NUTRITION IN THE

LIFECYCLE

by
Indraguna Pinatih
Dept. Of Community and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine
Centre for Study on Anti Aging Medicine
Udayana University
 LIFE CYCLE
• Infant (0 – 1 year)
• Under-five (1 – 5 year)
• Elementary school age children (7 – 12 year)
• Teenage/adolescent (12 – 18 year)
• Adult ( 25 – 55 year)
– Pregnancy
• Senior adult ( ≥ 55 year)
– Elderly > 70 year
 EFFECT OF NUTRITION
PROBLEM IN THE EARLY AGE
Short term Long term
effect effect

Brain Cognitive &

development education
performance
Early nutrition in
utero and
childhood Growth & muscle Immunity &
mass, body work capacity
composition

Metabolic Metabolic
programming diseases
Modified from Rajagopalan S, 2003, Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 24 (3)
PREGNANCY
◼ MAIN CONCERN
◼ Formation
◼ Development
PREGNANCY
◼ Is a physiological process but very risky for women
◼ Mother will face a lot of changes, outwardly it can be
seen from body shape and weight
◼ Trimester I : formation stage
◼ Trimester II : growth stage
◼ Trimester III : Maturation stage
0-8 wk 40 wk

10 wk

22 wk
Body weight increment
◼ Weight increase
depends on pre
pregnancy weight
◼ Growth line is not
straight
◼ Total increase in
weight:
9 - 15 kg
Messages for pregnant mother
◼ Consume variety of food, balance and more in
quantity
◼ Small portion, more frequent
◼ Supplement
◼ Iron, Iodine, folic acid
◼ Calcium
◼ EPA/DHA (in marine/fish oil)
◼ Eliminate process food and simple sugar
INFANT (0-1 YRS)
◼ MAIN CONCERN
◼ Development
◼ Growth

◼ Food introduction
INFANT 0-1 YEAR
◼ Early life outside the mother
◼ All body has been well function but still imperfect
(rudimentary)
◼ First highly growth spurt
◼ Body weight in year 1: 3-5 X birth weight
◼ Head circumference: 2-3 X circumference at birth
◼ Coarse skill starts appearing
INFANT 0-1 YEAR
INFANT 0-1 YEAR
◼ Main food : liquid food: breast milk
◼ Additional food (food introduction) starts from 6
months of age :
◼ 6-7 month : delicate food
◼ 7-9 month : soft but thick
◼ 9-12 bulan: soft but rough
INFANT FOOD

◼ Breast milk is the best

food for baby
◼ Exclusive breast
feeding for 6 month
◼ Give colostrum to the
baby
◼ Breast feeding shall
be given at least 1
year and the best is 2
years
REASON FOR BREAST FEEDING
◼ SHORT TERM
◼ Nutritionally fit to the human body
◼ Cheap, easy and healthy
◼ Reduce morbidity and mortality risk of the baby and
the mother
◼ Promote feeling of affection
◼ Delay next pregnancy
◼ LONG TERM
◼ Prevent risk of malnutrition (under/over)
◼ Prevent risk to get hypercholesterolemia,
hypertension, cardiovasculer
 BABY’S FOOD
Shall be made as simple as possible but still
balance
Limit or even avoid seasoning in food especially
material can ruin the baby’s appetite
Breast fed mother shall consume highly quality
food and also balance to produce highly quality
breast milk
Supplement EPA and DHA are important
The quantity of food is sufficient when the baby’s
weight increase following the growth chart
 TODLER (AGED 1-3)
MAIN CONCERN
–Growth
–Development
–Food exploration
 TODLER AGE 1-3 YEAR
The kids have been learning plenty of motoric skill (coarse
and fine)
– Walking-running-jumping
– Start talking
Still in highly growth spurt but less than the first year
– Body weight in the early age 3 ~ 3-4 X birth weight
TODDLER AGE 1-3 YEAR
 TODDLER FOOD 1-3 YEAR
Still dominantly eat semi liquid/soft food
Breast feeding shall be continue up to 2 years, weaning shall be
perform wisely
Adult food shall be introduced to the kids
Still avoiding food that ruin the baby’s appetite
Food composition still balance, simple and fresh
Provide happy meal environment
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
 PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
MAIN CONCERN
–Growth
–Development?
–Food safety
 PRE SCHOOL CHILDREN
Growth starts to flattening
Motoric skill improving a lot and kids have
plenty of activities
Kids can say “NO” to whatever they don’t
like include food
Muscle starts to develop
Digestibility skill improve get close to adult
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Food is similar with adult food
Activities is included when
calculating energy requierement
Fresh food is far better than not
fresh
Bring into habit : family table
Small portion, highly dense food
and more frequent are far better
 NUTRITION ISSUES FOR ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL CHILDREN
Nutrient requirement vs growth spurt
Parasite Infection
– Nutritional Anemia
Food safety especially at school
Nutritional supplementation at school (PMT AS)
Double burden in nutrition
 FOOD PATTERN IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
CHILDREN
Children age 7-9 are skillfull to chose the food they like
because they have known their environment
Mostly they like tasty food containing carbo, salt and
monosodium which all will ruin chidren’ appetite
Need supervision for not choosing wrong food due to peer
influenced
 FOOD PATTERN INI ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
CHILDREN
Energy and protein requieremnet shall be calculated
concerning sex profile
– Male are moree active and hence needs more energy then
female
– Female has been starting their period anak and hence they
need more protein, iron than their aged before.

Breakfast shall be applied to maintain their concentration

at school
FOOD SOLD AT SCHOOL
FOOD DANGER TO CHILDREN HEALTH
 ACTION NEEDED
School Feeding Program
Worm medication every 6 monthly
Nutrition monitoring at school
Bring breakfast into habit
 ADOLESCENTS
MAIN CONCERN
–2nd development
–Body image
 NUTRITION ISSUES AMONG
ADOLESCENTS
Nutrient requirement vs growth spurt
Double burden
– Nutrient deficiency due to Body image
– Over weight or obesity
– Highly activity
Too early pregnancy
 ADOLESCENT
Food habit mostly unideal since there are over-activities,
peer pressure, free environment, seeking identity
Often skipping food and just snacking, to much fast food
and/or commercial food, beverages and often too high
alcohol consumption

Yaktiworo Indriani, 2009

 AGING
MAIN CONCERN
–Keep healthy
–Prevent aging
 BIOLOGICAL CHANGES DUE TO AGING
System endocrine
System immune
System metabolism
System Cardiovascular
System Gastrointestinal
System reproduction
System neuron
Brain function
System muscle
System
THE PURPOSE OF MEAL

Maintain status of health

Supporting body function
Prevent aging process
Minimize complaint when
aged
 FOOD PRINCIPLE
Not poisonous (toxin)
Nutritionally enough to support body function
Easily digest and excreted
DEFENSIVE NUTRITION PARADIGM
Reach and maintain your normal body
weight
Diet mostly plant base
– Row-lightly cooked whole-grain cereals
– Raw-lightly steamed vegetables & sprouts
– Raw fresh fruit, include skin
Limit animal base food , avoid red meat
and substitute with white meat or fish
Balance of Ω6 and Ω3
Supplement