Ultimate Strength

Design Method
Flexure Design and Analysis
Analysis vs Design

Two different types of problems arise in the study of

reinforced concrete:
 Analysis
 Given a cross-section, concrete strength,
reinforcement size, location, and yield strength,
compute the resistance or capacity
Analysis vs Design

Two different types of problems arise in the study of

reinforced concrete:
 Design
 Given the factored load effects such as Mu, select
a suitable cross-section, including dimension,
concrete strength, reinforcement, and so on.
Positive and Negative Moments
A moment that causes compression on the top
surface of a beam and tension on the bottom
surface will be called positive moment
Compression zone

Compression zone

Reinforcement
Positive Moment Negative Moment
(Compression on Top) (Compression on Bottom)
Statics of Beam Action
C M C
jd V V
T T

Beam

Bending Moment Diagram

 The internal resisting force M, results from an

internal compressive force C, and an internal tensile
force T, separated by a lever arm, jd. Since there are
no external axial loads N, summation of the
horizontal forces gives: 𝐶 = 𝑇
Statics of Beam Action
C M C
jd V V
T T

 If moments are summed about an axis through the

point of application of the compressive force C, the
moment equilibrium of the free body gives
𝑀 = 𝑇𝑗𝑑
 Similarly, if moments are summed about the point of
application of the tensile force T, the moment
equilibrium of he free body gives
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑗𝑑
Statics of Beam Action
C M C
jd V V
T T

 The resultant of the compressive stresses in the

compressive force C is given by
𝜎𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏ℎ
𝐶=
2 2
this is equal to the volume of the compressive stress
block
Flexural Theory of Reinforced Concrete

Reinforcement

Stage A – Before cracking

Stage C – After cracking,

before yielding, service load
Flexural Theory of Reinforced Concrete

Crushed concrete
Shear
xxxxx crack

Stage E - Failure
Flexural Theory of Reinforced Concrete

Three Basic Assumptions

 Sections Perpendicular to the axis of bending
which are plane before bending remain plane
after bending
 NSCP 2010 Section 410.3.2
 NSCP 2010 Sections 410.3.4, 410.3.5, 410.4.2,
410.3.6
Flexural Theory of Reinforced Concrete
Flexural Theory of Reinforced Concrete
Flexural Theory of Reinforced Concrete