Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
Ji, Q. and Kun, L., 2018. Numerical simulation solutions for wind-induced vibration of ship rearview mirrors caused by
airflow noise in shallow seas. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and
Climatic Changes throughout Asia. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 82, pp. 29–34. Coconut Creek
(Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.
The fluid–solid coupling method was used for numerical simulation of the problem of wind-induced vibration of an
exterior rearview mirror caused by airflow. The finite element model was established. The fluid–solid coupling method
was used to consider the process of interaction between fluid and solid. The dynamic characteristics of the rearview
mirror under the coupling condition at different speeds were calculated. Experimental results show that when the vortex
shedding frequency is close to the natural frequency of the rearview mirror structure, a strong vibration in the rearview
mirror can result. This numerical simulation can simulate the actual situation.
as the basis of a whole-ship study. Integrated analysis and From the preceding equation, Ui denotes the feature vector.
The modal coordinate Q and physical coordinate F(x) are a
DOI: 10.2112/SI82-004.1 received 30 September 2017; accepted in
linear combination, and this linear combination is based on the
revision 31 December 2017.
*Corresponding author: qjdhdc2017@163.com natural vibration mode. Thus, the response of system structure
Ó
Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. 2018 in the coordinate system can be obtained:
30 Ji and Kun
Figure 1. Flow field around the ship. grasped through the determination of these parameters (Radko
et al., 2016).
X
n
UQ Numerical Calculation of Fluid–Solid Coupling of the
xðwÞi ¼ Pi ð3Þ Ship Rearview Mirror Model
i¼1
I
Figure 1 gives the flow field around the ship. The finite
In the equation, Pi denotes the ith-order modal. The element analysis method is used for the solid computational
normalization theory can be used for modal mass I and mode domain of the MIRA model hull (Abbasi et al., 2017; Wang, Gu,
of vibration U: and Hu, 2016; Yasin et al., 2017). The elastification processing
( is carried out for the corresponding part, which is needed to
UT ½MU ¼ ½I research the hull. The elastic structural dynamic finite element
ð4Þ
UT ½KU ¼ x2i equation is solved: MẌ ¼ CẊ + KX = Fa. Kinematic condition–
displacement compatibility is df ¼ ds, and the dynamic
In the equation, xi2 denotes the eigenvalue of the equation set. condition–force balance is n sf ¼ n ss, where, df is the fluid
Under airflow noise, the vibration modes of the ship structure displacement, ds is the solid displacement, n is the component
must have the following relationship, with the vibration mode of the unit-normal vector, sf is the fluid stress, and ss is the
corresponding to the natural frequency: structure stress. At the same time, the aerodynamic force is
( integrated to get the resultant force, which is applied to the
fUgi ¼ p1ffiffiffiffiffi fMi gi
Mi ð5Þ corresponding structural node:
fUg ¼ ½/fMi g1=2 Z
In the equation, [/] denotes the normalized vibration mode of FðtÞ ¼ hd sf ds ð8Þ
modal mass, and the following equation can be obtained:
In the equation, hd denotes the displacement of the
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
xi ¼ Ki =M ð6Þ structural node, and ds denotes the infinitesimal area. The
solution vector of the coupling system is set as X ¼ (Xf, Xs),
In the equation, xi denotes the natural frequency of modal, and
where, Xs denotes the solution vector, which is defined on
the normalized vibration mode [/] of modal mass are used: the node of the structural coupling surface, and Xf denotes
2 the solution vector on the node of the fluid coupling surface.
x ½ I þ jx½2ni xi þ x2i Q ¼ UT fF ðxÞg ð7Þ
The known condition is ds ¼ ds(Xs), sf ¼ sf(Xf). The finite
In the equation, for the ship structural system under any element equation of the coupling system is shown as
airflow noise, if the master structure of the n modal damping follows:
ratio ni, the natural frequency of structural modal xi, and the
normalized modal mass vibration mode [/] are grasped, the
basic physical characteristics of the ship’s structure can be
Table 1. Properties of the main structure material of outside the rearview
mirror of the ship.
Young
Density Modulus Poisson
Part Name Material (kg/m3) (Pa) Ratio
Mirror housing ABS 1250 1.7 3 109 0.5
Permanent seat of mirror face ASA 1350 1.8 3 109 0.5
Rotating seat of mirror face ASA 1350 1.8 3 109 0.5
Lens holder PP 920 1.7 3 109 0.45
Mirror face Glass 2430 5.0 3 109 0.30
Rotating pivot ASA 1250 2.0 3 109 0.35
Mechanical spring 65Mn 7.5 3 105 2.0 3 109 0.25
Figure 3. Modal frequency and vortex shedding frequency.
Microscope stand ABS 1250 1.9 3 109 0.30
Figure 5. Time-travel curve of the lift coefficient. Figure 6. Spectrum analysis of the lift coefficient.
Figure 7. Cloud picture of the velocity scalar of the fixed rearview mirror at different speeds.
Figures 4 and 5 show the time-travel curves of the drag greater than 75 km/h, regular vortex shedding is observed in
coefficient and lift coefficient. The sampling frequency is the horizontal section (Figure 7):
obtained by the time step. The frequency needs to satisfy that
it can capture the frequency of vortex shedding, and the specific (1) V ¼ 15 km/h
(2) V ¼ 45 km/h
numerical values can be determined with the empirical value.
(3) V ¼ 75 km/h
The sampling interval for capturing the frequency of vortex
(4) V ¼ 105 km/h
shedding is not more than 0.002 s.
The dominant frequency of the lift coefficient at different
Calculation of the Rearview Mirror of Flow-Induced
speeds is obtained through fast Fourier transform, which is
Vibration under Airflow Noise
the shedding frequency of the vortex. The time-history chart
The numerical simulation of flow-induced vibration is
of the lift coefficient shows that when the speed is greater
researched. The range of working speed V is 15 to about 105
than 75 km/h, the lift coefficient only shows a kind of regular
km/h. In the process of numerical solution, the time-travel
change, so it has the unique dominant frequency. Through curve of each parameter is obtained. The fast Fourier
the calculation results, the root-mean-square value C1,rms, transform for parameters can be converted to the variation
the maximum value C1,max, and the minimum value C1,min of trend of the wind vibration parameter in the frequency domain.
lift coefficient Cl under corresponding speed are obtained, After selecting the terminal in the top left of the mirror face of
and the average value C1,min, the maximum value Cd,max, and the rearview mirror, the spectral analysis is carried out, as
the minimum value Cd,min of drag coefficient Cd are obtained shown in Figure 8:
as shown in Table 4.
The average value of the drag coefficient shows that at low (1) V ¼ 15 km/h
speed, the drag coefficient is unstable. There are minor (2) V ¼ 45 km/h
fluctuations. When the speed is greater than 60 km/h, the (3) V ¼ 75 km/h
drag coefficient is stable regionally. This rule can be seen (4) V ¼ 105 km/h
from the change of the root-mean-square value of the lift From the spectrum of the displacement amplitude, when V ¼
coefficient. 15 km/h, the low frequency has a small amplitude and the
When the speed is lower than 45 km/h, there is no vortex medium-high frequency has a large amplitude. The high-
shedding in the horizontal section or flat surface. At this speed, frequency amplitude is basically equal to the low-frequency
the dominant frequency of fluctuation of the lift force is not amplitude. The low- and high-frequency phases are led, and the
unique, which is consistent with Figure 6. When the speed is medium-high frequency phase is lagged; when V ¼ 45 km/h, the
Table 3. Working condition table of numerical calculation.
low frequency has only slight destabilization, and medium- of vortex shedding of the rearview mirror are almost the same,
high frequency and high frequency are strong. The high- but there is a tiny deviation.
frequency phase is led, and the medium-high frequency phase From the point of view of frequency, Figure 8 analyzes the
is lagged; when V ¼ 75 km/h, in addition to the fundamental mode of vibration of rearview mirror at different speeds,
frequency, there are two obvious dominant frequencies, and the including the change of the vibration phase and the decompo-
disturbance can ignore the lag of the frequency phase; when V¼ sition of the vibration signal. The result shows that when fixed
105 km/h, the vibration is stable, and the amplitude difference and vibrated, the frequencies of vortex shedding of the
between midfrequency and medium-low frequency begins to rearview mirror are almost the same, but there is a tiny
gradually reduce from V ¼ 75 km/h. Now, the phase of deviation (Table 5).
midfrequency is led, and medium-low frequency phase is This model finds that the vibration of the rearview mirror is
lagged. locked as a fixed frequency when the nonvortex-induced
vibration is dominant. It does not change with the frequency
DISCUSSION of vortex shedding and the wind field intensity.
Only the left rearview mirror is used as the study object of
flow-induced vibration. Besides the left rearview mirror, the CONCLUSIONS
other components are treated as a rigid body (Roslee et al., In this paper, the vibration characteristics of the ship
2017). The result shows that fixed and vibrated the frequencies rearview mirror under airflow noise in a shallow sea are
Table 4. Dynamic coefficient of the rearview mirror at different speeds.
studied through the fluid–solid coupling method. The innova- Qin, B.; Li, W.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, T.F., and Gao, G., 2015.
tion points of the research are as follows. Cyanobacterial bloom management through integrated monitoring
and forecasting in large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu (China).
First, the numerical simulation method of fluid–solid
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 287(2), 356–363.
coupling is applied to research of the dynamic characteristics Radan, A.; Latifi, M.; Moshtaghie, M.; Ahmadi, M., and Omidi, M.,
of the exterior mirror, which can cover the shortcomings of the 2017. Determining the sensitive conservative site in Kolah Ghazi
research method of flow-induced vibration of the rearview National Park, Iran, in order to management wildlife by using GIS
mirror and reduce the experimental cost during the develop- software. Environment Ecosystem Science, 1(2), 13–15.
Radko, I.P.; Boll, M.; Israelsen, N.M.; Raatz, N.; Meijer, J.; Jelezko,
ment stage. F.; Andersen, U.L., and Huck, A., 2016. Determining the internal
Second, the unidirectional coupling method is abandoned. quantum efficiency of shallow-implanted nitrogen-vacancy defects
The two-way fluid–solid coupling method can be used to realize in bulk diamond. Optics Express, 24(24), 27715–27725.
the real-time exchange between the fluid calculation data and Rashid, I.; Ahmad, Sial, A.R.; Muhammad, G., and Saqib, M., 2017.
the solid calculation data to make the simulation more realistic. Tetanus in a surgically castrated beetal buck: A case report. Matrix
Science Pharma, 1(2), 25–26.
The finite element model of this research uses fixed stiffness Roslee, R.; Mickey, A.C.; Simon, N., and Norhisham, M.N., 2017.
and damping conditions. The effect of these two conditions on Landslide susceptibility analysis (LSA) using weighted overlay
the vibration form is large. Research that considers the use of method (WOM) along the Genting Sempah to Bentong Highway,
variable stiffness and the damping model can find the flow field Pahang. Malaysian Journal Geosciences, 1(2), 13–19.
Su, C.J.; Li, Z., and Xu, Y.R., 2016. Analysis of vibration character-
mechanism causing the rearview vibration.
istics and response of the working ship propulsion shafting. Ship
and Ocean Engineering, 45(4), 137–140.
LITERATURE CITED Tang, Y.H.; Chen, Z.J., and Zhang, J.D., 2016. Vibration response
Abbasi, N.; Khan, M.S.; Mughal, M.S., and Yasin, M., 2017. analysis of ships under wave load based on numerical experiment.
Sedimentary facies analysis of Nagri Formation, Kashmir Basin, Journal of Vibration and Shock, 35(22), 114–122.
Sub-Himalayas, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Geology, 1(2), 3–6. Tariq, W.; Hussain, S.Q.; Nasir, D.A.; Tayyab, N.; Gillani, S.H., and
Alhuri, Y.; Benkhaldoun, F.; Ouazar, D.; Seaid, M., and Taik, A., Rafiq, A., 2017. Experimental study on strength and durability of
2016. A meshless method for numerical simulation of depth- cement and concrete by partial replacement of fine aggregate with
averaged turbulence flows using a k- model. International Journal fly ash. Earth Sciences Pakistan, 1(2), 7–11.
for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 80(1), 3–22. Usman, M.; Yasin, H.; Nasir, D.A., and Mehmood, W., 2017. A case
Freund, J.B.; Lele, S.K., and Moin, P., 2015. Numerical simulation of study of groundwater contamination due to open dumping of
a Mach 1.92 turbulent jet and its sound field. AIAA Journal, 38(11), municipal solid waste in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Earth Sciences
2023–2031. Pakistan, 1(2), 12–13.
Guoming, L.; Yanmin, C.; Guowei, Y., and Xiaoping, W., 2017. Wang, X.L.; Gu, X.K., and Hu, J.J., 2016. Comparative study of the
Research on data management model of national defense mobili- effect of hull-girder stiffness on springing behaviors. Chinese
zation potential based on geo-spatial framework. Malaysian Journal of Ship Research, 11(5), 55–62.
Journal Geosciences, 1(2), 10–12. Wu, W.R.; Xu, S.P.; Lou, L., and Sheng, L., 2016. High-frequency
Hashemi, N., 2017. Recognizing the potential of sustainable use of excitation characteristics of roadheader boom. Computer Simula-
pasture resources in south Khorasan Province with approach of tion, 33(11), 265–268.
carrying capacity. Environment Ecosystem Science, 1(2), 9–12. Yasin, M.; shahzad, A.; Abbasi, N.; Ijaz, U., and Khattak, Z., 2017.
Liu, X.; Wang, C., and Chen, Z., 2015. Characteristics analysis of an The use of stratigraphic section in recording quagmire of
excitation assistance switched reluctance wind power generator. information for the fluvial depositional environment—A worked
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 51(11), 1–1. example in District Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
Maryam, A.; Aslam, S.; Saif, S.; Aslam, T.; Tusleem, K.; Qamar, M.T.; Pakistan Journal of Geology, 1(2), 1–2.
Abdullah, I.; Mushtaq, A.; Khalid, R.R., and Siddiqi, A.R., 2017. Zhang, Y.; Liu, W.; Skromme, B.J.; Cheng, H.; Shibli, S.M., and
Statistical analysis of risk factors affecting the prognosis of biliary Tamargo, M.C., 2015. Systematic investigation of shallow acceptor
atresia in infants. Matrix Science Pharma, 1(2), 20–24. levels in ZnSe. Journal of Crystal Growth, 138(1–4), 310–317.