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Speaker
1 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Introduction
ANSYS 14.0 offers many enhancements
in the area of acoustics.
In this presentation, an example speaker analysis will
be shown to highlight some of the acoustics
enhancements in 14.0:
• Structural‐acoustic coupling using the symmetric fluid‐
structure interaction (FSI) algorithm
• Postprocessing velocities
• Far‐field postprocessing of acoustic field (output of
pressure and SPL outside of meshed region)
2 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Background on Acoustics
Acoustics in ANSYS Mechanical involves solving the
acoustic wave equation to determine the
propagation of acoustic waves in a fluid medium:
1 2 Q
pa p j
x x c 2
x a
x
• The above includes non‐uniform medium and mass
source terms, new in 14.0.
This is converted in matrix form
to solve with finite elements:
3 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Background on Acoustics
Vibroacoustic problems can be solved by coupling
the acoustic and structural equations together:
p q jq
1 1 1
C fs q
1
q Cq 0 q f q
2 o q g q
M S 0 Kq
u u o
j
o u f
0 M u C fs Cu 0 Ku
• The symmetric form of the harmonic FSI equations
shown above is introduced in 14.0 for faster solution
times. The fluid‐structure coupling term is Cfs. An
unsymmetric form from prior releases is still available.
• The sloshing term Sq exists for free surfaces.
• Since the equations are tightly coupled, the structural
motions generate sound, and the acoustic waves can
vibrate the structure.
4 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Background on Acoustics
Perfectly Matched Layers or PML is a special
formulation to absorb outgoing acoustic waves in
harmonic response analyses to prevent waves from
reflecting back into the system.
Sound Pressure Level or SPL is defined as follows:
prms
L p 20 log
p
ref
• Prms is the root‐mean‐square of the pressure, or the
amplitude divided by sqrt(2)
• SPL is measured in decibels
• The reference pressure in air is typically taken as 20 Pa.
5 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Geometry & Mesh of Structure
The geometry of the speaker in an enclosure is
shown below. Note that ¼ symmetry is used:
For the speaker, forces are
exerted on the voicecoil,
causing it to move.
The voicecoil moves the cone
which is what displaces the
air to produce sound.
The surround and spider
connect and stabilize the cone
to the rigid frame.
6 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Geometry and Mesh of Air
The air surrounding the speaker enclosure is shown:
The air around the speaker is
meshed with acoustic fluid
elements.
To absorb outgoing acoustic
waves, perfectly‐matched
layers (PML) is used. This
PML region is shown on the
right.
7 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Activating Acoustic Elements
A “Commands (APDL)” object is inserted under the
acoustic bodies
In the example shown on
the right, the “et”
command changes the
element type to be an
acoustic element using
the new symmetric FSI
algorithm.
Density and speed of
sound are also defined.
New in 14.0!
8 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Fluid‐Structure Interaction (FSI)
In vibroacoustic problems solved in ANSYS
Mechanical, the term FSI refers to coupling of the
acoustic and structural equations
• ANSYS Mechanical can solve modal, transient, or
harmonic response analyses with FSI
The acoustic linear wave equations are solved with
the structural equations of motion in a coupled
manner (in one matrix).
9 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Created Named Selection for PML
A Named Selection of the truncated boundary is
created for PML
The outermost,
truncated boundary
should be specified
through a Named
Selection. This will be
referenced with a
“Commands” object,
shown later
10 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Create Named Selection for FSI
A Named Selection of the FSI interface is also created
The surfaces between
the acoustic bodies
and structural bodies
should be selected and
placed in a Named
Selection. This will
also be referenced
later in a “Commands”
object.
11 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Define PML and FSI Regions
Another “Commands (APDL)” object is inserted
under the “Harmonic Response” branch
The APDL commands
on the right define the
boundary condition on
the PML region as well
as apply the FSI flag to
the Named Selections
indicated previously.
12 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
User‐Defined Results for Pressure
User‐Defined Results allow for postprocessing
acoustic pressure or calculating SPL
Isosurfaces of sound
pressure level are shown
on the right.
Identifiers and
expressions in User‐
Defined Results provide
flexibility to manipulate
results
13 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
User‐Defined Results for Velocity
Velocities can be plotted with a User‐Defined Result
using PGVECTORS
Standard vector plot
controls such as solid
vectors, uniform vector
distribution, uniform
vector size are available.
Here, “line” vectors at
each node designating
the velocity is shown.
New in 14.0!
14 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Perform Far‐Field Postprocessing
A “Commands (APDL)” object under the “Solution”
branch allows for far‐field postprocessing
The lines shown in
the highlighted
section are used
for far‐field
postprocessing.
Namely, HFSYM
defines symmetry
planes, and PLFAR
is used to plot
results.
New in 14.0!
15 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Perform Far‐Field Postprocessing
The directivity plot at 1 meter (beyond mesh
domain) is shown below
One can determine how
focused the acoustic signal
is from this plot, which can
help evaluate speaker
performance.
New in 14.0!
16 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Perform Frequency Sweep
While a frequency sweep can be specified within a
Harmonic Response analysis, one can also use
Workbench Parameters to specify the sweep
Note that “Frequency” is a
Workbench Parameter.
The frequency for the analysis
is made as a parameter equal
to this value.
The benefit to this approach is
that users can add frequencies
to the solution after solving
without having the re‐solve
the entire frequency range
17 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Perform Frequency Sweep with RSM
By using this approach, users can also take
advantage of Remote Solve Manager (RSM) to
submit jobs on a cluster
• Instead of solving each frequency sequentially, if a user
has more than one ANSYS Mechanical license, the jobs
can be submitted through RSM
• Whether solving locally, on two machines, or on a
cluster, multiple frequencies can then be solved
simultaneously, thus decreasing overall solution time!
18 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Review Frequency Sweep Results
After the solution is complete, one can plot results
within the Workbench Parameters page
An output of SPL in front of
the speaker, designated
earlier, is tracked in this
example.
In speaker design, a constant
response is sought within the
frequency range of interest.
This example shows that
structural resonance around
800 Hz is causing undesirable
behavior.
19 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
New Symmetric Option in 14.0
In the past, ANSYS Mechanical solved these two
physics simultaneously with unsymmetric matrices,
which required double the memory and more CPU
time. In ANSYS 14.0, symmetric option is introduced
to cut memory requirements in half and significantly
decreasing CPU time.
The table on the right compares
the overall solution time speed‐up Cores Solver Option Speed‐up
1 Sparse Unsym 1.00
for 275k DOF solved on dual quad‐
1 Sparse Sym 1.64
core Intel Xeon E5530. 2 Sparse Unsym 1.00
Note that the symmetric option is 2 Sparse Sym 1.56
about 1.5 times faster for this 4 Sparse Unsym 1.00
model on this model on this 4 Sparse Sym 1.50
particular hardware.
New in 14.0!
20 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Using GPU Accelerator
The GPU Accelerator can also help decrease solution
time for vibroacoustic problems. GPU Accelerator
performs the solver computation on the graphics
card cores.
The table on the right compares
the overall solution time speed‐up Cores Solver GPU Speed‐up
1 Sparse off 1.00
for 275k DOF solved on dual quad‐
2 Sparse off 1.52
core Intel Xeon E5530. 4 Sparse off 2.12
Note that the GPU Accelerator 1 Sparse on 2.24
provides noticeable speed‐up for 2 Sparse on 2.68
this model on this model on this 4 Sparse on 3.00
particular hardware.
21 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011
Other New 14.0 Features in Acoustics
There are a myriad of other new acoustics features
not covered in this presentation:
• Non‐uniform acoustic medium, which can be a function
of temperature or static pressure
• Acoustic scattering capability and ability to output total
or scattered pressure
• Ability to input bulk viscosity to model viscous losses
• Mass sources, impedance sheet, normal velocity b.c.
• Near‐field postprocessing
• Ability to define external
planar wave, monopole,
dipole sources
22 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 12, 2011