FLUID FLOW

MEASUREMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA
2018
DEFINITION
Measuring a flow is critical,
especially in industrial plants,
where it can define the profit or
loss of company.
A flow meter is a device used to
measure flow rate (volumetric or
mass) or the quantity of fluids
passing through a pipe.
What is the Purpose of a Flow Meter…?
The specific application defines
the type and capacity of the flow
meter. Fluids, gases and liquids,
are measured in terms of
volumetric flowrate and mass
flowrate.
What are the Different Kinds of Flow Meters…?
There are numerous types of flow
meters depending upon the
application, the specific fluid and
the construction, including
materials, of the flow meter.
01. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW METERS
Differential pressure flow meters
measure the differential pressure
across an orifice where flow is
directly related to the square root
of the differential pressure
produced.
01. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW METERS
Differential pressure meters
represent around 1/5 of all flow
meters around the world. They
are commonly used in the oil &
gas industry, along with HVAC,
beverage, water, pharma, mining,
paper and chemical applications.
02. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT FLOW METERS
Positive displacement (PD) flow
meters measure the volume filled
with fluid, deliver it ahead and fill
it again, which calculates the
amount of fluid transferred. It
measures actual flow of any fluid
while all other types of flow
meters measure some other
parameter and convert the values
into flowrate
02. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT FLOW METERS
Positive displacement flow meters
are known for their accuracy. They
are commonly used in the transfer
of oils and fluids, like gasoline,
hydraulic fluids as well as in-home
use for water and gas applications.
03. VELOCITY FLOW METERS
Velocity meters measure velocity
of the stream to calculate the
volumetric flowrate.
04. MASS FLOW METERS
Mass flow meters are more
effective in mass related
processes as they measure the
force that results from the
acceleration of mass. More
specifically, the force is measured
as the mass moving per unit of
time, instead of the volume per
unit of time.
05. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW METERS
Measurement of liquid in open
channels include v-notch, weirs
and flumes. These dam-like
structures, or overflows, allow for
a limited or concentrated free- Rectangular weir
flow of liquids based on the
unique shape and size of the
structure. This type of flow meter
allows for a reading of the
flowrate to be calculated.

Triangular weir
 FLUID FLOW
MEASUREMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA
2018
OBJECTIVES
Have a working knowledge of the
basic knowledge of fluids flow
meters.
FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICE
NOTCH WEIR
A notch weir is simply a 'notch' in
a plate that is placed so that it
obstructs an open channel flow,
causing the water to flow over the
notch.
It is used to meter flow of water in
the channel, by measuring the
head of water over the notch
crest.
ORIFICE PLATE
An orifice plate is a device used
for measuring flow rate, for
reducing pressure or for
restricting flow (in the latter two
cases it is often called a restriction
plate).
VENTURI FLOW METER
Venturi meters are flow
measurement instruments which
use a converging section of pipe
to give an increase in the flow
velocity and a corresponding
pressure drop from which the
flowrate can be deduced.
NOZZLE FLOW METER
A flow nozzle meter consists of a
short nozzle, usually held in place
between two pipe flanges.
PITOT TUBE
Pitot Tube is a flow measurement
device used to measure fluid flow
velocity.
HOT WIRE/FILM PROBES
Thermal anemometers as the
name implies, thermal
anemometers involve an
electrically heated sensor and
utilize a thermal effect to
measure flow velocity.
AXIAL/RADIAL TURBINE FLOW METER
The turbine flow meter translates
the mechanical action of the
turbine rotating in the liquid flow
around an axis into a user-
readable rate of flow (gpm, lpm,
etc.).
PADDLE WHEEL FLOW METER
Paddlewheel flowmeters are low-
cost alternatives to turbine
flowmeters for flows where very
high accuracy is not required. In
paddlewheel flowmeters, the
paddlewheel (the rotor and the
blades) is perpendicular to the
flow
ROTATOMETER
A variable-area flowmeter consists
of a vertical tapered conical
transparent tube made of glass
or plastic with a float inside
that is free to move
ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
Doppler-effect ultrasonic flow
meters measure the average
flow velocity along the sonic
path. This is done by clamping a
piezoelectric transducer on the
outside surface of a pipe (or
pressing the transducer against
the pipe for handheld units).
 LECTURE 10
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA
2018
 FLUID FLOW
MEASUREMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA
2018
Why do we learn
about this chapter…?

Ultrasonic Flow Meter

What does this
chapter talking
about…?
DEFINITION
A flow meter is a device used to
measure flow rate (volumetric or
mass) or the quantity of fluids
passing through a pipe.

Turbine Flow Meter

INTERNAL FLOW
1. Differential pressure flow
meter
2. Velocity flow meter
3. Mass flow meter (1) Pitot Static Tube

(3) Rotatometer (2) Turbine Flow Meter

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Rectangular weir

Trapezoidal weir Triangular weir

When we
use/need it…?

Rotatometer
Where we applied
it…?
Who will
use/design it…?
How to
design/maintain
it…?
REFERENCES
END OF LECTURE 10
PROBLEMS
1. What are the primary considerations when selecting a flowmeter to
measure the flow rate of a fluid?
2. Explain how flow rate is measured with a Pitot-static tube, and discuss its
advantages and disadvantages with respect to cost, pressure drop,
reliability, and accuracy.
3. How do positive displacement flowmeters operate? Why are they
commonly used to meter gasoline, water, and natural gas?
4. The flow rate of ammonia at 10°C (ρ=624.6 kg/m3 and μ=1.697X10-4
kg/m·s) through a 3-cm-diameter pipe is to be measured with a
1.5-cm-diameter flow nozzle equipped with a differential pressure gage.
If the gage reads a pressure differential of 4 kPa, determine the flow
rate of ammonia through the pipe, and the average flow velocity.
[Problems 8-98 : Fluid Mechanics – Yunus A. Cengel]
PROBLEMS
5. The flow rate of water at 20°C (ρ=998 kg/m3 And μ=1.002x10-3
kg/m·s) through a 50-cm-diameter pipe is measured with an
orifice meter with a 30-cm-diameter opening to be 250 L/s.
Determine the pressure difference indicated by the orifice meter
and the head loss. [Problems 8-102 : Fluid Mechanics – Yunus A.
Cengel]
6. A 16-L kerosene tank (ρ=820 kg/m3) is filled with a 2-cm-diameter
hose equipped with a 1.5-cm-diameter nozzle meter. If it takes 20 s
to fill the tank, determine the pressure difference indicated by the
nozzle meter. [Problems 8-109 : Fluid Mechanics – Yunus A. Cengel]