TENSION MEMBERS

TENSION MEMBERS

Areq’d = _T_ where: Areq’d = effective cross sectional area

T= tensile load
Ft Ft = allowable tensile stress

Allowable tensile stress and loads:

a) Tension members without holes or threads
T = FtAg
Ag = gross cross sectional area
Ft = Fy / FS ; Fy = allow. yield stress; FS = factor of safety
b) Tension members having holes or threads
T = FtAn
An = net cross sectional area

NSCP SPECS:
Allowable stress on gross area , FS = 1.67
Ft = 0.6Fy
Allowable stress on net area
Ft = 0.5Fu
Fu = ultimate or max. tensile stress
 AASHTO SPECS (For Bridges)
Ft = 0.55 Fy } whichever is
= 0.5 Fu } smaller
Ft = 0.46 Fu – on high yield strength quenched tempered alloy steel
For staggered Holes:

add: s2
4g

where: s = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes, mm
g = transverse center to center spacing (gage) between fasteners gage line, mm

To calculate for the Net Area, An:

An = Widthnet x Thickness
= [Widthgross - ∑dia holes + ∑ s2/4g] x Thickness

CODE PROVISION:
Diameter of Hole = Diameter of Fastener + 1.6 mm
For Design Purposes, Anet ≤ 85% Ag
Sample Problem 1:

Determine the critical net area of the 12

mm thick plate shown.
The holes are punched for a 20 mm Ø
bolt. Calculate the critical net area.
 Required:
Anet critical (least An)

Solution:
Check the different possible paths of failure:
a. Path ABCD, An = net width x thickness
= [127 – 2(20 + 1.6)] x 12
An = 1005.6 mm2
b. Path ABGH, An = net width x thk
= [gross width - ∑Dia. Holes + ∑s2/4g] x thk
= [127- 2(20+1.6) + (75)2/4*63] x 12
= 1273.44 mm2

CODE PROVISION: Anet ≤ 85% Ag

Check against above Code Provision:
An ≤ 85% Ag 85% Ag = 85%(127*12) = 1295.4 mm2
Anet critical = 1005.6mm2 < 1295.4 mm2 ans.
Sample Problem 2:

Determine the critical net area of the

15 mm thick plate shown. The holes
are punched for a 16 mm Ø rivet.
 Required:
Anet critical (least An)
Solution:
Check the different possible paths of failure:
a. Path ABCD, An = net width x thickness
= [gross width - ∑Dia. Holes + ∑s2/4g] x thk
= [500 – 4(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 + (75)2 + (175)2 ] * 15
4(75) 4(80) 4(100)
= 9387.36 mm2
b. Path AD, An = net width x thickness
= [500 – 2(16 + 1.6) + (75)2 ] * 15
4(255)
= 7054.72 mm2
c. Path ABC, An = net width x thickness
= [500 – 3(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 + (75)2 ] * 15
4(75) 4(80)
= 8502.92 mm2
 d. Path ABD,
An = net width x thickness
= [500 – 3(16 + 1.6) +
(175)2 + (100)2 ] * 15
4(75) 4(180)
= 8447.58 mm2

e. Path AB, An = net width x thickness

= [500 – 2(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 ] * 15
4(75)
= 8503.25 mm2
f. Path BC, An = net width x thickness
= [500 – 2(16 + 1.6) + (75)2 ] * 15
4(80)
= 7235.67 mm2

Anet critical = 7054.72 mm2 ans.

 Sample Problem 3:

Determine the net area along path ABCDEF for the

C380x50 shown. Holes are for 18 mm Ø bolts.
For the Channel section,
Ag= 6430 mm2, d= 381 mm, tw= 10.2 mm,
tf= 16.5 mm, bf= 86.4 mm.
The technique is to convert the Channel section to its equivalent Plate section

An = net width x thickness

= [Wg - ∑Dia. Holes + ∑s2/4g] x thk
= (Wg)*thk – (∑Dia. Holes)*thk + (∑s2/4g) *thk

= 6430 – 2(18+1.6)(16.5) - 2(18+1.6)(10.2) + (75)2 *(10.2) + __(75)2 *(16.5+10.2)*(2)

4(231) 4(111.65) 2
An = 5781.75 mm2 ans.
Effective Net Area Coefficient, U

a. U = 1.0 - all segments connected to transmit the tension

b. U = 0.9 - W, M or S section with bf > 2
d 3

c. U = 0.9 - Tee Section with bf > 4

d 3

d. U = 0.85 – W, M or S not on (b), Tees not on (c) and all other shapes
including built-up sections.

Ae = U*An

where: Ae = effective net area

An = critical net area
Analysis of Axially Loaded, Bolted or Riveted Connection
1. Tension Failure on Gross Area, T=Ft*Ag = 0.6Fy* (Wg x thk)

2. Tension Failure on Effective Net Area, T=Ft*An = 0.5Fu* (An critical)

3. Shear Failure in Bolts/Rivets,

P=T=Fv*Av

Av = Abolt*n (for single shear)

Av = 2*Abo;t*n (for double shear)

where n = number of fastener/s

Note: Fv = allowable shear strength of fastener NOT of the steel plate.

4. Bearing Failure on projected area between the plate and the fastener.

P=T=Fp*Ap

Ap = ∑(Dia. of fastener*plate thk)

Allowable bearing stress (smaller of)
Fp steel= 1.2Fu of steel plate
Fp bolt= specified specs/ given

5. Combined Shearing and Tearing (Shear Rupture or Block Shear)

T= Fv Av + FT AT Allowable Shearing stress, Fv = 0.3 Fu

Allowable Tearing stress, FT = 0.5 Fu
Sample Problem 4:
Given: Rivets: A502 Grade 2 Hot Driven
>> From table 510-7 of NSCP,
Fv rivet = 152 MPa
Steel Plate: A36

Req’d: Psafe
Solution:

1.Tension Failure on Gross Area

T = FtAg = 0.6Fy*Ag

P=T= 0.6(248)(200 x 10)

P = 297.6 KN

2. Tension Failure on Effective Net Area

T = FtAe = FtUAn ; Ft=0.5Fu ; U=1.0
* Path w/o staggered, An = [200 – 2(17.6)](10) = 1648 mm2

P=T = 0.5(400)(1.0)(1648)

P = 329.6 KN

3. Shear Failure on Rivets

P = FvAv = 152 (pi/4*(16)2 * 4)

P = 122.245 KN
4. Bearing Stress Failure on steel plate
P = FpAp = 1.2FuAp

= 1.2(400)[16(10)(4)]

P = 307.2 KN

5. Block Shear Failure

T = FvAv + FTAT
Fv = 0.3Fu Av = (135 – 1.5(17.6))(10)(2) = 2172 mm2
FT = 0.5Fu AT = (100 – 17.6)(10) = 824 mm2

P=T = 0.3(400)(2172) + 0.5(400)(824)

P = 425.44 KN
Note: You may check for other possible Block Shear Failure.

Therefore:
Pmax= 122.245 KN ans
Sample Problem 5:
A riveted lap joint shown has 5–16 mm Ø rivets w/ Fv=152 MPa.
The steel plate is ASTM A53 steel, 200 mm wide and 10 mm
thick. Determine the value of “T” in all possible modes of failure
and the max safe value of “T” that the connection can resists.
Solution:
For A53 steel Fy = 241 MPa
Fu = 414 MPa

1. Tension Failure on Gross Area

P = Ft*Ag ; P=T ;
Ag=200*10 ;
T = 0.6(241)*(2000)
T = 289.2 KN
2. Tension Failure on Effective Net Area
a. section a – a
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
∑FH = 0] ; P= T
An=(200 – 17.6)(10) =1824
T = 0.5(414)(1)* 1824
T = 377.57 KN
b. section b – b
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
∑FH = 0 ]
T- T/5 - P = 0 ; P= 4/5*T
An=[200 – 3(17.6)](10) =1472
4T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1472
T = 380.88 KN
c. section c – c
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
∑FH = 0] T- 4(T/5)-P=0 ; P= 1/5*T
An= (200 – 17.6)(10)= 1824
T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1824
T = 1887.84 KN

d. section b - c – b
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
∑FH = 0] T- 2(T/5) - P = 0 ; P= 3/5*T
An= [200 – 3(17.6)+(50)2/4(50)*2] *(10)=1722
3T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1722
T = 594.09 KN

e. section b - a – b
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
∑FH = 0] T - P = 0 ; P= T
An=[200 – 3(17.6) +(50)2/4(50)*2] *(10)= 1722
T = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1722
T = 356.45 KN

Therefore for net area, the critical load T is

T = 356.45 KN
3. Shear Failure on Rivets
P = Fv*Av ; P=T ;
T = 152*(pi/4*(16)2 *5)
T = 152.81 KN

4. Bearing Stress on Steel Plate

P = Fp*Ap ; P=T ;
T = 1.2Fu* [dia rivet x thk plate]*n
T = 1.2(414)* [16*10]*5
T = 397.44 KN

5. Block Shear on Steel Plate

P = FvAv + FT AT ; ∑FH = 0] T- P -T/5=0 ; P= 4T/5
Fv = 0.3Fu ; FT = 0.5Fu
Av = [100 – 17.6/2)](10)(2) = 1824 mm2
AT = [100 – 2(17.6)](10) = 648 mm2
4T/5 = 0.3(414)*1824 + 0.5(414)*648
T = 450.85 KN
Note: You may check for other possible Block Shear Failure.
T=412.427 KN
Therefore the maximum safe T = 152.81 KN ans.
SEATWORK

Given: 4 holes for 12mm Ø bolts

A53 steel plate thickness=8 mm
Req’d:
a. Calculate Critical Net Area
b. Calculate Pmax considering tension failure only.