Experiment No.

5
Objective
The objective of this experiment is to determine the relationship between links in four bar
linkage system. And to measure the dead angle and transmission angle at the two positions
when the constant bar A at two different position.

Apparatus
 Connecting Rods
 Crank
 Shaft

Four bar mechanism (Fig 5.1)

Theory
A pair is a joint between the surfaces of two rigid bodies that keeps them in contact
and relatively movable. A link is defined as a rigid body having two or more pairing elements
which connect it to other bodies for the purpose of transmitting force or motion. In every
machine, at least one link either occupies a fixed position relative to the earth or carries the
machine as a whole along with it during motion. This link is the frame of the machine and is
called the fixed link. The combination of links and pairs without a fixed link is not a
mechanism but a kinematic chain. Main Function of link Mechanism is to produce rotating,
oscillating and reciprocating motion from rotation of crank and vice versa. Link mechanism
can be used to convert. 1. Continuous rotation into continuous rotation. 2. Continuous
rotation into oscillation or reciprocation (or the reverse). 3. Oscillation into oscillation, or
reciprocation into reciprocation.
A variety of useful mechanisms can be formed from a four-link mechanism through slight
variations, such as changing the character of the pairs, proportions of links and many
complex link mechanisms can be formed from combination of two or more such four link
mechanism.
Purposes four bar linkage mechanism
The purposes of four bar linkage is given below.

 Convert rotational motion to reciprocating motion (e.g., pump jack examples below)
 Convert reciprocating motion to rotational motion (e.g., bicycle examples below)
 Constrain motion (e.g., knee joint and suspension examples below)

Example No. 1 (Pump jack)

In areas where underground oil is not under enough pressure to drive it all the way to the
surface, it is necessary for oil wells to actively pump up the oil. One standard method for
achieving this is to use a reciprocating piston that pumps the oil up the shaft. As most motors
(electrical or internal combustion) provide a rotating drive shaft, some way is needed to
convert the rotary engine motion into reciprocating pump motion. A pump jack is a drive
mechanism to achieve this, consisting of a four-bar linkage as shown below. The heavy
rotating counterweight is arranged so that it is falling while the pump is performing the up-
stroke, and thus lifting the oil against gravity. This allows a smaller engine to be used.

Pump jack (Fig 5.2)

Example No. 2 (Bicycle Pedalling)

Bicycles are an efficient means of human-powered transportation due to their use of rotary
wheel motion. Humans cannot directly produce indefinite rotations, however, so some
mechanism is required to translate reciprocating human motion into rotary motion. Bicycles
achieve this conversion with two four-bar linkages, each consisting of the two segments of
the riders leg, the bicycle frame, and the crank, as shown below.
 Bicycle Panelling (Fig 5.3)

Example no. 3 (Knee joint)

The human knee joint is a type of biological hinge, which allows movement in only one
primary angle. The knee connects the femur (the upper leg bone) to the tibia (the larger of the
two lower leg bones). These two bones sit next to each other and are free to rotate about a
single axis. A mechanism is needed to keep the two legs bones attached to each other, while
still allowing rotation. In the case of the human knee this is achieved with a four-bar linkage
consisting of the two bones together with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior
cruciate ligament (PCL), as shown below.

Knee Joint (Fig 5.4)

Example No. 4 (Suspension with Watt’s Linkage)
Apart from being one of the inventors of the steam engine and having an SI unit named after
him, James Watt also developed a linkage to produce approximate straight line
motion. Watt's linkage consists of two long near-parallel links and a small floating link
between them, with the near-linear motion occurring for a coupler point midway along the
floating link. This linkage is commonly used in suspension systems, as shown below.

Suspension with Watt's Linkage (Fig 5.5)

Procedure
 Firstly, all of equipment for experiment of slider crank is make sure all complete.
 The angle of the circle is set to 0 degree.
 The angle of the circle is twist at 20 degrees and the movement of the crank.
 After that, we twist the angle of the circle at 40 degrees and take a result. We will be
doing this steps with the increasing the angle of the circle to 20 degrees.
 At the 180, piston is moving to the front, then at the 210 degree pistons moving to the
back.
 Finally, at 360-degree piston will moving to the back side and we also set a result equal
to 0 degree.

Observation and Results

Graph
Conclusion