CHAPTER:2

LITERATURE REVEW

2.0 General

Ground water, surface water (rivers, streams and ponds), atmospheric water (rain-water, snow and

hail) and springs are the main source of water available to the people in general. The qualities of these

water bodies vary widely depending on the location and environmental factors. The major source of

ground water is precipitation that infiltrates the ground and moves through the soil and pore spaces of

rocks. Other sources include water infiltrating from lakes and streams, recharge ponds and waste-

water treatment system. As ground water moves through soil, sediment and rocks, many impurities

such as disease-causing micro- organisms are filtered out. Many water resources in developing

countries are unhealthy because they contain harmful physical, chemical and biological agents. To

maintain a good health however, water should be safe to drink and meet the local standards and

international standards to taste, odour and appearance. To monitor the water resource and ensure

sustainability, national and international criteria and guidelines established for water quality standards

are being used.(WHO-1993; 2005).The chemistry of water is very dynamic, largely controlled and

modified by its medium of contact. The groundwater analysis for physical and chemical properties is

very important for Public health studies. These studies are also main part of pollution studies in the

environment. The groundwater contains dissolved solids possesses physical characteristics such as

odour, taste and temperature. The natural quality of groundwater depends upon the physical

environment, the origin, and the movement of water. As the water moves through the hydrological

cycle, various chemical, physical and biological processes change its original quality through

reactions with soil, rock and organic matter. Natural processes and human activities cause the changes

in groundwater quality, directly or indirectly. According to WHO organization, about 80% of all the

diseases in human beings are caused by water.

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2.1 Works on water Quality Parameter

Nag.S.K , Das.S (2017) stated thatThe groundwater quality of the two blocks reveals that pH and TDS

values of groundwater were safe for drinking and irrigation purposes. Other elements such as iron

(Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3 ), and sulfate

(SO4-- ) are within the permissible limits except at some places where higher concentrations are

beyond allowable limits.

Pawari M.J. et.al (2013) stated that Total Hardness was observed some evidence indicates its role in

heart diseases and hardness of 150-300 mg/l and above may cause kidney problems and kidney stone

formation, as it causes unpleasant taste and reduce ability of soap to produce lather. Hard water is

unsuitable for domestic use. Water quality assessment shows that the most of the water quality

parameters slightly higher in the wet season than in the dry season.

Tomar Vikas et.al (2012) stated that collected water samples from 67 locations during pre and post-

monsoon seasons of the year 2011 from Karnal district, Haryana and were subjected to analysis for

chemical characteristics. The type of water that predominates in the study area was of sodium-

calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate type during pre and post-monsoon seasons of the

year 2011 respectively and based on hydro-chemical facies . It indicates that Na-Ca-HCO3 type

water dominates during pre monsoon and Mg-HCO3 during post monsoon seasons of the year 2011.

Adetunde L.A. et.al (2011) stated that the area and investigated Physicochemical and

bacteriological qualities of well water in the Ogbomoso North areas and South local government areas

of Oyo State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 20 hand dug wells in the Ogbomoso North

and 20 hand-dug wells in the Ogbomoso South local areas. The results showed that most of the

physical and chemical parameters were within the acceptable guide line limits of the WHO for

drinking and domestic water. Khare K.C. et.al (2010) stated that he was done water quality

assessment of Katraj lake, pune. He was done water analysis for the parameters like pH, DO, BOD,

COD, TDS, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness for lake water. The analysis of Water quality

indicates the temperature in the range of 240C.The pH was 7.3 to 8.45.It shows slightly alkaline

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water. The DO varied from 4.8 to 5.7 mg/l.The total hardness ranged from 160 to 298 mg/l which is

higher than permissible limit. The turbidity of water was 28 to 42 NTU which is higher as per the

APHA limit.

Hagras Mona et.al (2004) stated that to assess the quality of groundwater and to characterize the

hydro chemical characteristics of the groundwater in Punjab, groundwater samples were collected

from different cities of Punjab Province and analyzed for 28 water quality parameters Groundwater

suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes was assessed by using WHO and USDA

standards.SAR values and the sodium percentage (Na%) in locations indicate that majority of the

groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. This investigational study indicates that water in

many cities of Pakistan is unsafe for human consumption due to presence of both bacterial and

chemical contamination.

Puri P.J. , Yenkie M.K.N., et. al (2012) stated that water quality index (WQI) has been calculated for

different surface water resources especially lakes, in Nagpur city, Maharashtra (India), for the session

January to December 2008; comprising of three seasons, summer, winter and rainy season. Sampling

points were selected on the basis of their importance. Water quality index was calculated using water

quality index calculator given by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) information system. The

calculated (WQI) for various studied lakes showed fair water quality in monsoon season which then

changed to medium in winter and poor for summer season. Gorewada lake showed medium water

quality rating in all season except monsoon season. Futala, Ambazari and Gandhisagar lake has also

declined in aesthetic quality over past decade following invasion of aquatic weeds such as hydrilla

and water primrose, so the reasons to import water quality change and measures to be taken up in

terms of surface water (lakes) quality management are required.

B. N. Tandel, Dr. J. Macwan, C. K. Soni,et.al (2013) stated that the water quality index is a single

number that expresses the quality of water by integrating the water quality variables. Its purpose is to

provide a simple and concise method for expressing the water quality for different usage.

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S. Hussaina, V. Maneb, et al. (2009) have studied, In the present work we are reported the Physico

chemical properties like pH, conductivity, Turbidity, TDS, DO, fluoride, chloride, Sodium, Sulphate,

etc. and the values are compared for treated and untreated water samples. The samples were collected

from treatment plant of Ahmedpur, Dist Latur. The values changes apparently after the treatment of

water.

R. M. Khan, M. J. Jadhav, I. R. Ustad (2012) have explained, in order to understand the water quality

of Triveni Lake, Physico-chemical parameters were studied and analyzed for the period of one year

i.e. December 2010 to November 2011. Various physicochemical parameters, such as water

temperature, air temperature, pH, humidity, conductivity, free Co2, total solid, dissolved oxygen,

Total alkalinity, Total hardness, caco3, ca++, mg++ were studied. The results revealed that there was

significant seasonal variation in some physicochemical parameters and most of the parameters were in

normal range and indicated better quality of lake water. It has been found that the water is best for

drinking purpose in winter and summer seasons. Objective of the present study was to assess drinking

water quality of various lakes in India.

M. Pejaver and M. Gurav et.al (2008) stated that the two lakes namely Kalwa and Jail lake of Thane

city are eutrophicated and hence the study were done to find the quality of water for the period of 6

months for various physico-chemical parameters to study the pollution status of the lakes. The Jail

lake is found to be relatively more organically polluted and greater degree of eutrophication the

Kalwa lake. Among water quality parameters, a positive correlation was found between chlorophyll

and temperature, suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen (not with chlorophyll c), Co2 (only with

chlorophyll C). A negative correlation was seen between Chlorophyll and light penetration. The

Chlorophyll a and b showed negative correlation with Co2 silicates and Phosphates.

S. P. Gorde et. al (2017) studied “Assessment of Water Quality Parameters” water is the most

important in shaping the land and regulating the climate. It is one of the most important compounds that

profoundly influence life. The quality of water usually described according to its physical, chemical,

Biological characteristics. Rapid industrialization and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and

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pesticides in agriculture are causing heavy and varied pollution in aquatic biota. Due to use of

contaminated water, human population suffers from water borne diseases. It is therefore necessary to

check the water quality at regular interval of time. Parameters that may be tested include temperature,

pH, turbidity, salinity, nitrates and phosphates. An assessment of the aquatic macro invertebrates can

also provide an indication of water quality.

Patil. P.N et. al (2012) stated that “Physico-chemical parameters for testing of water” People on globe

are under tremendous threat due to undesired changes in the physical, chemical and

biological characteristics of air, water and soil. Due to increased human population, industrialization,

use of fertilizers and man-made activity water is highly polluted with different harmful contaminants.

Herzog et.al (1996) stated that The potential impacts of mine wastes on ground and surface water .

Lind et. al (1998) Stated that Impact of mining activation on the pH of ground water has been

reported .

Shamruck et. al (2001)stated that it has been reported that among 12 main groundwater aquifers in

Slovenia, the amount of nitrate exceeds the allowable level (50 mg/l) for drinking water.