A gear is a wheel provided with teeth

which mesh with the teeth on another

wheel or on to a rack, so as to give a
positive transmission of motion from one
component to another.
In the gear measurement it is necessary
to differentiate between the
measurement of the individual
parameters of a gear,
i.e., their individual errors and the
measurement of accumulative errors.
Helical Gear - The leading edges
of the teeth are not parallel to the
axis of rotation, but are set at an
angle. The angled teeth engage
more gradually than do spur gear
teeth. This causes helical gears to
run more smoothly and quietly
than spur gears.
Worm gear – Type of helical gear,
but its helix angle is usually
somewhat large and its body is
usually fairly long in the axial
direction; and it is these
attributes which give it screw like
qualities
Base circle: It is the circle from which gear teeth
profiles are generated.
Pitch circle: It is an imaginary circle which by pure
rolling action, would produce the same motion as the
toothed wheel. The size of the gear is usually
specified by the pitch circle diameter.
Pitch point: It is a common point of contact between
two pitch circles of two meshing gear wheels.
Pressure angle: It is the angle between the common
normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and
the common tangent at the pitch point.
Addendum: It is the radial distance from the pitch
circle to the tip of the tooth.
Dedendum: It is the radial distance from the pitch
circle to the root of the tooth.
Face : It is the part of the tooth surface which is
above the pitch surface.
Flank : It is the part of the tooth surface which is
below the pitch surface.
Circular pitch : It is the distance measured on the
circumference of the pitch circle from a point on one
tooth to the corresponding point on the adjacent
tooth.
Module: It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in
millimeters to the number of teeth.
Face width: It is the width of the gear tooth
measured parallel to its axis.
1. Profile error: - The maximum distance of any point on the tooth profile
form to the design profile.
2. Pitch error: - Difference between actual and design pitch
3. Cyclic error: - Error occurs in each revolution of gear
4. Run out: - Total range of reading of a fixed indicator with the contact
points applied to a surface rotated, without axial movement, about
a fixed axis.
5. Eccentricity: - Half the radial run out
6. Wobble: - Run out measured parallel to. the axis of rotation at a
specified distance from the axis
7. Radial run out: - Run out measured along a perpendicular to the axis
of rotation.
8. Undulation: - Periodical departure of the actual tooth surface from
the design surface.
9. Axial run out: - Run out measured parallel to the axis of rotation at a
speed.
10. Periodic error: -Error occurring at regular intervals
Geometrical Parameters
Tooth Thickness
Addendum Depth
Tooth Spacing Over ‘X’ Number of teeth
Functional Parameters
Pitch Variation
Involute profile
Functional Parameters while meshing
Runout
Backlash
Contact Area
Noise
The Inspection of the gears consists of determine
the following elements in which manufacturing
error may be present.
1. Runout.
2. Pitch
3. Profile
4. Lead
5. Back lash
6. Tooth thickness
7. Concentricity
8. Alignment