LIST OF FIGURES

Page No.

220 KV GSS SANGANER 1

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220KV GSS SANGANER (JAIPUR) 5

LIGHTNING ARRESTER 6

PIN TYPE INSULATOR 11

SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR 12

STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR 12

ISOLATOR 13

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 16

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER 17

RELAYS 21

POWER TRANSFORMER 23

RADIATOR WITH FAN 24

BUCHHOLZ RELAY 25

WINDING AND OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 26

SILICA GEL BREATHER 26

CONSERVATOR WITH BUCHHOLZ RELAY AND TANK 27

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS 29

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 31

CONTROL ROOM IN GSS SANGANER 34

CAPACITOR BANK 36
WAVE TRAP 37

BATTERY ROOM 41

CONTENTS
Page No.
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1

1.1: 220 KV GSS, SANGANER 2

1.2: INCOMING FEEDER 3

1.3: OUTGOING FEEDER 3

Chapter 2: LIGHTNING ARRESTER 6

2.1: TYPES OF ARRESTERS 7

2.1.1: ROD/SPHERE GAP 7

2.1.2: EXPULSION TYPE LA 7

2.1.3: VALVE TYPE LA 7

Chapter 3: BUS BARS 8

3.1: TYPES OF BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT 8

3.1.1: SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT 9

3.1.2: DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT 9

3.1.3: DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT WITH AUXILIARY BUS 9

Chapter 4: INSULATORS 10

4.1: TYPES OF INSULATORS 10

4.1.1: PIN TYPE 11

 4.1.2: SUSPENSION TYPE 12

4.1.3: STRAIN INSULATOR 12

Chapter 5: ISOLATORS 13

Chapter 6: CIRCUIT BREAKER 15

6.1: TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER 16

6.1.1: SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 16

6.1.2: AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER 17

6.1.3: OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER 19

6.1.4: BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER (MOCB) 20

6.1.5: MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER 20

Chapter 7: PROTECTIVE RELAYS 21

7.1: DISTANCE RELAYS 22

7.2: TYPES OF DISTANCE RELAY 22

7.2.1: IMPEDANCE RELAY 22

7.2.2: ADMITTANCE RELAY 22

7.2.3: REACTANCE RELAY 22

Chapter 8: POWER TRANSFORMER 23

8.1: WINDINGS 23

8.2: TANK & FITTINGS 24

8.3: COOLING EQUIPMENTS 24

 8.4: TRANSFORMER ACCESSORIES 25

8.4.1: BUCHHOLZ RELAY 25

8.4.2: TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 25

8.4.3: SILICA GEL BREATHER 26

8.4.4: CONSERVATOR 27

Chapter 9: CURRENT TRANSFORMER 29

Chapter 10: POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 31

Chapter 11: CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRNSFORMER 33

Chapter 12: CONTROL ROOM 34

12.1: MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED 35

Chapter 13: CAPACITOR BANK 36

Chapter 14: POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION 37

14.1: WAVE TRAP 37

Chapter 15: EARTHING OF THE SYSTEM 39

15.1: PROCEDURE OF EARTHING 39

15.2: NEUTRAL EARTHING 40

Chapter 16: BATTERY ROOM 41

Chapter 17: RATTINGS 42

CONCLUSION 45

REFERENCES 46
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric
power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network of
transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high power lines
are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load centers to inter
connected. Power house for increased reliability of supply greater.

The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, ac to dc,
frequency, power factor etc.) of electric supply keeping the power constant is called a substation.

An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission

and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using
transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and
consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
 Fig.1.1 - 220 KV [Ref.-7]
Page-1

Substations have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more
transformers. In a large substation, circuit breaker are used to interrupt any short-circuits or
overload currents that may occur on the network.
Depending on the constructional feature, the high voltage substations may be
further subdivided:
(a) Outdoor substation
(b) Indoor substation
(c) Base or Underground substation
1.1) 220KV Grid Substation, Sanganer:
Its part of RVPN. It is situated 13.4km away from Jaipur. The power mainly comes from 220 KV
K.T.P.S, 220KV Heerapura (400KV) and 220 KV Heerapura (220KV) 132 KV Heerapura
(220KV). The substation is equipped with various equipments and there are various
arrangements for the protection purpose. The equipments in the GSS are listed previously. At this
substation following feeders are established.
1. TIE FEEDERS
2. RADIAL FEEDERS
220KV GSS SANGANER is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution as well it has
not only step down but the distribution work
The electrical work in a substation comprises to:
1. Choice of bus bar arrangement layout.
2. Selection of rating of isolator.
3. Selection of rating of instrument transformer.
4. Selection of rating of C.B.
5. Selection of lighting arrester [LA]
6. Selection of rating of power transformer
7. Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards.
8. Selection of voltage regulator equipment.
9. Design a layout of earthing grids and protection against lightening stockes.

Page-2

1.2) INCOMING FEEDERS:

The incoming feeders are:
1) 220 KV HEERAPURA-I
2) 220 KV HEERAPURA-II
3) 220 KV K.T.P.S.

1.3) OUTGOING FEEDERS:

The outgoing feeders are:

A) 132 KV:
1) Sitapura
2) Heerapura
3) Mansarovar
 4) SMS Stadium
5) Balawala
6) Chaksu

B) 33KV:
1) Durgapura -1
2) Durgapura-2
3) Sanganer
4) Sitapura
5) I.O.C
6) Watika
7) Phagi
8) Malpura gate
9) Mandi
Page-3
C) 11KV:
1) Muhana
2) Tejawala
3) Prem nagar
4) Industrial

Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (RVPN) a company under the Companies
Act, 1956 and registered with Registrar of Companies as "RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT
PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED" vide No. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its Registered Office
at VIDYUT BHAWAN, JYOTI NAGAR, JAIPUR-302005 has been established on 19 July, 2000
by Govt. of Rajasthan under the provisions of the Rajasthan Power Sector Reform act 1999 as
the successor company of RSEB. The RERC has granted RVPN a license for transmission and
bulk supply vide RERC/Transmission and Bulk Supply License 4/2001 dated 30.
 Our aim is to provide reliable electric transmission service to these customers. As a public
utility whose infrastructure serves as the link in transporting electricity to millions of electricity
users, RVPN has following duties and responsibilities:

• Intra state transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System.

• Ensuring development of an efficient, co-ordinated and economical system of intra-state

transmission of electricity from generating stations to Load Centers.
• Non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission system on payment of transmission
charges
• Complying with the directions of RLDC and SLDC, operating SLDC until any other authority
is established by the State Govt.
• Now RVPN is "An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company" [Ref.-7]

Page-4

Fig 1.2: Single Line Diagram of 220KV GSS Sanganer(Jaipur) [Ref.-7]

Page-5

CHAPTER 2

LIGHTNING ARRESTER
 Fig.2.1- Lightning arrester [Ref.-7]

A lightning arrester (also known as surge diverter) is a device connected between line and
earth i.e. in parallel with the over headline, HV equipments and substation to be protected. It is a
safety valve which limits the magnitude of lightning and switching over voltages at the
substations, over headlines and HV equipments and provides a low resistance path for the surge
current to flow to the ground. The practice is also to install lightning arresters at the incoming
terminals of the line.

Page-6

All the electrical equipments must be protected from the severe damages of lightning strokes.
The techniques can be studied under:-

 Protection of transmission line from direct stroke.

  Protection of power station and sub-station from direct stroke.

 Protection of electrical equipments from travelling waves.

2.1) Types of Arrestors:-

2.1.1) Rod/sphere gap:- It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided
across the stack of Insulators to permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are
impressed of the system.

2.1.2) Expulsion type LA:- It have two electrodes at each end and consists of a fiber
tube capable of producing a gas when is produced. The gas so evolved blows the
arc through the bottom electrode.

2.1.3) Valve type LA:- It consists of a divided spark-gap in series will a non linear
resistor. The divided spark gap consists of a no. of similar elements, each of it
two electrode across which are connected high resistor.

Page-7

CHAPTER 3

BUS BARS
 Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large no of feeders
operating at same voltage have to be connected.

If the bus bars are of rigid type (Aluminum types) the structure height are low and
minimum clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus bars suitable ACSR conductor
are strung/tensioned by tension insulators discs according to system voltages. In the widely used
strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 Kg depending upon the size of conductor
used.

Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved. Loose bus
bars would effect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may damage insulators.
Clamps or even effect the supporting structures in low temperature conditions.

The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load condition
damaging the bus bars itself.

3.1) BUS BAR ARRENGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING TYPE

WHICH IS BEING ADOPTED BY R.R.V.P.N.L.:-
3.1.1) Single bus bar arrangement

3.1.2) Double bus bar arrangement

a) Main bus with transformer bus

b) Main bus-I with main bus-II

3.1.3) Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.

Page-8
3.1.1) SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :

This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers, however, from major defects.
 1. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.

2. Extension of the sub station without a shut down is not possible

3.1.2) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :

1. Each load may be fed from either bus.

2. The load circuit may be divided in to two separate groups if needed from
operational consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put on
each bus separately.

3. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators.

The normal bus selection insulators can not be used for breaking load currents.
The arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of
supply.

3.1.3) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS CONTAINS MAIN BUS

WITH AUXILARY BUS :

The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The
main and transfer bus works the other way round. It provides facility for carrying out
breaker maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever maintenance is
required on any breaker the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and is controlled
through bus coupler breaker.

Page-9

CHAPTER 4

INSULATOR
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from the ground
so that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports. The insulators are
connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power conductor passes through the
clamp of the insulator. The insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors and
supports and thus prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth. In general, the insulator
should have the following desirable properties:

 High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.

 High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents

to earth.

 High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength is

high.

 High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.

These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass. Poly come type
insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if available indigenously.
The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and expansion in any part of
the insulator does not lead to any defect. It is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct
contact with a hard metal screw thread.

4.1) TYPE OF INSULATORS:

4.1.4: Pin type

4.1.5: Suspension type

4.1.6: Strain insulator

Page-10

4.1.1) PIN TYPE: pin type insulator consist of a single or multiple shells adapted to
be mounted on a spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting structure.
When the upper most shell is wet due to rain the lower shells are dry and provide
sufficient leakage resistance these are used for transmission and distribution of
electric power at voltage up to voltage 33 KV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 KV
the pin type insulators thus become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

Fig.4.1-Pin type insulator [Ref.-5]

Page-11
4.1.2) SUSPENSION TYPE: suspension type insulators consist of a number of
porcelain disc connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. Its
working voltage is 66KV. Each disc is designed for low voltage for 11KV.

Fig.4.2-Suspension type insulator [Ref.-5]

4.1.3) STRAIN INSULATOR: the strain insulators are exactly identical in shape
with the suspension insulators. These strings are placed in the horizontal plane
rather than the vertical plane. These insulators are used where line is subjected to
greater tension. For low voltage lines (< 11KV) shackle insulator are used as
strain insulator.

Fig.4.3-Strain type insulator [Ref.-5]

Page-12
 CHAPTER 5

ISOLATORS

“Isolator" is one, which can break and make an electric circuit in no load condition. These are
normally used in various circuits for the purposes of Isolation of a certain portion when required
for maintenance etc. Isolation of a certain portion when required for maintenance etc. "Switching
Isolators" are capable of

 Interrupting transformer magnetized currents

 Interrupting line charging current

 Load transfer switching

Fig.5.1- Isolators [Ref.-7]

Page-13

Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes it possible to
switch out one transformer, while the other is still on load. The most common type of isolators is
the rotating centre pots type in which each phase has three insulator post, with the outer posts
carrying fixed contacts and connections while the centre post having contact arm which is
arranged to move through 90` on its axis.

The following interlocks are provided with isolator:

a) Bus 1 and2 isolators cannot be closed simultaneously.

b) Isolator cannot operate unless the breaker is open.

c) Only one bay can be taken on bypass bus.

 d) No isolator can operate when corresponding earth switch is on breaker.

Page-14

CHAPTER 6

CIRCUIT BREAKER

The function of relays and circuit breakers in the operation of a power system is to
prevent or limit damage during faults or overloads, and to minimize their effect on the remainder
of the system. This is accomplished by dividing the system into protective zones separated by
circuit breakers. During a fault, the zone which includes the faulted apparatus is de-energized
and disconnected from the system. In addition to its protective function, a circuit breaker is also
used for circuit switching under normal conditions.
 Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone and
having circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable to restrict the
amount of system disconnected by a given fault; as for example to a single transformer, line
section, machine, or bus section. However, economic considerations frequently limit the number
of circuit breakers to those required for normal operation and some compromises result in the
relay protection.

Some of the manufacturers are ABB, AREVA, Cutler-Hammer (Eaton), Mitsubishi

Electric, Pennsylvania Breaker, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Toshiba, Končar HVS and others.

Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank", where the enclosure that contains the
breaking mechanism is at line potential, or dead tank with the enclosure at earth potential. High-
voltage AC circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to 765,000 volts.

Page-15

6.1) Various types of circuit breakers:-

6.1.1) SF6 Circuit Breaker

6.1.2) Air Blast Circuit Breaker

6.1.3) Oil Circuit Breaker

6.1.4) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB)

6.1.5) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

6.1.1) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

 Sulphur hexafluoride has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching medium. It
has been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers, gas-insulated switchgear
(GIS), high voltage capacitors, bushings, and gas insulated transmission lines. In SF6 breakers the
contacts are surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas. At the moment the contacts are opened, a small
amount of gas is compressed and forced through the arc to extinguish it.

Fig.6.1-SF6 Circuit Breaker [Ref.-7]

Page-16

6.1.2) AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast of air, at
high pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the air blast will replace the
ionized hot gases within the arc zone and the arc length is considerably increased.
Consequently the arc may be interrupted at the first natural current zero. In this type of
breaker, the contacts are surrounded by compressed air. When the contacts are opened the
compressed air is released in forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing
the arc in the process.
 Fig.6.2-Air Blast Circuit Breaker [Ref.-7]

Page-17

Advantages:

An air blast circuit breaker has the following advantages over an oil circuit breaker:

 The risk of fire is eliminated

 The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil deteriorates
with successive operations; the expense of regular oil is replacement is avoided

 The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc
extinction is very small. this reduces the size of device
  The arcing time is very small due to the rapid build up of dielectric strength between
contacts. Therefore, the arc energy is only a fraction that in oil circuit breakers, thus
resulting in less burning of contacts

 Due to lesser arc energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions where
frequent operation is required

 The energy supplied for arc extinction is obtained from high pressure air and is
independent of the current to be interrupted.

Disadvantages:

Air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing properties.

 Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variations in the rate of restriking
voltage.

 Considerable maintenance is required for the compressor plant which supplies the air
blast

 Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage installations.
Majority of circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110 kV are of this type.

Page-18

6.1.3) OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Circuit breaking in oil has been adopted since the early stages of circuit breakers
manufacture. The oil in oil-filled breakers serves the purpose of insulating the live parts from the
earthed ones and provides an excellent medium for arc interruption. Oil circuit breakers of the
various types are used in almost all voltage ranges and ratings. However, they are commonly
used at voltages below 115KV leaving the higher voltages for air blast and SF6 breakers. The
contacts of an oil breaker are submerged in insulating oil, which helps to cool and extinguish the
arc that forms when the contacts are opened. Oil circuit breakers are classified into two main
types namely: bulk oil circuit breakers and minimum oil circuit breakers.
The advantages of using oil as an arc quenching medium are:

1. It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have excellent cooling
properties.

2. It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and
earthed components.

The disadvantages of oil as an arc quenching medium are:

1. Its inflammable and there is risk of fire

Fig.8.1-Power Transformer [Ref.-7]

Page-23

8.2) Tanks and fittings:

Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel of
adequate thickness. After completion of welding, all joints shall be subjected to dye
penetration testing.

At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be provided
for easy access to bushing & earth connections. Turrets & other parts surrounding the conductor
of individual phase shall be non-magnetic. The main tank body including tap changing
compartment, radiators shall be capable of withstanding full vacuum.

8.3) Cooling Equipments:

Cooling equipment shall conform to the requirement stipulated below:

(a.) Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and
bottom (80mm size) lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at the
top, a drain and sampling valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw cap on
the inlet and outlet.

(b.) Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause
undue vibration. These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. Each fan
shall be suitably protected by galvanized wire guard.

Fig.8.2-Radiator with fan [Ref.-7]

Page-24

8.4) Transformer Accessories:

8.4.1) Buchholz Relay:

This has two Floats, one of them with surge catching baffle and gas collecting space at
top. This is mounted in the connecting pipe line between conservator and main tank. This
is the most dependable protection for a given transformer.
 Gas evolution at a slow rate that is associated with minor faults inside the
transformers gives rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are wired for alarm.
There is a glass window with marking to read the volume of gas collected in the relay.
Any major fault in transformer creates a surge and the surge element in the relay trips the
transformer. Size of the relay varies with oil volume in the transformer and the mounting
angle also is specified for proper operation of the relay.

Fig.8.3-Buchholz Relay [Ref.-7]

8.4.2) Temperature Indicators:

Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with indicators
that displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers pockets
provided in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in them. Oil temperature
measured is that of the top oil, where as the winding temperature measurement is indirect.

Page-25

This is done by adding the temperature rise due to the heat produced in a heater coil
(known as image coil) when a current proportional to that flowing in windings is passed in
it to that or top oil. For proper functioning or OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the
thermometers pocket clean and filled with oil.
 Fig.8.4-Winding and oil temperature indicator [Ref.-5]

8.4.3) Silica Gel Breather:

Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more
hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction
insulation strength of transformer. To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe
only through the silica gel column, which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the
conservator air surface.

Fig.8.5-Silica gel Breather [Ref.-7]

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8.4.4) Conservator:

With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in the oil volume. To
account for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer with a
connecting pipe to the main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to
 atmosphere through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger transformers, an
air bag is mounted inside the conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere
through the breathers and the outside surface of the bag in contact with the oil surface.

Fig.8.6-Conservator with Buchholz relay and tank [ref.-6]

Total No. of transformers = 6 No. of transformers

220/132 KV------------------------------------ 100MVA 2

132/33 KV--------------------------------------20/25MVA 2

132/33KV---------------------------------------40/50MVA 1

132/11 KV---------------------------------------10/12.5 MVA 1

Page-27

MAKE Company

220/133 KV, 100MVA X-Mer 1----------------------------------- TELK

220/133KV, 100 MVA X-Mer 2---------------------------------- ALSTOM

132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------- TELK

132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 2-----------------------------------BBL

132/33 KV, 40/50 MVA X-Mer 3-----------------------------------T&R

132/33 KV, 10/12.5 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------EMCO

Page-28

CHAPTER 9

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary
current passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A, 150A,
240A, 300A, 400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.

Now a day mostly separate current transformer units are used instead of bushing
mounting CT’s on leveled structure they should be for oil level indication and base should be
earthed properly. Care should be taken so that there should be no strain as the terminals.

When connecting the jumpers, mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes
where star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection
/metering scheme. There should be no chance of secondary circuit remaining opens as it leads to
extremely high voltage which ultimately damages the CT itself

Fig.9.1-Current Transformers [Ref.-7]

Page-29

It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for the
operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuit or for
power transformer. These current transformers have the primary winding connected in series
with the conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary winding is
thus insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected to low voltage metering circuits.

Current transformers are also used for street lighting circuits. Street lighting requires a
constant current to prevent flickering lights and a current transformer is used to provide that
constant current. In this case the current transformer utilizes a moving secondary coil to vary the
output so that a constant current is obtained.

Page-30

CHAPTER 10

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
 A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a
lower value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter.

Fig.10.1-Potential Transformer [Ref.-7]

The voltage transformers are classified as under:

 Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type

 Electromagnetic type.

Page-31

Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in
high voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above where
it becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to earth voltage to
be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling, which has reached wide
application in modern high voltage network for tele-metering remote control and telephone
communication purpose.

The capacitance type voltage transformers are of twp type:

 Coupling Capacitor type

 Pushing Type

The performance of CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and
magnitude of connected Burdon. The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic voltage
transformer when the nominal supply voltage increases above 66KV.

The carrier current equipment can be connected via the capacitor of the CVT. There by
there is no need of separate coupling capacitor. The capacitor connected in series act like
potential dividers, provided, the current taken by burden is negligible compared with current
passing through the series connected capacitor.

CVT as coupling capacitor for carrier current application:

The carrier current equipments is connected to the power line via coupling
capacitor. The coupling CVT combines the function of coupling and voltage transformer.

Page-32

CHAPTER 11

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

 A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-
down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to
operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors
across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the
supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the
instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage
terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of
secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically
single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the
use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across
the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the potentials points are electrically tied and suitably
shielded to overcome the effect of corona RIV etc. Capacitive voltage transformers are available
for system voltage. [Ref.-4]

Page-33

CHAPTER 12

CONTROL ROOM
 Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control
building, also called the dog house. These are used to control the substation equipment to send
power from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed.

Fig.12.1-Control Room in GSS Sanganer [Ref.-7]

Page-34

12.1) MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED:

12.1.1) ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are fitted to the
panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after one hour regularly
for it MWHr, meter is provided.
12.1.2) WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported from GSS.

12.1.3) FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the
provision of analog or digital frequency meter.

12.1.4) VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is also
available in both the analog and digital frequency meter.

12.1.5) AMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in both the
forms analog as well as digital.

12.1.6) MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control panel to
record the average power over successive predetermined period.

12.1.7) MVAR METER: It is to measure the reactive power of the circuit.

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CHAPTER 13

CAPACITOR BANK
 The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. The voltage regulation
problem frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can be produced, transmitted and absorbed of
course with in the certain limit, which have always to be workout. At any point in the system
shunt capacitor are commonly used in all voltage and in all size.

Fig.13.1-Capacitor Bank [Ref.-7]

Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor reduces the
reactive current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point of installation.
1 .Increased voltage level at the load
2. Reduced system losses
3. Increase power factor of loading current

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CHAPTER 14

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

As electronics plays a vital role in the industrial growth, communication is also a backbone of
any power stations. Communication between various generating and receiving station is very
essential for proper operation of power of power system. This is more in case of large
interconnected system where a control leads dispatch station has to co-ordinate the working of
various unit to see that the system is maintained in the optimum working condition, power line
communication is most economic and reliable method of communication for medium and long
distance in power network.

14.1) Wave Trap:

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to
the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling
capacitor and LMU).

Fig.14.1-Wave Trap [Ref.-7]

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This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication
among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are
primarily teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
The Line trap OFFERS HIGH IMPEDANCE TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION SIGNALS thus
obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there were not to be there, then
signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.

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CHAPTER 15

EARTHING OF THE SYSTEM

The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following reason.

 In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or other system
fault. These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for as voltage, are concerned
do not attain dangerously high potential.

 In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the
potential of circuit with respect to earth.

The resistance of earthing system is depending on:

 Shape and material of earth electrode used.

 Depth in the soil.

Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system electrodes.

15.1) PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:

Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to deal with more
faults current. The resistance of earth and current path should be low enough to prevent voltage
rise between earth and neutral. The earth electrode must be driven in to the ground to a sufficient
depth to as to obtain lower value of earth resistance. To sufficient lowered earth resistance a
number of electrodes are inserted in the earth to a depth, they are connected together to form a
mesh. The resistance of earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the earth at 0.5m
depth the several point of mesh then connected to earth electrode or ground conduction. The
earth electrode is metal plate copper is used for earth plate.
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15.2) NEUTRAL EARTHING:

Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with grounded
neutral. Grounding of neutral offers several advantages the neutral point of generator
 transformer is connected to earth directly or through a reactance in some cases the neutral
point is earthed through an adjustable reactor of reactance matched with the line.

 The earth fault protection is based on the method of neutral earthing.

 The neutral earthing is associated switchgear.

The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing grounds unbalanced
voltages with respect to protection from lightening and for improvement of the system.

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CHAPTER 16

BATTERY ROOM
In a GSS, separate dc supply is maintained for signalling remote position control, alarm circuit
etc. Direct current can be obtained from 220volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event of ac
failure, from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in normal condition by rectifier supply.

Fig.16.1-Battery Room [Ref.-7]

Battery System:
The batteries used are lead acid type having a solution of sulphuric acid and distilled
water as electrolytes. In charged state, it has a specific gravity of 1.2 at temperature of 30C.In the
battery room batteries are mounted on wooden stand. The cells are installed stand by porcelain.
Following precautions are taken in a battery room:
 The conductor connecting the cells are greased and coated with electrolyte resisting varnish.
 Proper care is taken so that acid vapours do not accumulate in the room to avoid risk of
explosion, smoking, winding etc.
 The windows of battery are of forested glass to avoid the batteries from direct action of
sun light.

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CHAPTER 17

RATINGS
17.1) TRANSFORMER:
Total No. of transformers = 6 No. of transformers
220/132 KV------------------------------------ 100MVA 2
132/33 KV--------------------------------------20/25MVA 2
132/33KV---------------------------------------40/50MVA 1
132/11 KV---------------------------------------10/12.5 MVA 1

MAKE Company
220/133 KV, 100MVA X-Mer 1----------------------------------- TELK
220/133KV, 100 MVA X-Mer 2---------------------------------- ALSTOM
132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------- TELK
132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 2-----------------------------------BBL
132/33 KV, 40/50 MVA X-Mer 3-----------------------------------T&R
132/33 KV, 10/12.5 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------EMCO

17.2) CIRCUIT BREAKER:

No. of 220KV breaker - 6
No. of 132KV breaker - 13
No. of 33KV breaker - 12
No. of Capacitor Bank (33kv)- 4
No. of 11KV breaker - 7

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SF6 CB
BREAKER SERIAL NO. 030228
RATED VOLTAGE 145KV
 NORMAL CURRENT 1250A
FREQUENCY 5OHz
LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND 650KV (Peak)
FIRST POLE TO CLEAR TO CLEAR FACTOR 1-2
SHORT TIME WITHSTAND CURRENT 31.5KA
DURATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT 3 Sec.
(SHORT CIRCUIT SYM. 31.5KA
BREAKING CURRENT) ASYM. 37.5KA
SHORT TIME MAKING CURRENT 8.0KA
OUT OF PHASE BREAKING CURRENT 7.9KA
OPERATING SEQUENCE 0-0.3-CO-3min-CO
SF6 GAS PRESSURE AT 20C 6.3 Bar
TOTAL MASS OF CB 1300Kg
MASS OF SF6 GAS 8.7Kg

17.3) BATTERY CHARGER:

Battery Charger – 220AH VDC HBL NIFE LTD.

440AH VDC HBL NIFE LTD.

Capacitor BankNo.-1 BHEL 38KV 6.6MVAR

Capacitor BankNo.-2 BHEL 38KV 7.2MVAR
Capacitor BankNo.-1 ABB 38KV 7.2MVAR
Capacitor BankNo.-1 WS 38KV 7.2MVAR

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17.4) CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

 FREQUENCY 50Hz
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 245KV
SHORT TIME CURRENT 40KA/15
RATED CURRENT 600A
CURRENT RATIO 600-300-150/1
MIN. KNEE POTENTIAL VOLTAGE 850V at 150/1
MAX. EXCITING CURRENT 100MA at 150/1
MAX. SEC. WINDING RESISTANCE 2.5OHM at 150/1

17.5) CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

SERIAL NO. 0173537

INSULATION LEVEL 460KV
RATED VOLTAGE FACTOR 1.2/cont
TIME 1.5/30sec.
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 245KV
PRIMARY VOLTAGE 22OKV/1.732
TYPE OUTDOOR Wgt. 850Kg
PHASE SINGLE TBONP.CAT 50C
SECONDARY VOLTAGE 110/1.732 110/1.732
RATED BURDON 220Va 110Va
FREQUENCY 49.5-50.5Hz

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CONCLUSION
Training at 220KV GSS Sanganer, Jaipur gives the insight of the real instruments used. There are
many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, relay, PLCC, bus bars, capacitor bank,
insulator, isolators, control room, Battery room etc. What is the various problem seen in
substation while handling this instruments. There are various occasion when relay operate and
circuit breaker open, load shedding, shut down, which has been heard previously.

To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things manage all is learned
there. Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and experience building
and the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future ahead a better way.

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REFERENCES
1. B.R.GUPTA (2005), “POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN”

P122, P123, S.Chand & Company Ltd.

2. ASHFAQ HUSSAIN (2005), “ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM” P79, P501, P516,

CBS publisher and distributors.

3. V.K.MEHTA (2002), “POWER SYSTEM” P447, P483, P507, P527, P555,

S.chand & company Ltd.

4. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/cvt.png

5. http://images.google.co.in/(Equipment’s name)

6. www.browzen.com/relay

7. Manual of G.S.S.

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