REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

TACLOBAN, LEYTE

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ALLIED DISCIPLINE

ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

CAST-IN-PLACE AND PRE-CAST:
FLOOR SYSTEM AND ROOF SLAB SYSTEM

MARK ANTHONY N. CAJUDO

SUBMITTED BY

AR. LEONILYN B. HIDALGO, UAP

SUBMITTED TO

SUBMITTED ON: JUNE 24, 2019

 Alternative Building Construction System: Cast-in-Place
WHAT IS CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE?

Cast-in-place concrete is transported in

an unhardened state, primarily as
ready-mix, and placed in forms. Ready
mixed concrete is proportioned and
mixed off the project site. The concrete
is delivered to the site in a truck agitator
(often incorrectly called a “cement
truck”) but can also be delivered in a

non-agitating truck. Specialized paving Truck agitator for ready mixed concrete (PCA
equipment may be used to mix and No.69926)
spread concrete for pavement

WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?

 Most foundations and slabs-on-ground
 Walls, beams, columns, floors, roofs
 Large portions of bridges, pavements, and other infrastructure.

Alternative Building Construction System: Cast-in-Place

WHAT IS PRE-CAST CONCRETE?

The concept of precast (also known as

“prefabricated”) construction includes
those buildings where most structural
components are standardized and
produced in plants in a location away from
the building, and then transported to the
site for assembly. These components are
manufactured by industrial methods based Precast interior wall panel with steel
on mass production to build a large dowels and grooves (WHE Report 38,
number of buildings in a short time at low Kyrgyzstan)
cost. The main features of this construction
process are as follows

• The division and specialization of the human workforce

• The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in
the production of standard, interchangeable parts and products
WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?

Large-Panel Systems

The designation “large-panel system” refers

to multistory structures composed of large
wall and floor concrete panels connected
in the vertical and horizontal directions so
that the wall panels enclose appropriate
spaces for the rooms within a building.
These panels form a box-like structure. Both
vertical and horizontal panels resist gravity
load. Wall panels are usually one-story
high. Horizontal floor and roof panels span
either as one-way or two-way slabs. When
properly joined together, these horizontal A large-panel concrete building under
elements act as diaphragms that transfer construction (WHE Report 55, Russian
the lateral loads to the walls Federation)

Frame Systems

Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial

beam-columnsubassemblages. Precast beam-column subassemblages have
the advantage that the connecting faces between the subassemblages can
be placed away from the critical frame regions; however, linear elements are
generally preferred because of the difficulties associated with forming,
handling, and erecting spatial elements. The use of linear elements generally
means placing the connecting faces at the beam-column junctions. The
beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of construction
 Components of a precast reinforced concrete frame system ofSeria IIS-04

Slab-Column Systems with Shear Walls

These systems rely on shear walls to sustain

lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column
structure resists mainly gravity loads. There are
two main systems in this category

• Lift-slab system with walls

• Prestressed slab-column system

Lift-slab systems were introduced in the last

decade of the Soviet Union (period 1980-1989)
in some of the Soviet Republics, including
Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan, and the Caucasian
region of Russia, etc. This type of precast
construction is known as “Seria KUB.”The load-
bearing structure consists of precast
A lift-slab building of “Seria KUB”
reinforced concrete columns and slabs.
under construction (WHE Report
Precast columns are usually two stories high.
39, Kyrgyzstan)
All precast structuralelements are assembled
by means of special joints

Flat Slab
WHAT IS A FLAT SLAB?

Flat slab is a reinforced

concrete slab supported
directly by concrete columns
without the use of beams.
Flat slab is defined as one
sided or two-sided support
system with sheer load of the
slab being concentrated on
the supporting columns and
a square slab called ‘drop
panels’

Flat Slabs are considered suitable for most of the construction and for
asymmetrical column layouts like floors with curved shapes and ramps etc.
The advantages of applying flat slabs are many like depth solution, flat soffit
and flexibility in design layout.Even though building flat slabs can be an
expensive affair but gives immense freedom to architects and engineers the
luxury of designing
WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?

Types of Flat Slab Construction

 Simple flat slab
 Flat slab with drop panels
 Flat slab with column heads
 Flat slab with both drop panels and column heads
Benefits of Using Flat Slab Construction Method

 Flexibility in room layout

 Saving in building height
 Shorter construction time
 Ease of installation of M&E services
 Use of prefabricated welded mesh
 Buildable score

Flat Plate
WHAT IS A FLAT PLATE?

The flat plate is a two-way reinforced

concrete framing system utilizing a slab of
uniform thickness, the simplest of structural
shapes.A flat plate is a one- or two-way
system usually supported directly on
columns or load bearing walls. It is one of
the most common forms of construction of
floors in buildings. The principal feature of
the flat plate floor is a uniform or near-uniform Flat plate floor system
thickness with a flat soffit which requires only
simple formwork and is easy to construct. The floor allows great flexibility for
locating horizontal services above a suspended ceiling or in a bulkhead. The
economical span of a flat plate for low to medium loads is usually limited by
the need to control long-term deflection and may need to be sensibly pre-
cambered (not overdone) or prestressed

WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?

 Simple formwork and suitable for direct fix or sprayed ceiling

 No beams—simplifying under-floor services
 Minimum structural depth and reduced floor-to floor height

Ribbed and Waffle Floor Slab

WHAT IS A RIBBED AND WAFFLE FLOOR SLAB?

Ribbed and waffle slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent
flat slab, reducing the extent of foundations. They provide a very good form
of construction where slab vibration is an issue, such as laboratories and
hospitals
Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns
with narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the
beams are the same depth. A thin topping slab completes the system

Waffle slabs tend to be deeper than the equivalent ribbed slab. Waffle slabs
have a thin topping slab and narrow ribs spanning in both directions
between column heads or band beams. The column heads or band beams
are the same depth as the ribs
WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?

 Savings on weight and materials Long spans

 Attractive soffit appearance if exposed
 Economical when reusable formwork pans used
 Vertical penetrations between ribs are easy.
 Soft ground conditions. Extra bored piers or screw piers are required so
that the system is supported on strong ground.
 Sloping sites. Waffle slabs are built on flat sites. On sloping blocks, the
ground has to be made level first by digging some of it out or filling
some of it in. Problems arise when some of the dirt dug out is used as
uncontrolled fill on the low side of the block. All houses, even waffle
slabs, need firm, even support to all parts of the slab.
 Highly reactive and extremely reactive clay sites. These sites need stiff
footing systems to span over the swelling and shrinking soils. Concrete
beams get stronger and stiffer when the depth of the concrete beams
increases but waffle pod void formers tend to max out at 375mm deep
(so providing 475mm deep beams and ribs with a 100mm slab). Some
designers try to achieve extra slab stiffness by adding more steel
reinforcement. This works but the design process becomes more
complicated.
 Cyclonic areas and high wind areas. High winds generate a lot of
pressure on roofs which result in some very concentrated forces in
modern trussed roofs. On a regular sized 200m2 house, some truss uplift
forces are as high as 5 tonnes. In a waffle slab, these forces need to be
resisted only by the weight of the footing system because there is no
skin friction with the ground. 5 tonnes of concrete is about 2 cubic
meters of concrete. That’s a lot more concrete than is available to
resist forces at the truss reaction point. The consequence? High wind
forces will lift enough of the waffle slab to resist the force but this comes
with deflection of the slab. In a cyclone – be prepared for your slab to
lift and your walls to crack.

Lift Slab
WHAT IS A LIFT SLAB?

Lift-Slab Construction is a precast method of construction of slab on the

ground and then lifting it to the structure.

A type of pre-casting used in building construction involves casting floor and

roof slabs at or near ground level and lifting them to their final position, hence
the name lift-slab construction.
It offers many of the advantages of pre-casting and eliminates many of the
storing, handling, and transporting disadvantages. It normally requires fewer
joints than other types of precast building systems. Typically, columns are
erected first, but not necessarily for the full height of the building. Near the
base of the columns, floor slabs are cast in succession, one atop another,
with a parting com-pound between them to prevent bond. The roof slab is
cast last, on top. Usually, the construction is flat plate, and the slabs have
uniform thickness; waffle slabs or other types also can be used

.
WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?

The lift-slab method makes

possible the construction of
multistory industrial and public
buildings with continuous floor
slabshaving an area up to 3,000
sq. m and a weight of as much
as 1,500 tons. The distance
between columns may be 6 m
ormore. For spans exceeding 8
m, hollow or coffered slabs of
either standard or prestressed
reinforced concrete are used.

The lift-slab method is particularly effective in the construction of multistory

buildings with operational, architectural, orstructural requirements that
preclude the use of sectionalized floor slabs prefabricated in large numbers in
a factory. The lift-slab method is successfully used in seismic regions, at
construction sites with limited space, and in regions where highlydeveloped
industrial construction materials and facilities are not readily available.

Span-stress Floor System

WHAT IS A SPAN-STRESS FLOOR SYSTEM?

This method speeds up construction, and saves on expensive equipment,

since it takes cranes out of the way. Span-stress prestressed Concrete T-Joist
Floor and roof system are more compact and light-weight. Easier to transport,
Span-stress prestressed T-Joist can be used with filler blocks or with collapsible
steel forms or plywood forms. It eliminates or reduces scaffoldings to the
minimum. Length goes from 3.00 meters to 9.00 meters
WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?
 Slipform Method
WHAT IS A SLIPFORM METHOD?

Slipform is similar in nature and application to jumpform, but the formwork is

raised vertically in a continuous process. It is a method of vertically extruding
a reinforced concrete section and is suitable for construction of core walls in
high-rise structures – lift shafts, stair shafts, towers, etc. It is a self-contained
formwork system and can require little crane-time during construction.

This is a formwork system which can be used to form any regular shape or
core. The formwork rises continuously, at a rate of about 300mm per hour,
supporting itself on the core and not relying on support or access from other
parts of the building or permanent works.

Commonly, the formwork has three platforms. The upper platform acts as a
storage and distribution area while the middle platform, which is the main
working platform, is at the top of the poured concrete level. The lower
platform provides access for concrete finishing
WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?

 Careful planning of construction processes can achieve high

production rates.
 Slipform does not require the crane to move upwards, minimising crane
use.
 Since the formwork operates independently, formation of the core in
advance of the rest of the structure takes it off the critical path –
enhancing main structure stability.
 Availability of the different working platforms in the formwork system
allows the exposed concrete at the bottom of the rising formwork to be
finished, making it an integral part of the construction process.
 Certain formwork systems permit construction of tapered cores and
towers.
 Slipform systems require a small but highly skilled workforce on site.