning of
powdered coal or other materials and carried into
the air is called fly ash. The main source of fly-ash
is coal combustion. Metal oxides and toxic metals
of fly ash cause health problems. Silica causes bron-
chitis and lung cancer.
40. (i)  clouds
(ii)  rain
(iii)  snow
Essay Type Questions
45. Mercury barometer: A graduated glass tube of
about 840-mm length which is closed at one end
and open at the other end is taken. This tube is
filled completely with mercury and then inverted
into a trough full of mercury. Depending on the
external pressure, some mercury from glass tube
comes out and stands at a certain height. This
height is measured. Above this column, there is
almost vacuum and it is called torricellian vacuum.
At normal atmospheric pressure at sea level, the
height of the mercury column falls to about 760
mm of Hg. Hence, this is taken as the standard
value of atmospheric pressure.The pressure can be
calculated by substituting the height of the mercury
column in the formula P = hdg, where ‘h’ is the
height of the mercury column, ‘d’ is the density
of the mercury and ‘g’ is the acceleration due to
gravity.
 
Aneroid barometer: The aneroid barometer is
basically operated by a metal cell that contains
very small amount of air or a series of such cells
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 11
  (iv)  winds
(v)  harmful radiations
41. (i) inert nature of CFCs
(ii) effect of UV rays on CFCs
(iii)  reactivity of CFCs
(iv)  action of CFCs on ozone
42. (i)  chemicals in acid rain
(ii)  reaction of these chemicals with buildings
43. (i)  glowing splinter
(ii)  litmus
(iii)  alkaline pyrogallol
44. (i)  Automobiles
(ii)  Industries
(iii)  Thermal power plants
joined together. One side is fixed to the base of
the instrument while the other side is connected
with a system of levers and pulleys. These levers and
pulleys are connected to a pointer that moves over
a scale fixed at the front side of the instrument. Any
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
change in pressure alters the thickness of the cells.
46. (i) catalyst used
(ii) products obtained
47. (i) corrosion of iron in the presence of oxygen and
moisture
(ii) the formation of flakes and the weakening of
iron structures
(iii) coating with different paints, galvanization,
tinning, electroplating, alloying
48. (i) dissolution of oxides
(ii) effect on soil
(iii) effect on buildings
49. (i) decomposition reaction
(ii) change in reaction temperature

12 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts
CHAPTER 5: Water, Solution, Solubility and Hydrogen
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. low density of ice than water
2. the salts which contain water of crystallization, e.g.,
CuSO4.5H2O
3. the maximum amount of a given solute in grams
which can dissolve 100 g of solvent at a given
temperature
4. water available on the surface of the earth and under
the earth’s surface, respectively
5. chemical
6. CuSO4. 5H2O, FeSO4.7H2O
7. the extent of solubility of substance in a given
solvent
8. hygroscopic substances which absorb water
9. The solution in which there is less amount of solute
is the dilute solution and the solution in which
there is large amount of solute is the concentrated
solution.
10. 5
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
11. 20.7 g of CuSO4 is present in 100 g of water
12. decreases
13. K, Na
14. reducing agent
e.g., WO3 + 3H2  
→ W + 3H2O
15. 4.2 Joule g–1°C–1, 21 Joule g–1°C–1
16. H3PO4
17. catalytic addition of hydrogen to some carbon
compounds
 
18. heated steam is passed over red hot coke
19. moisture
20. Heat energy required for converting 1 g of ice to
water. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/g.
Heat energy required for converting 1 g of water to
vapour. Latent heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g
21. The smallest repeated pattern of a crystal.
22. Boiling point of water decreases. Reason is decrease
in pressure.
23. Solvents Solutes
1. water sugar
2. water alcohol
3. CuSO4 H2O
4. Cu Zn
5. Platinum Hydrogen
24. SO2 + H2O  
→ H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid)
25. Reaction of acid with pure zinc is vigorous at the
beginning and then stops after sometime as acid
does not come in contact with zinc. To get more
amount of H2, granulated zinc is taken as it possesses
more surface area.
26. Hydrated copper sulphate does not lose its water of
crystallization when exposed to air.
27. Mg + H2O  
→ MgO + H2
28. There are some hydrated crystals which lose some
of the water of crystallization or all the water
of crystallization on exposure to air at normal
temperature. This phenomenon is known as
efflorescence and the hydrated crystals which lose
water molecules are called efflorescent substances.
Some crystalline salts absorb moisture on exposure
to air and ultimately dissolve in it to form an aqueous
solution. This phenomenon is called deliquescence
and these crystalline salts are called deliquescent
substances.
29. The accumulation of molecules of one compound
over the surface of another compound. For example,
Hydrogen gas gets adsorbed on the surface of some
metals, like, palladium, platinum, nickel, etc.
30. Mixture

Short Answer Type Questions
31. The amount of heat energy required for raising the
temperature of unit mass of a substance through
1°C or 1 K is called specific heat capacity of that
substance.
32. (i)  product formed in A
(ii)  colour change on litmus in A
(iii)  product formed in B
(iv)  colour change on litmus in B
33. Unlike deliquescent substances, hygroscopic
substances retain their physical states (solids or
liquid) upon absorption of moisture.
34. (i)  conditions
(ii)  physical state of water
35. Hard water is water that has high mineral content.
Hard water is formed when water percolates through
deposits of limestone and chalk which are largely
made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates.
36. (i)  nature of solute
(ii)  nature of solvent
(iii) temperature
37. physical state of water
38. (i)  constituents of water
(ii)  synthesis of water
Essay Type Questions
45. Principle: Water gas is a mixture of carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. Catalytic oxidation of
carbon monoxide gives hydrogen gas. Water gas can
be prepared by passing steam over red hot coke.
Process
(a) 
Superheated steam at 170ºC when passed
through white hot coke or charcoal gives a mix-
ture of CO gas and hydrogen known as water
gas.
(b) Water gas obtained is made to pass over Fe2O3
 or Cr2O3 along with superheated steam at
500ºC. Carbon monoxide gets oxidized to
CO2 leaving hydrogen gas.
46.  (i)  nature
 (ii)  freezing point
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 13
39. Natural gas contains methane as a major constituent.
Methane on mixing with superheated steam at high
temperature followed by compression to 30 atm
pressure also gives water gas. This is subjected to
Bosch process for getting pure hydrogen gas.
40. Pure water is a bad conductor of heat and electric-
ity. The electrical conductivity of water is due to
the presence of dissolved salts in water.
41. With the increase in temperature, the solubility of
a gas in a particular liquid decreases. The effect of
pressure on the solubility of a gas in a liquid is given
by Henry’s law, which states that at constant tem-
perature the increase in pressure on the surface of
the liquid increases the solubility of the gas in the
liquid.
42. Water is distilled through a process in which the
water is boiled, evaporated and the vapour is con-
densed. The distillation process does remove many
unhealthy contaminants in source water, but it also
removes naturally occurring minerals.
43. ZnO + H2 → Zn + H2O;
2Fe2 O3 + 6H2 → 4Fe + 6H2O;
PbO + H2 → Pb + H2O;
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
 (iii)  boiling point
 (iv)  density
 (v)  conductivity
(vi)  specific heat
(vii)  latent heat of fusion and evaporation
(viii)  solvent property
47. The graphs which show variation of solubility with
temperature are called solubility curves.
Importance of Solubility Curves
(i) The solubility of a particular solute in a given
solvent at a given temperature can be found
out.
(ii) Solubilities of different solutes in a given solvent
at a particular temperature can be compared.
  
14 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts

(iii) It is possible to determine the amount of sol- 48.  (i) method

 ute that can be precipitated by cooling the (ii)  chemical equations
saturated solution of that solute to a certain (iii) observations
temperature.
(iv)  reactivity of reactants
(iv) From the solubility curves, it is possible to
know the preferential precipitation of differ- 49. (i)  vapour pressure
  ent salts during the fractional crystallization (ii)  changes involved
process since the solution contains more than
one salt dissolved in it.

 
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

 

CHAPTER 6: Carbon and its Compounds
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Allotropy is a phenomenon in which an element
exhibits different physical forms with almost similar
chemical properties.
2. very soft, metallic lustre, bad conductor of heat and
good conductor of electricity
3. lamp black
4. calcium phosphate
5. heating of a substance in absence of air
6. CaCO3 + 2HCl 
→ CaCl2+ H2O + CO2↑
7. antacid, lab preparation of CO2
8. methane
9. combustion, cracking
10. jewellery, delicate operations, deep boring drills
11. formic
12. destructive distillation of sugar
13. device used for putting off fires. Soda acid, foam
type.
14. colourless, odourless insoluble in water and lighter
than air
15.   (i)  Hydrolysis of CaC2:
CaC2 + 2H2O 
→ Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
(ii)  CaC2 + N2 
→ Ca(CN)2 +C
nitrolim
(iii)  3MgO + CaC2 
→ 3Mg + CuO + 2 CO↑
 
16. destructive distillation of animal bones
Short Answer Type Questions
31. heating wood shavings in the absence of air
32. Diamond has a regular tetrahedral arrangement.
This is due to the bonding of each atom of carbon
with four other carbon atoms, forming a single
unit of crystal. These crystal units lie in different
planes accounting for a rigid three-dimensional
structure. Carbon has a valency of four and each
carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms
forming a tetrahedral unit. These tetrahedral units
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 15
17. 3700°C
18. layered structure of hexagonal rings arranged
parallel to each other
19. crystalline allotrope of carbon, C60, C70 up to C350
with hexagonal and pentagonal rings with football
structure
20. sugar charcoal
21. When wood charcoal is heated with oxides of less
active metals, they get reduced to free metals.
22.  (i) Na2CO3 + 2H2O  → H2 CO3 + 2NaOH
(ii) reacts with metal salts to form insoluble basic
carbonates
23. Crystalline: diamond, graphite and fullerene.
Amorphous: charcoal, coke, lampblack and gas
carbon.
24. impurities
25. Destructive distillation of coal. Fuel, reducing
agent, manufacture of graphite, CaC2, water gas
and producer gas.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
26. SiO2 + 3C 
→ SiC + 2CO↑
27. Ca(OH)2 + Sand + water
28. CO and Cl2
29. highly soluble in water, heavier than air
30. Light, powdery black, having a velvet touch.
Manufacture of black carbon papers, carbon ribbons
and black shoe polish.
lie in different planes, thus, forming a rigid three-
dimensional structure.
33. Reaction between sodium bicarbonate and
sulphuric acid gives carbon dioxide which is heavier
than air and non-supporter of combustion.
34. 3C + 2O2 → CO2 + 2CO + H2O + ΔQ;
Na2CO3 + C → Na2O + 2CO
  
16 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts

35. Methane reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of

sunlight, by displacing one, two, three or all of its
hydrogen atoms:
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl
36.   (i)  reaction with O2
(ii)  reaction with sodium carbonate
37.   (i) reactants
(ii)  conditions
(iii) collection
38. Gas carbon can be prepared by destructive distillation
of coal. The thermal vaporisation of small amounts
of carbon from coal on condensation produces a
grey solid. This grey solid obtained is called gas
carbon.
39. Reaction of CO with metals: When CO gas is
passed over the finely divided metals like nickel,
chromium and iron, metal carbonyls are formed.
Reaction of CO with non- metals: Reaction with
oxygen gives CO2 gas and reaction with Cl2 gas
gives phosgene.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
(iii)  refractive index
(iv)  conduction of heat and electricity
43. (i) Calcium carbide is prepared by heating pulver-
ized calcium oxide and coke.
(ii) SiC is produced by heating silicon dioxide and
coke in an electric furnace.
(iii) CaCO3 is prepared by passing CO2 into a solu-
tion of calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate
precipitates out.
(iv) Na2CO3: It is prepared by heating carbonic
acid with NaOH.
(v) NaHCO3 is formed when NaOH reacts with
carbonic acid.
44.   (i) leads of pencils, moderator in nuclear reactors,
making refractory crucibles
(ii) deodorant and disinfectant, gas masks, fuel for
keeping rooms warm in winter
(iii)  reducing agent in the extraction of metals,
manufacture of chemicals, fuel
(iv) extracting metals from their oxides, adsorbent
material, making artificial diamonds
(v) Removes colour from sugarcane juice, extrac-
tion of yellow phosphorous, fertilizer industry

(vi) Soft drinks or aerated drinks, fire extinguish-

40. Reaction of metals with carbon dioxide Na, K and
ers, production of industrial compounds
Ca combine with CO2 to form their respective
(vii)  fuel, parent hydrocarbon for halogenation
 
carbonates along with carbon, whereas Mg and Al
give their respective oxides and carbon. reactions, water gas preparation

41.   (i) colour 45.   (i) greyish black crystalline solid, melting point of

2300°C, non-conductor of electricity
(ii)  smell
(ii) insoluble in H2O, density of 3.22 g/cm3, hard


 
(iii)  vapour density
(iv) solubility
substance, melting point of 2700°C
(iii) white crystalline solid with melting point of
(v)  litmus test
825°C, insoluble in H2O
(vi) nature
(iv) white crystalline solid with melting point of
 
42.  (i) colour 851°C, insoluble in H2O
(ii)  density (v)  white crystalline, sparingly soluble in water

Essay Type Questions

 
46. (i)  preparation 47. The raw material taken for the manufacture of
(ii)  properties graphite is a mixture of powdered coke, sand and
ferric oxide along with saw dust. This mixture is
(iii) uses
filled in an electric furnace lined inside with fire
  clay bricks. The carbon rods act as a cathode and

an anode in the furnace. These rods are inserted
in such a way that they are held in contact with
each other through the particles of coke, which is
commonly called coke bed. The mixture is covered
with a layer of sand and coke on the top so as to cut
off the entry of air into it. When an electric current
is passed through the electrodes, the temperature
of the furnace increases to 3500ºC. The coke bed
connecting the two electrodes offers large resistance
to the flow of electricity. When the current is
allowed to pass through the reaction mixture for
a period of 30 hours, the following reactions take
50. Soda acid fire extinguisher and Foam type
place with the formation of graphite.
SiO2 + 3C → SiC + 2CO
SiC → Si + C
 
48. When CO2 gas is passed over red hot charcoal,
charcoal gets oxidized and forms carbon monoxide.
This is a highly endothermic reaction. Powdered
charcoal is taken in a hard glass test tube and is
heated. Then, carbon dioxide gas is passed over this.
CO2 gas oxidizes carbon and turns it into carbon
monoxide.
49. Atmosphere acts as a reservoir of carbon dioxide.
Plants make use of this gas for the process of
photosynthesis, thereby producing carbohydrates.
These carbohydrates, being the sources of energy,
are consumed by animals. During the process of
respiration, they break down and carbon dioxide
gas is released back into the atmosphere. Apart
from this, a major part of the food taken up by
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 17
the animals is also assimilated into the basic organ
systems of living beings. The decomposition of
the dead organic matter also results in the release
of CO2 into the atmosphere. Some proportion of
CO2 gets dissolved in sea water, which is used up
by the aquatic plants. The degradation of the dead
aquatic plants and animals over a long period of time
under specific conditions results in the formation of
fossil fuels, like, coal and petroleum. Further the
burning of these fossil fuels releases CO2 into the
atmosphere.
extinguisher. Soda acid fire extinguisher consists of
a metallic cylinder filled with a solution of sodium
bicarbonate. At the bottom of the cylinder, a thin
sealed glass tube containing concentrated sulphuric
acid is placed. This tube is surrounded by a fixed
wire gauze cage. A plunger with a sharp end
is placed at the bottom of the cylinder in such a
way that the sharp end is placed at the sealed thin
glass tube, as shown in the above figure. On the
top of the cylinder, a nozzle which is sealed with
wax is provided. Foam type extinguisher is used to
extinguish fire caused by inflammable liquids, such
as, petrol, alcohol, diesel, etc. The construction and
working of the extinguisher is similar to that of
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
soda acid fire extinguisher. However, the solution
of sodium bicarbonate contains saponin (a material
which produces lot of foam). Sulphuric acid is
replaced by aluminium sulphate solution.

18 Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts
CHAPTER 7: Some Important Elements and their Compounds
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. by passing KOH or NaOH; electric precipitators or
filters
2. zinc phosphide
3. NaCl, KCl
4. calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2)
5. Mg + Cl2  → MgCl2
6. sulphides, sulphates and in organic matter
7. dark brown, amorphous, density is 1.92 g/cm3,
insoluble in CS2, bad conductor of heat and electricity,
boiling point is 444°C, no sharp melting point
8. Hg + S 
→ HgS
9. nitrogen fixation
10. 2P + 3Cl2 
→ 2PCl3; 5P + 5Cl2 
→ 2PCl5
11. H2O + SO2 
→ H2SO3
12. Isolated tetrahedral; P4 units
1 3. H2S + Cl2  → 2HCl↑ + S
14. formation of precipitates
15. 3, calcium ammonium nitrate, fertilizer
16. 96.5°C
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
17. Manufacture of different glass articles; free blowing,
mould blowing
Short Answer Type Questions
31. Cu + conc.4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + H2O
4Zn + 10HNO3 + → 4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O
32. These burn only when they are made to strike on
a particular surface. The chemical on the stick is
composed of potassium chlorate and antimony
sulphide mixed with glue. When this is rubbed
on a surface made of red phosphorous, antimony
sulphide and fine glass powder, a small part of
phosphorous detaches and catches fire. This spark
initiates the ignition of antimony sulphide which
further helps in the decomposition of potassium
chlorate which provides oxygen for combustion.
33. This process is used to extract sulphur which is near
to the earth’s crust (deposits in Sicily).This process is
carried out in brick kilns built on sloping hill sides.
Process: Large amounts of clay and stone are mixed
with crude sulphur and is stacked inside the brick
1 8. large-scale production, cost, durability
19. 3Ca3(PO4)CaF2
20. in the form of minerals, organic matter
21.  (i) COCl2
(ii)  CCl3NO2
(iii) CHCl3
22. oxides, nitrides, carbides and borides
23. the nutrients which are required in large and small
quantities, respectively. Nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium are major nutrients. Copper, boron and
zinc are minor nutrients.
24. 4NH3 + 3O2  → 2N2 + 6H2O
25. Nitrolim is mixture of calcium cyanamid and
graphite. Obtained by the reaction of nitrogen and
calcium carbide.
26. Sicilian
27. greenish yellow, pungent smell, sparingly soluble in
water, heavier than air, vapour density is 35.5 and
atomicity is 2
28. Mixing up of chlorine gas with slaked lime.
29. due to formation of hydrochloric acid
30. nitric oxide (NO)
kiln leaving small spaces in between. This is cov-
ered with a layer of powdered sulphur which is
then subjected to burning. The heat evolved dur-
ing the burning of this sulphur leads to melting of
the remaining sulphur that lies in the bottom layers.
The molten sulphur is allowed to flow down and is
collected in wooden moulds.
Purification: The sulphur obtained in the above
process contains about 5% of earthly impurities.
3 4.  (i) other names
(ii)  preparation
(iii) colour
(iv) shape/structure
(v)  density
(vi)  solubility
(vii)  melting point

(viii) conductivity
(ix)  boiling point
35. Hydrogen sulphide on reaction with aqueous
solutions of metal salts converts them to metal
sulphides. These metal sulphides are in the form of
precipitates. The colour of the precipitate depends
 upon the nature of metal ion. Therefore, hydrogen
sulphide is mainly used for the detection of metal
cations present in the metal salts.
36.  (i) bleaching action
(ii)  In the preparation of hydrochloric acid.
(iii)  extraction of metals
(iv) industries
37. Chlorine gas is passed over a filter paper dipped in
 hot turpentine. It burns with a black sooty flame
with the formation of black soot of carbon.
38. (i)  Nitrogen, sodium sulphate and water.
(ii)  Potassium diiodoiodate(I), nitrogen dioxide,
potassium nitrate and water.
(iii)  Sulphuric acid, water and nitrogen dioxide
39.   (i)  the negative and positive ends of soap
(ii)  interaction of polar end of soap with water
(iii)  decrease in surface tension of water
Essay Type Questions
46. (i)  phosphorous oxides
(ii)  phosphorous acids
(iii)  salts of acids
(iv)  metal phosphates, metal phosphate, superphosphates
(v) dehydrating agent, pharmaceuticals, petroleum
  field
47. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen in a ratio of 2 : 1 by
volume is passed over vanadium pentoxide, maintained
at 450°C under high pressure conditions. Under these
conditions, the sulphur dioxide and oxygen react to
form sulphur trioxide. Platinised asbestos can also be
used in place of V2O5. Sulphur trioxide thus obtained
is dissolved in sulphuric acid to form pyrosulphuric
acid or oleum. The pyrosulphuric acid on treatment
with water gives sulphuric acid.
48. Construction: Nelson cell consists of a perforated
steel U tube insulated by asbestos lining. This U tube
acts as a cathode. The U-shaped vessel is provided
with an inlet and an outlet. Through the inlet, a
brine solution is introduced into the U-tube. A
Solutions for Test Your ­Concepts 19
4 0.  (i) solvent
(ii) refrigerant
41.  (i) acidic nature
(ii)  reducing nature
(iii)  reaction with potassium permanganate
(iv)  HCl formation
42.   (i)  definition of chemical fertilizers
(ii)  nitrogenous fertilizers
(iii)  Phosphatic fertilizers
(iv)  potash fertilizers
43. (i)  reducing agent
(ii)  production of nascent hydrogen with water
44.   (i)  definition of plastic
(ii)  thermoplastics
(iii) thermosets
45.  (i) raw materials
(ii)  electric furnace set up
(iii)  reactions involved
(iv) purification
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
graphite rod is suspended into the U-tube. This acts
as an anode. This cell is suspended in a rectangular
steel tank. This is also provided with an outlet and
a side tube.
  (i)  electrolytic dissociation of NaCl
  (ii)  liberation of chlorine gas
(iii)  liberation of hydrogen gas
(iv)  formation of NaOH
4 9. (i)  chlorine gas, slaked lime
(ii)  chlorinating tower
(iii)  counter-current mechanism
50.   (i) mercury
  (ii)  intermediate electrode
 (iii) anode, cathode
 (iv) brine solution
  (v)  electrolytic dissociation of NaCl
  (vi)  liberation of chlorine gas
(vii)  formation of sodium amalgam
(viii)  formation of sodium hydroxide