+

JULY/AUGUST 2015

LEDsmagazine.com

Human-centric
lighting
Quantifying
benefits P. 23

Exhibition
LightFair show
report P. 35

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Area lighting

controls
Talk the TALQ P. 41

Optimizing
museum
works
Tunable-white
SSL P. 9
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 ISSUE 80

2015
July/August Cover Story
Preservation in Polish art museum
gets an energy boost with tunable
LED spotlights and controls (see p. 9;
courtesy of Zumtobel).

features
23 HUMAN-CENTRIC LIGHTING
Research assesses the value of human-centric
lighting Caroline Hayes
columns/departments
29 CONTROLS
Choose open, interoperable lighting controls for
commercial project success 4 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
Good intentions yield flicker
Patrick Durand, Future Lighting Solutions standard, but questions remain

35 LIGHTFAIR 2015
LEDs deliver more control and intelligence, as SSL 9 NEWS +ANALYSIS
aesthetics and performance advance Warsaw National Museum
preserves art while enhancing
Roger Allan mood with tunable lighting

41 STREET LIGHTING Acuity moves to larger LED sources

in new Autobahn roadway luminaire
Standards will futureproof intelligent outdoor
SSL deployments RayVio hits 45 mW in a laboratory
demonstration of a deep-UV LED
Gerard Lokhoff, TALQ Consortium
Packaged LEDs: Samsung, Lumileds,
46 FOCUS ON LUMINAIRES Osram Opto Semiconductors
Cree launches a sub-$10 BR30
NGL SSL Competition 2015 Carrie Meadows
lamp based on SC5 LED platform
55 PROTECTING LEDS Acuity and Johnson Controls
deploy SSL on El Paso streets
Extend the life of LEDs through protective
coatings – Part II Cree recalls recently launched
Jade Bridges, Electrolube Ltd. fluorescent replacement LED T8 lamps

59 DEVELOPER FORUM
19 FUNDING + PROGRAMS
Optimize LED-enabled DLP smart lighting via active EPA publishes final Energy
feedback Jeff Gruetter, Linear Technology, and Kevin Star Luminaires V2.0 spec
Jensen, MAZeT GmbH IEEE 1789 makes recommendations
on safe levels of flicker in
64 LAST WORD LED-based lighting
Guangzhou lighting fair exhibits evolving market DOE publishes consolidated SSL
approach Robert Cole, Farola China research and development plan

LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 3

commentary

Good intentions yield flicker standard,

but questions remain

T
he Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE) has published a new
standard that addresses flicker in
LED-based lighting — defining
safe levels of flicker by percent-
age relative to the operating fre-
quency of a light source powered
by the AC line (p. 19). Presumably,
IEEE Std 1789-2015, “Recommended Practice
for Modulating Current in High-Brightness
LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers,”
was developed with good intentions to guide
developers of solid-state lighting (SSL) in
delivering products that are safe for consum-
ers. But again we are reminded that noth-
ing about SSL is simple, and there are strong
opinions that the standard is overly strict.
The National Electrical Manufactur-
ers Association (NEMA) has issued a press
release questioning the IEEE recommenda-
tions. NEMA previously published a position
paper on what it calls temporal lighting arti-
facts (TLAs) that addresses what are more
typically called flicker and stroboscopic
effects (http://bit.ly/1efbpXO). The paper
calls for better metrics to quantify TLAs and
states that current work, including the IEEE
standard, does not account for the fact that
human impact depends on both frequency
and the wave shape of a light source.
What would be wrong with a standard
that is perhaps overly strict and possi-
bly cushioned with margins that ensure
no impact of SSL on humans? NEMA and
others believe that the IEEE standard will
result in unnecessary costs being added
into LED driver electronics. And upfront
cost remains the biggest roadblock to broad
uptake of SSL and global energy savings.
Zdenko Grajcar, CTO of Once Innova-
tions and a former executive with AC-LED
advocate Seoul Semiconductor, said the
IEEE standard fails to address AC-LED
technology proven in the field and even
would eliminate legacy lighting as safe for
humans. Grajcar said incandescent and
high-pressure sodium lighting would not
qualify as safe under the IEEE guidelines.
NEMA concurs on the point about incan-
descent lighting. Many AC-LED products
would also fail to meet the guidelines.
There are fundamental differences
between incandescent and other legacy
sources and LEDs. LEDs have no persistence
when there is no power and quit producing
light instantly. Incandescent and other legacy
sources produce light through the zero cross-
ing of the AC input. And the new standard
was intended to apply to LED-based lighting.
Still, should the authors of the IEEE
standard have been less conservative?
Should they have directly addressed AC-
LED technology? Grajcar said he has
seen no credible evidence that any dan-
ger exists for flicker above 75 Hz. He fur-
ther has accused the IEEE 1789 committee
of bias against AC-LED technology and is
attempting to organize a legal challenge to
the conclusions reached in the standard.
We fully support the concept of stan-
dards as a vehicle that allows for profit-
able deployment of LED-based lighting and
related technologies such as networks and
controls. And a standard that defines the
flicker risk is a good thing because it can be
a serious problem. However, such standards
must be accurate and defined without bias
to specific technologies. It’s not clear that a
bias existed in the IEEE committee and the
guidelines may truly be focused on conser-
vative bounds to ensure health. But the sub-
ject will require more work.
Maury Wright,
EDITOR
mauryw@pennwell.com

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ADVERTISERS index
American Bright Optoelectronics .................61 Hangzhou HPwinner Opto Corporation ...........7 Shat-R-Shield ..............................................14

Autec Power Systems..................................26
Citizen Electronics Co. Ltd. ..........................27
Cree Inc. ...................................................CV4
Dongguan Thailight Semiconductor
Lighting Co. Ltd. .......................................11
ebm-papst inc. ..............................................8
Edison Opto Corporation .............................28
Eptronics ....................................................45
Forest Lighting ............................................18
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Technology (Shenzhen) Limited .................58
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6 JULY/AUGUST 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

 The spotlight shines on efficiency.

In order to reach the desired lumen values in a small form factor, active cooling
may be required to effectively dissipate the heat produced by the LED components.
Active cooling technology offers thermal capabilities with inaudible noise that’s
superior to passive heat sinks and raises performance while reducing the size of
the lighting fixture. With an industry-leading, German-engineered compact fan and
an American-designed assembly, ebm-papst can provide the most reliable solution
for your LED cooling problems. To find out more about custom Active Cooling
Solutions, visit info.ebmpapst.us/ActiveCooling. The engineer’s choice
 +
news views
MUSEUM LIGHTING

Warsaw National Museum preserves art while

enhancing mood with tunable lighting
Museum directors continually struggle with the need to light for its flexible design, which may be quickly config-
preserve the great works under their care while display- ured for a new target (the company previously used a version
ing them in lighting conditions in which visitors can best of these LED lighting products to great effect in an Italian
appreciate the treasures (http://bit.ly/Ls8HzB). The Warsaw
National Museum, which recently began an upgrade to all-
LED lighting, is no exception. This vast collection includes
over 800,000 works by Polish and European artists that date
from as early as the 8th century to modern times. When
the museum directors set out to upgrade the lighting, the
key goals were to employ state-of-the-art preservation tech-
niques, bring out the character of the works using the high-
est quality light, and limit greenhouse gas emissions as
much as possible through reduced lighting energy use.
The Warsaw National Museum features many exhibit
types, including sculptures, coins, documents, and pho-
tographs. The museum chose Zumtobel’s Arcos LED spot-

OUTDOOR LIGHTING R&D

Acuity moves to larger LED sources RayVio hits 45 mW in a

in new Autobahn roadway luminaire
Acuity Brands has announced the Autobahn ATBM LED roadway
luminaire from the company’s American Electric Lighting (AEL) busi-
ness unit. The new design eschews the many smaller LEDs and total
internal reflection (TIR) optics that are typically used in outdoor light-
ing and instead employs larger LED sources and glass optics.
Acuity chose to tout the simplified and sleek design of the new Auto-
bahn LED roadway luminaire fam-
ily, especially relative to the
high-intensity-discharge
h currently being sold by RayVio and such improvements
((HID) fixtures that it might
replace. The company said
re
the new luminaires weigh consid-
erably less than 150W to 250W HID cobrahead units and have
a much lower effective projected area (EPA) that is critical in deter-
mining mounting load and wind resistance. Basically, the new prod-
ucts can easily replace existing luminaires installed on mounting arms
while looking more stylish at the same time. » page 10
laboratory demonstration
of a deep-UV LED
RayVio has announced the results of a laboratory
demonstration of an ultraviolet (UV) LED that pro-
duces 45 mW of continuous output power in what the
company called deep-UV wavelengths. The perfor-
mance level in the demonstration is more than four
times higher than the highest-performance UV LED
in performance will be vital in RayVio enabling new
SSL products for applications such as sterilization.
RayVio is focused on applications in the UV-B (280–
315 nm) and UV-C (100–280 nm) spectra. Efficiency
and reliability have been a challenge for LED manu-
facturers working at such wavelengths. But a UV LED
such as this could enable a host of important applica-
tions including portable or even solar-pow- » page 12

LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 9

news+views
Warsaw from page 9
museum project; http://bit.ly/1eHAZFU).
Zumtobel modified the LED spotlight for
museum applications, producing the Arcos
3 LED spotlight with tunableWhite technol-
ogy. In addition to dimming and adjusting
CCT, each spotlight can use a wide variety
of optical components to optimize the beam
distribution and diminish glare. Throughout
the Warsaw National Museum’s five galler-
ies, 1100 halogen fixtures using 100W each
will be replaced with 970 20W and 120 25W
LED spotlights featuring tunable lighting.
Zumtobel’s tunableWhite implementa-
tion is based on PI LED technology originally
developed by Lumitech and now co-mar-
keted by Tridonic (http://bit.ly/1NboXPC),
which allows efficient production of the full
spectrum of white light using multiple LEDs
which are controlled using DMX channels or a
DALI (digitally addressable lighting interface)
controller. In the Arcos 3 tunable lighting fix-
tures, Tridonic provides the light module and
integrated DALI controller in its Talexxengine
Stark SLE Premium system. The LED module
combines blue LEDs with greenish phosphor
with red and blue LEDs, and DALI allows light
selection of CCT from 2700K to 6500K at con-
stant lumen output and a CRI greater than
90. Tridonic specifies the color tolerance at
a 3-step MacAdam ellipse. Module output is
1350 lm at an efficacy of 61 lm/W.
In practice, the CCT and light output
(dimming) can be adjusted at the spotlight
or using the DALI lighting control system.
CCT is chosen to enhance the mood of the
art, for instance, using warm tunable light-
Acuity from page 9
The more interesting angle is how Acu-
ity simplified and shrunk the LED roadway
luminaire design. The answer is through
using fewer larger sources. The most com-
mon outdoor luminaire designs use a rela-
tively large number of small LEDs. Part of
the reason why is the need to form a desired
beam pattern (http://bit.ly/1k4eF5T).
Smaller sources have generally meant
smaller TIR optics and a more precise
beam. But increasingly, companies have
moved toward larger sources to simplify
the luminaire design. Cree, for example,
transitioned to larger sources in some
10 JULY/AUGUST 2015
ing to highlight gold tones in paintings from
the medieval era (as in the photo on p. 9). One
can see how only the artwork is illuminated,
not the entire room (as seen on the cover).
Unlike many other museums around the
world, the Warsaw National Museum uses
almost no natural light from the outdoors,
and during certain hours LED lighting is trig-
gered by proximity sensors, so light exposure
occurs primarily when visitors are present.
Such activity, as well as lighting programs
throughout the museum, is handled by the
e:cue (an Osram business) Butler XT lighting
management system.
So far, three of the five main galleries of
the museum have been renovated and a 40%
reduction in lighting energy use has been
realized. However, the reduction in energy
load from 110,000W to 22,400W indicates a
potential energy savings closer to 80%.
At the Warsaw National Museum, elimi-
nating UV and IR light from the illumination
spectrum was a key criterion. UV light causes
color fading of organic paints, while IR causes
heat damage (http://bit.ly/1Nbp91q). In fact,
a 2014 survey of museum directors, curators,
and conservators conducted by the Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory showed that
the desire to use a light source that provided
equal or lower damage potential to artwork
was the highest priority when considering a
lighting upgrade, followed by:
• Reduced energy and costs/maintenance
• Improved color quality compared to
standard lighting
• Matching color quality of standard
museum lighting
products back in 2012 (http://bit.ly/
1LofFS3). Since then, optics vendors have
used new materials to deliver optics for
even larger LEDs including chip-on-
board (COB) LEDs (http://bit.ly/1CDtat3).
The new Acuity design can deliver
7000–17,400 lm and apparently uses only
three larger LED sources to deliver the
lumen package. The new design with mul-
tiple sources can deliver all of the beam
patterns typically used in street-light
applications including the Type 1–5 pat-
terns in the old IES (Illuminating Engi-
neering Society) RP-8 specification. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1RwN5xs
The 2014 report “SSL Adoption by Muse-
ums: Survey Results, Analysis, and Recom-
mendations,” published by the US Depart-
ment of Energy (DOE), also indicated
that among museum respondents world-
wide, 40% were using LED lighting in 2014
(http://1.usa.gov/1Lo0RCO). Among those
who had implemented LED lighting, 71%
said they would consider another LED
installation and 32% said they already had.
Museum lighting continues to be an
increasingly attractive application for LED
lighting (http://bit.ly/1Hhfp5I), offering
superior lighting performance to halogen,
longer lifetime, and reduced energy and
maintenance costs. You can read more about
the benefits and challenges to museum light-
ing in the aforementioned DOE report. ◀
PACKAGED LEDS
Samsung adds COB LEDs with
smaller LES options and vivid color
Samsung has announced a number of new
COB packaged LEDs with the goal of provid-
ing SSL developers more options in terms of
optical control and color quality. LEDs with
a smaller light-emitting surface (LES) enable
tighter beams while 95-CRI options and
LEDs designed for optimally presenting sat-
urated colors will target applications such
as retail.
The Samsung announcement was short
on details as to exactly how the new COB
LEDs will deliver on the touted features.
The smaller-LED components are straight-
forward. But Samsung would not describe
how it has improved color rendering nor
would the company characterize the per-
formance of the new Vivid series using any
established metrics.
The LC010C, LC020C, and LC040C COB
LEDs have a reduced LES — 6, 8, and 11 mm,
respectively — whereas prior LEDs with sim-
ilar performance had LES measuring 11, 12.4,
and 17 mm. The 10W, 20W, and 40W LEDs
will offer higher center beam candle power
(CBCP) for directional lighting applications
and what Cree has called better optical con-
trol factor (OCF; http://bit.ly/1hpGVhW).
Samsung said the emitters used in the
COB products are built using a flip-chip
architecture. The company also said the
design will enable 110-lm/W efficacy at
3000K CCT and greater reliability.
LEDsmagazine.com
news+views
The color-quality announcements are
potentially even more exciting, although
we would prefer to have more details. The
announcement is reminiscent of the compa-
ny’s LightFair International (LFI) press con-
ference when Samsung asserted that it alone
could successfully bring technologies such as
chip-scale packaging (CSP) and gallium-ni-
tride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) to market with
no such products on the short-term roadmap
(http://bit.ly/1PGumi1).
Samsung said it would offer a number
of COB LEDs with what it calls Ultra-High
Color Rendering, meaning a CRI rating of 95
or better. Other LED manufacturers such as
GaN-on-GaN specialist Soraa have turned
to a three-phosphor mix to realize a 95 CRI
(http://bit.ly/VFt9D2). Samsung simply said
it will deliver the new COB LEDs over the
CCT range of 2700K to 3500K. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1NihTRS
Lumileds documents long-life
mid-power LED components
Lumileds has announced the results of LM-80
testing and TM-21 projections on Luxeon
3535L mid-power packaged LEDs that the
company said imply component lifetime
exceeding all market-transformation-program
requirements for SSL luminaires. The company
believes the test results prove the mid-power
devices capable of serving reliably in demand-
ing applications such as downlights, high-bay
fixtures, and troffers as well as in retro-
fit lamps including LED-based
T8 tubes.
IES LM-80 is the
standardized meth-
odolog y throug h
which LED manufac-
turers characterize LED
performance and lifetime
12 JULY/AUGUST 2015
R&D from page 9
ered water purification systems. The
technology could also be used to disin-
fect surfaces. In a Strategies in Light (SIL)
presentation made in 2014, Yitao Liao,
RayVio co-founder and CTO, said smart-
phones might include a UV-C LED in the
future (http://bit.ly/1kXzh1e), enabling a
person to disinfect a table at a restaurant,
for example.
The latest RayVio demonstration was
based on an LED chip with a 0.15-mm2
LES. The performance translates to a con-
tinuous-wave (CW) power density of 30 W/
cm2, which RayVio said was a record-high
achievement in the industry.
based on actual testing of packaged LEDs
at specific temperature levels (http://bit.
ly/1MuDYuH). IES TM-21 allows a manu-
facturer that accrues 6000 or more hours of
LM-80 test data to further predict compo-
nent lifetime based on standardized calcu-
lations (http://bit.ly/1J82vJi).
Lumileds isn’t publicly revealing the test
data set, although the company will pro-
vide that data to potential customers. But
the company did release highlight numbers.
LM-80 tests were conducted separately at
55°C, 85°C, and 105°C junction temperatures.
TM-21 projections yield an L90 (the lifetime to
90% of initial lumen output) figure of 60,000
hours for LEDs operated at 85°C and driven at
200 mA. Lumileds suggests that the lifetime
would enable 13 years of life for a luminaire
operated 12 hours each and every day.
At least one manufacturer using the mid-
power LEDs commented on the record about
the data. “The reliability of the Lumileds Lux-
eon 3535L gives me confidence to rate my
products with long lifetimes,” said Brian Hen-
nessey, president and CEO of Titan LED — a
manufacturer of LED tubes. “Titan LED’s cus-
tomers appreciate our quality, which is why
we choose Lumileds LEDs.”
The lifetime data enables Lumileds
to state that the mid-power LEDs
can be deployed in products that
require certification to mar-
ket-transformation programs
such as Energy Star from the
US Environmental Pro-
tection Agency and the
DesignLights Consortium.
RayVio has not revealed details of its
approach to manufacturing UV LEDs but
has said it is using standard sapphire sub-
strates, and the work should allow the com-
pany to boost performance and lifetime on
a curve that mimics progress made in the
past two decades in visible-light LEDs.
“Our novel UV LED technology con-
tinues to validate its superiority,” said
Liao. “This enables us to unleash Haitz’
Law for deep-UV LEDs, the same Haitz’
Law that enabled blue and white LEDs
to revolutionize the lighting and display
industries.” ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1IemZ1F
Such organizations set minimum lifetime lev-
els and are often necessary certifications for
lamps or luminaires to qualify for rebates and
other energy-efficiency incentives. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1eHCPq5
Osram delivers COB LED
alternative in an SMD
mid-power package
Osram Opto Semiconductors has announced
the Duris S 10 packaged LED family offer-
ing high-power LED flux output levels in a
mid-power-like package that the company
said can be used in place of COB LEDs. The
LEDs enable SSL manufacturers to use auto-
mated surface-mount-device (SMD) printed
circuit board (PCB) assembly techniques for
light engines, thereby enabling lower over-
all system cost while the high output from a
7.7-mm LES targets demanding applications
including downlights.
Most recently at LFI, Osram had added the
Duris S 2 family with a volumetric phosphor
approach for linear lighting and a package
almost akin to a CSP (http://bit.ly/1PGumi1).
The company had also added 90-CRI capabil-
ities in the Duris S 5 packaged LED family for
use in more demanding SSL applications such
as retail (http://bit.ly/1HgRsMW).
The Duris S 10, however, stretches the mid-
power concept considerably in terms of size
and lumen output. The LEDs measure 7×7
mm, although Osram characterizes the LES
as having a 7.7-mm diameter. In reality, the
Duris S 10 LES is more square with rounded
corners in shape than circular, although
the maximum diagonal measures 7.7 mm.
LEDsmagazine.com
news+views
At launch the company will
offer the LEDs in 1050- and
1400-lm versions for 3000K-
CCT LEDs driven at 300 mA and
operated at 85°C. That puts typical effi-
cacy in the 125-lm/W range. CRI is 80 max-
imum for now.
Osram calls the Duris S 10 Chip Array
SMD (CAS) products. The terminology refers
to the fact that there are multiple emitters
connected in an array within the package
and that SSL products using the components
would be assembled using automated SMD
techniques. The architecture is electrically
and optically similar to a small COB LED,
with neither type of device sporting a pri-
mary optic. But COB LEDs would typically be
assembled manually via solder connections
or specialized holder/connector devices.
The package is an enhancement to what
is often called an epoxy molded compound
(EMC) package. Marc Dyble, marketing and
business development manager for general
lighting at Osram, said the thermal resis-
14 JULY/AUGUST 2015
tance of 1.2K/W
is very similar
to typical COB
packages. He also
noted that system designers
must, as always, follow good ther-
mal design practices when using the pack-
aged LED.
Osram says the new LEDs are a good
match for spotlights, downlights, and ret-
rofit lamps in cases where a single LED can
output the required lumen level.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1dgCBER
PRODUCT RECALL
Cree recalls recently
launched fluorescent-
replacement LED T8 lamps
The Cree LED T8 tube family launched back
in April has been found to have a design flaw
that could result in a burn hazard, and Cree
is voluntarily recalling 700,000 of the tubes
and cooperating with the US Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Cree
offers owners of the LED T8 tubes the option
of a refund or replacement lamps that the
company begins shipping this month.
While the recall is surely not positive news
for Cree, a number of companies in the SSL
business have been through similar situations.
Osram Sylvania and Lighting Science Group
were involved in an A-lamp recall back in 2013
(http://bit.ly/1dgBTr5). And Philips Lighting
recalled almost 100,000 LED A-lamps in 2013
(http://bit.ly/1TNiJea). Cree, like Philips and
Osram, is acting proactively to ensure users
of the affected lamps aren’t endangered.
As mentioned earlier, Cree only recently
announced the lamps that essentially replace
an earlier T8 lamp design (http://bit.ly/1IsD
BlU). But evidently, Cree has been supply-
ing the LED tubes through electrical distrib-
utors to commercial customers going back
to August of 2014 before essentially bringing
them to the residential market in April.
Owners of Cree LED T8 lamps can learn
more from two sources. Cree has a dedicated
LEDsmagazine.com
 We bring quality to light.
news+views
website that explains precisely which lamps are affected and pro-
vides guidance for returning the products (http://bit.ly/1Kd4NqI).
The CPSC also has a website dedicated to the Cree lamps (http://1.
usa.gov/1TNiK1s).
Cree said the problem is a spring-loaded contact in the end cap of the
tubes that electrically connects the power pins on the end of the tube
to the PCB inside the tube. Presumably, electrical arcing could result DISC
DI
D SCOV
OVERIN
NG
DISCOVERING
in overheating and possibly cause the tubes to melt. Visit the recall
page at http://bit.ly/1Kd4NqI for more details and product images. ◀ LIGHT
LIG
GH
HT
HT
MORE: http://bit.ly/1NihAXt

STREET LIGHTING

Acuity and Johnson Controls deploy

SSL on El Paso streets
Putting LEDs
Acuity Brands has announced a street-light retrofit project using
LED-based fixtures in the West Texas municipality of El Paso. in the right light
Acuity worked with partner Johnson Controls to deliver an SSL
retrofit that included cobrahead street lights in residential areas
and post-top decorative fixtures in the city’s downtown area. El
SSL solutions from the
Paso expects to realize 67% savings in energy and operational costs world leader in LED measurement
from the project.
Like many municipalities, El Paso sought a way forward to retro- Right from the start, we have been supporting the
LED industries with our measurement equipment.
fit inefficient legacy lights while burdened with discovering a way
You will also benefit from this expertise in the new
to finance the project. Some cities are turning to energy services
Solid-State Lighting applications. Our solutions
companies (ESCOs)
combine highly precise spectroradiometers and
for financing based
photometers with a complete family of goniome-
on energy savings
ters and integrating spheres.
including a num-
ber in the Connecti- Discover light with Instrument Systems.
cut area (http://bit. www.instrumentsystems.com/ssl
ly/1FBDEWu).
El Paso, however,
was able to find mul-
tiple Texas-state pro-
grams that together
made a project that
included more than 11,000 street lights feasible. Specifically, the
project qualified for a $200,000 rebate through the Texas Emission
Reduction Plan. The remaining funds came from loans through the
State Energy Conservation Office (SECO) and the Texas LoneSTAR
Revolving Loan Program.
Johnson Controls worked with the city to find SSL luminaires that
would meet the goals of cost savings, light pollution reduction, and LGS 1000
improved lighting quality, and selected the Autobahn ATBS LED lumi- Goniophotometer
naires from Acuity’s AEL brand for the residential streets. The Auto- with new features
bahn products have been used in a number of high-profile projects
due to excellent beam control, with a Florida installation providing a
prime example (http://bit.ly/1NbGiYT).
But El Paso looked to further optimize savings and manage light
levels via network controls. Johnson Controls chose to install the
Acuity Roam network and control platform, perhaps more for oper-
ational than electrical efficiency. The platform enables monitoring
of individual fixtures and eliminates the need for manual mainte- light measurement
nance and outage inspections.
LEDsmagazine.com
www.instrumentsystems.com
news+views
El Paso also installed 1000 Holophane
Washington Postlite II SSL fixtures in the
downtown area. Those products provide
50% in energy savings but 10% greater light
levels for a safer, more welcoming ambience
downtown. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1LopMpT
RETROFIT LAMPS
Cree launches a sub-$10 BR30
lamp based on SC5 LED platform
Cree has announced a second-generation
BR30 LED lamp family with 2700K- and
5000K-CCT options and a list price just
under $10. The product is generally similar
to the company’s original BR30 LED lamp,
although the heat sink looks slightly smaller
with less pronounced cooling channels/fins.
Home Depot will be the sole source of the
new SSL product.
Cree announced its first BR30 LED lamp
back in mid-2013, priced in the $20 range
(http://bit.ly/1fBVP9K). Subsequently, Cree
had reduced the price to the $15 range. What
little inventory is left on Home Depot shelves
of the original design was selling for the new
$9.97 price in advance of the
new design hitting shelves
as this issue went to press.
Cree said the lamps would
be available online imme-
diately and in stores last
month.
The new BR30 lamp is a per-
fect example of the advance-
ments coming in the packaged
LED space. “Cree’s recent advance-
ments in LED technology allowed us
to cut the price by going from eight
LEDs to two, all in a package that
offers a better lighting experience,” said
Betty Noonan, Cree chief marketing offi-
cer. Certainly, the reduced number of pack-
aged LEDs is in part how Cree has reduced
the cost of the BR30, although the aforemen-
tioned heat sink would indicate other changes
as well. “Cree lowers prices by innovating at
all levels of the system,” added Noonan.
In fairness, the drop from eight to two
packaged LEDs may not be an apples-to-ap-
ples comparison. Cree offers a
number of LED models in
discrete packages with
multiple emitters in one
package. We will have to
see exactly which LEDs are
used in the lamp to make a fairer
comparison on the older and
newer designs. But Cree said the
lamp uses LED technology based
on the SC5 (Silicon Carbide 5) man-
ufacturing platform (http://bit.ly/1x
rxHf0) — or in other words, the com-
pany’s top-performing packaged LEDs.
Cree rates the new BR30 lamps for
25,000 hours of life and covers the prod-
ucts with a five-year warranty. The new
design outputs 655 lm from 9W, whereas the
originals output 650 lm at 9.5W. Cree said the
new design is Energy Star compliant. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1Gqyqi1

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+ funding
programs
EPA publishes final Energy
Star Luminaires V2.0 spec
with minor changes
The US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has announced publication of Version
2 (V2.0) of the Energy Star Luminaires spec-
ification, with the document scheduled to
become effective on June 1, 2016. The new
specification will replace Luminaires V1.2,
raising the performance
bar for lighting products,
particularly for luminaires
based on integral LED light
engines. The new docu-
ment should deliver signif-
icant energy usage reduc-
tions in the US through
higher efficacy require-
ments while also encour-
aging broader deployment
of solid-state lighting (SSL)
products by balancing the energy efficiency
and cost of LED-based products.
Back in May, the EPA announced the final
draft of Energy Star Luminaires V2.0 (http://
bit.ly/1Gv8Omh). But that final draft still
afforded stakeholders the right to comment
on the most recent changes and ask for fur-
ther revisions. The EPA said comments on
the final draft raised few new issues and that
editorial changes in the specification have
answered the most recent comments.
Changes include language that allows
GU24-based lamps to serve as a light engine
in Energy Star products designed specifically
to take advantage of unique GU24 products.
The EPA did state that luminaire makers
shipping screw-based designs with Energy
Star-certified lamps must clearly define the
specific manufacturers and lamps identified
LEDsmagazine.com
for use with the luminaire. Clear labeling
and identification is necessary when failed
lamps must be replaced.
The final specification exempts retrofit
kits from meeting driver/ballast replace-
ment requirements because the kits inher-
ently provide a remov-
able light source. The EPA
clarified that LED-based
tubes meant for fluores-
cent replacement are not
covered by the specifica-
tion. The remainder of the
changes involved updated
references and grammar.
Lighting manufacturers
can take steps to embrace
the new specif ication
immediately. Indeed, Certification Bodies
(CBs) will immediately begin testing lumi-
naires to the new specification at the request
of the manufacturer.
CBs will stop certifying products to the
V1.2 specification on December 1, 2015.
But products previously-certified to V1.0
or V1.2 will be eligible to carry the Energy
Star label until June 1, 2016. Products man-
ufactured after June 1, 2016 must be certi-
fied to V2.0.
The EPA said the one-year phase-in period
was adopted because of the longer produc-
tion and testing times that go along with
more-complex, LED-based products. The
EPA will now turn its attention to even bet-
ter energy efficiency for the next revision of
the specification, and possibly extensive cov-
erage of networks and controls. ◀
IEEE 1789 makes
recommendations on
safe levels of flicker in
LED-based lighting
The Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) has pub-
lished a recommended practice entitled
“Recommended Practice for Modulating
Current in High-Brightness LEDs for
Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers”
Modulation (%)
100
Low risk
10
No effect
1
100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
Source: Power Electronics Magazine, IEEE,
Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 18-26, Sept. 2014.
that defines acceptable limits to flicker
in LED-based lighting systems. The doc-
ument, IEEE Std 1789-2015, defines key
metrics and offers SSL product devel-
opers guidance on how to ensure that
LED-based products present no danger
to humans.
Lighting flicker has long been known
to cause maladies in humans that range
from discomfort and headaches to sei-
zures. As Jim Brodrick of the US Depart-
ment of Energy (DOE) SSL program
noted in one of his Postings emails, the
advent of high-frequency electronic bal-
lasts in fluorescent lighting eliminated
flicker as a concern, but that LEDs with
no persistence in producing light means
that SSL reintroduced the flicker issue
(http://1.usa.gov/1L3Dtug).
Clearly, LED-based products with
well-designed drivers can deliver light
with no detectable flicker. But eliminat-
ing flicker can increase the cost and/or
size of electronic driver circuits. Indeed,
Brodrick noted that smaller products
such as MR16 replacement lamps are
more susceptible to flicker due to size
limitations on the driver. » page 21
JULY/AUGUST 2015 19
 funding programs +
DOE publishes consolidated SSL
research and development plan
The DOE has announced publication of the LED and OLED manufacturing Luminaire effcacy (lm/W)
2015 Solid-State Lighting R&D Plan — a roadmap was last updated in 250
new document that consolidates elements August 2014 with color unifor-
of multiple documents from previous years. mity issues, and manufactur- 200 DOE LED goal: >200

The new plan is largely based on roundtable ing advancements to address E

meetings held going back to October at DOE those issues, as a key focus DO
i th
150 W
SSL workshops, and is focused on research (http://bit.ly/1wAXTiW).
Without DOE
and development needs in both the LED Such DOE reports are truly
100 Top luminaire effcacy
and OLED technology areas. important on a global basis. The 109 for HID and LFL
The new SSL research program doc- US SSL industry certainly refers (High-effcacy
50 2014 products) HID and LFL: 60–115
ument is intended to replace the sepa- to the published data, although
rate Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) companies and governments on a 0
and SSL Manufacturing Roadmap docu- global basis also rely on the work. 2010 2015 2020 2025
ments that have been published annually With the new SSL research and
in prior years. The MYPP was last updated development program plan, the DOE hopes ing lighting installations around the globe
in May 2014 when the DOE noted the need to influence the direction of R&D efforts over are based on SSL technology. The implica-
for new development in emitter materials, the course of the next three to five years. tion is that LED-based lighting technol-
down-converters (such as phosphors), and The new report notes that despite success ogy will continue to make a huge impact
light quality (http://bit.ly/1pkEe33). The in SSL deployments, fewer than 10% of exist- in energy consumption for many years to

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come. The DOE projects that by 2030 LED
technology can save 261 tWh of electric-
ity annually, representing a 40% reduction
relative to a scenario where SSL was not
deployed. Aggressive research and devel-
opment could ramp the savings to 60%,
according to the new report.
The DOE seeks to achieve an efficacy goal
of 200 lm/W at the luminaire or system level
by 2020 (as seen in the chart on p. 20). The
report states that higher efficacy in packaged
LEDs is increasingly difficult to achieve but
suggests that a focused effort on efficiency
droop and narrow-linewidth down-converter
materials can deliver additional gains.
The new report identifies SSL research
priorities in both the LED and OLED sec-
tors. In addition to droop and phosphors, the
LED priorities include encapsulation mate-
rials, new emitter architectures, integration
of emitters and system-level elements, and
new approaches to luminaire design.
OLEDs, meanwhile, continue to lag
behind LEDs significantly in efficacy and
output, but the DOE still sees potential in the
technology and the need for the inherent-
ly-diffuse light sources. Indeed, the agency
continues to invest R&D dollars in the tech-
nology (http://bit.ly/1K19h24). Newly pub-
lished R&D priorities include materials
research, light extraction, luminaire devel-
opment, improved manufacturing, and
manufacturing using flexible substrates.
LEDsmagazine.com
In the new plan, the DOE also urges the
industry for development work on other
symbiotic technologies that are used in
both LED- and OLED-based designs. The
priorities begin with better drivers, but
not surprisingly they also include a focus
on smart controls and sensors. Moreover,
the DOE is urging additional work on
human-centric lighting and overall light
quality (see our feature article on the value
of human-centric lighting on p. 23).
Summarizing the top-level SSL research
Flicker from page 19
Moreover, LED-based lamps or lumi-
naires designed to work with phase-cut
dimmers such as triacs can exhibit flicker
at dimmed settings even when exhibiting
no problematic flicker at full output.
The just-published IEEE standard uses
the metric percent flicker, frequency
of a light source, and flicker index. The
authors created a graph based on multi-
ple studies of flicker that charts percent
flicker (also called modulation) relative to
the operating frequency of a light source
switching on and off. The graph identifies
a safe region and also a low-risk region for
flicker (shown on p. 19).
The standard document ultimately pro-
vides an equation through which maxi-
+
funding programs
goals briefly, the DOE is projecting that
LEDs will approach 250-lm/W efficacy lev-
els for warm- and cool-white components
by 2025. The report notes that new hybrid
approaches may be required such as using a
mix of monochromatic and phosphor-con-
verted emitters. The agency projects OLED
efficacy to hit 160 lm/W by 2020 and to ulti-
mately reach 190 lm/W.
For more detailed information, you can
access the full DOE report on the agency’s
SSL website (http://1.usa.gov/1BmyGC0). ◀
mum percent flicker can be determined.
You multiply the frequency of a light
source by 0.08 and round up to calculate
the maximum percentage. At 120 Hz, 10%
maximum flicker is allowable. There are
additional equations that can be used to
determine maximum flicker at low oper-
ating frequencies.
The new standard is available for
purchase through IEEE (http://bit.ly/
1JYaWqE). We’ve also published a num-
ber of driver-design-centric articles on
eliminating flicker. For example, Inven-
tronics contributed an article on the
topic last year (http://bit.ly/1Inf1ii). We
also covered the early work by the IEEE
group on lighting f licker (http://bit.
ly/1Bmy3bM).
JULY/AUGUST 2015 21
human-centric lighting | MONETIZING DEVELOPMENT
Research assesses the value
of human-centric lighting
LightingEurope recently published the “Quantified benefits of human centric lighting” study, and
CAROLINE HAYES examines the findings and explores the state of HCL, especially for manufacturers
operating in the European market.
W
hat is human-centric lighting
(HCL)? For some it is common
sense — what your mother used
to tell you about good lighting not hurting
your eyes. For others HCL is a new philoso-
phy, with new rules, requiring novel business
models and opening up opportunities never
seen before. A recently published European
study called “Quantified benefits of human
centric lighting” attempts to gauge the mar-
ket opportunity and the impact that HCL
will have on society.
The relationship between light and levels
of wellbeing was expounded when a third
photoreceptor, in addition to rods and cones,
was identified in the human eye in 2001.
With that discovery, the effects on circadian
rhythms — i.e., mental, physical, and biolog-
ical changes — could be correlated to spe-
cific light conditions (Note that the medical
community is still working to fully under-
stand the non-visual receptors as we cov-
ered in an LEDs Magazine article last year;
see http://bit.ly/1q7GM4G). The discovery
created two distinct purposes for HCL: bio-
logically effective lighting to improve cogni-
tive performance, and emotionally effective
lighting to create stimulating environments.
We will cover both types of benefits, but to
set the stage consider that high-CCT light-
ing has been linked to increased alertness
among students in schools (Fig. 1).
Micro and macro benefits
According to its foreword, the new research
published by LightingEurope, AT Kearney,
and the German Electrical and Electronic
Manufacturers’ Association (ZVEI) is the
CAROLINE HAYES is a contributing editor with
LEDs Magazine.
LEDsmagazine.com
first to quantify the benefits
of HCL. The research exam-
ines the benefits at a micro
level, i.e., for individual inves-
tors such as facility own-
ers, and at the macro level,
i.e., from the perspective of
the general public. The idea
that HCL could yield oppor-
tunity and societal benefits
is not altogether new. Mark
Rea, director of the Lighting
Research Center (LRC) at
Rensselaer Poly technic
Institute, among others, has
championed monetizing HCL
(http://bit.ly/MXrc0s).
Diederik de Stoppelaar,
general secretary of Lightin-
gEurope, explained that the
study looks at the non-visual
Source: Osram
aspects of lighting — the pro-
ductivity, medical, and edu-
cation benefits. “Human-cen-
tric lighting adds value FIG. 1. Studies show lighting that simulates natural
because of the additional daylight levels in classrooms can improve students’
applications created for concentration levels.
lighting, such as treating
diseases or skin conditions, with light; the insurance companies and other stakehold-
improvement of productivity and concentra- ers, rather than the medical and care pro-
tion,” he said, “as well as sleeping problems, vider. The study speculates that total bene-
where light color temperature can provide fits for Europe, measured as increased GDP
a better night’s rest. These are all positive (gross domestic product), could be €0.87 bil-
applications.” lion (approximately $0.97B), or up to €12.8B
While the study shows that the indus- (approximately $14.25B) if market penetra-
trial segment will see the most significant, tion were to reach 100% by 2020.
quantified benefits, attributed to productiv-
ity increases, it notes that the medical and Developing HCL products
elderly care segments will see fewer bene- For de Stoppelaar, the European Union’s
fits at the micro level. Here, potential ben- decision to follow LightingEurope’s recom-
efits are quantified in savings realized by mendation to delay the ban on replacing
JULY/AUGUST 2015 23
human-centric lighting | MONETIZING DEVELOPMENT

incandescent bulbs with LEDs in halogen

lamps allows the industry to develop the right
quality of lighting at an acceptable price point 2nd Personal
in readiness for HCL (http://bit.ly/1FIVh8e). foor Medium control of light
For him, LEDs are the driving force. Via smartphones
High High to suit users’ tasks
LEDs enable control, with varying inten- and preferences,
sity and colors as well as increased levels even in open
where needed. Digital lighting also allows plan offces
connectivity. Used with a sensor network, Low
light levels can be increased or decreased by
sensor or remote control for ease as well as
Wayfnding
comfort. Philips Lighting, for example, has Lighting system
developed an infographic that both shows can act as an
indoor positioning
the combination of sensors and controls and grid, enabling users
touts the benefits of adaptive controls in a to fnd empty
variety of solid-state lighting (SSL) applica- meeting rooms
via an app
tions (Fig. 2). 1st
“With controllable digital light, we foor
can now more easily vary intensity, spec-
trum, and color,” observed Luc Schlangen,
senior principal scientist, Philips Research.
“Human-centric lighting is about being
able to personalize and control your light- Information
ing to suit your needs and increase your on building usage
wellbeing.” The importance of the control Via sensors and the
building’s IT network,
afforded by LEDs is key for Schlangen. lighting fxtures provide
There are many examples of lighting being occupancy data that
facility managers can
regulated by smartphones, such as Philips use to increase
Lighting’s Connected Lighting, where Power energy effciency
over Ethernet (PoE) connects office lighting
fixtures to the building’s IT network (http://
bit.ly/1sAnPd7). Employees can control and
access building services using smartphones Ground
to light areas where and when needed. foor

Efficiency and HCL benefits
There are cost efficiencies, too. According to
Schlangen, connected lighting solutions for
offices that use PoE to power built-in LED
ceiling lighting “can save up to 80% in elec-
tricity consumption, while at the same time
providing personalized lighting for employ-
ees, who can control each light with a swipe
of a finger on the smart device. Connected
lighting is the future,” he stated.
Benefits of HCL are difficult to quan-
tify; unlike energy efficiency, there are no
direct savings comparisons. The “Quanti-
fied” study looks at segments and has made
assumptions on behavior changes and
assessed their benefits in terms of produc-
tivity, sickness days, and staff retention, con-
tributing to a business’s GDP.
For example, in industrial settings the
study looked at a factory of 750 workers
24 JULY/AUGUST 2015
Philips connected lighting system for offces
Provides high-quality illumination while acting as an
information pathway, giving users personal control of
lighting and providing insights on building usage for
greater effciency.
FIG. 2. Lighting fixtures equipped with sensors capture data on room occupancy,
temperature, and humidity in Philips Connected Office Lighting.
performing repetitive tasks. Typical LED- ing at a desk, the annual electricity costs
based factory lighting was replaced with for the HCL luminaires that replaced the
2000-lx LED lighting. It was found that LED lighting fixtures rose from €7,000 to
while annual electricity costs rose from €9,000 ($7,790 to $10,000, approximately)
€42,000 (approximately $47,000) to €54,000 but saw the 85% productivity level rise
(approximately $60,000) for HCL, the effect 1.15% — roughly equivalent to two more
was that productivity increased by 4.5%. hours of output per month. There was also
The study also reports fewer accidents (1%) a 1% decrease in the number of sick days and
due to increased alertness, together with the duration of employment increased by 12
1% fewer sick days, and one-year improved months, reducing recruitment costs and the
retention of staff. time spent for a new employee to reach full
In an office of 200 employees, each work- productivity.
LEDsmagazine.com
 human-centric lighting | MONETIZING DEVELOPMENT
UP-SHINE LIGHTING
Education and medical of the floor space (48,000m2) was relevant for
In education, the study looked at a school HCL. The study found that capacity utiliza-
with 1,000 pupils and 80 teachers. The annual tion increased by 1% to 76% due to improved
electricity costs rose from €8,000 to €11,000 wellbeing of patients, and the hospital being a
(approximately $8,900 to $12,240) when HCL more attractive proposition for new patients.
was installed. Following installation, there Treatment times were reduced, leading
was a 15% improvement in
cognitive performance in some
pupils and a 10% reduction in “While energy effciency is
the healthcare and education
costs of the 5.3% of pupils suf- considered as important all
fering from ADHD (attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder). over the world, lighting quality
The report assesses the extra
educational costs per ADHD
is advanced in Europe.”
pupil at €6,000 (or $6,670),
saving €600.00 ($667.00) per
— Dieter Lang, Osram
pupil per year. Staff also ben-
efited. There was also an 18% improvement to a 0.25% decrease in treatment costs and
in efficacy for mental disorders, which had 0.25% reduction in medication costs, which
accounted for 11.7 sick days per teacher (as was attributed to higher drug efficacy. There
a result of stress and burnout) and employ- was also a 1% drop in staff sick days, which
ees’ duration at the school was extended by — like the school — had averaged 11.7 days
two years. per employee. Here, too, staff stayed two
Looking at the medical sector, the years longer than before HCL was installed.
report carries the caveat that although sev-
eral effects are expected, they are not well HCL lighting design
researched yet. This segment saw the big- For Dieter Lang, principal key expert at Osram,
gest jump in annual electricity costs, rising HCL thrives on innovative design. “HCL can be
€40,000 ($44,500) to reach €174,000 (approx- based on the creativity of lighting designers
imately $194,000) with HCL in a hospital of who understand how to combine and apply dif-
1,000 beds and 1,500 employees. Nearly half ferent available products,” he said. An example

FIG. 4. HealWell products from Philips Lighting use connected LED technology
to provide natural daylight indoors to aid patient recovery, and to address sleep
problems as well as jet lag.
LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 25
 human-centric lighting | MONETIZING
FIG. 3. Directional lighting and controllable brightness levels in Osram products are
used in the Centre for Interdisciplinary Pain Therapy in Munich, Germany.
of this is the Centre for Interdisciplinary Pain
Therapy in Munich, Germany (Fig. 3). Osram’s
Novaluna modular ceiling lights emit glare-
free direct and indirect light, reflected from
the white interior walls. Fluorescent lamps are
either 8000K or an atmospheric, warm white
2700K. A dimmable DALI (digital address-
able lighting interface) version allows bright-
ness levels to be tailored to the room’s needs.
Lunis 2 mini recessed downlights, meanwhile,
are equipped with LEDs to accentuate a cen-
tral zone.
In retirement homes, it was capacity
utilization that was the marked improve-
ment as a result of replacing LED light-
ing with HCL. Annual electricity costs
rose from €6,000 to €7,000 (approximately
$6,670 to $7,780) and the capacity utili-
zation rose 1% due to reduced medica-
tion levels, and a further 0.5% due to fewer
accidents and attractiveness for new
patients, although the study notes that these
findings are highly sensitive to assumptions.
Already, HCL-based products have been
installed in retirement homes and convales-
cent facilities. Philips Lighting, for example,
has supplied its HealWell products that use
connected LED technology to provide natu-
ral daylight indoors to aid patient recovery,
and address sleep problems and jet lag (Fig. 4).
The HCL future
Lang described human-centric lighting
26 JULY/AUGUST 2015
DEVELOPMENT
as “a new philosophy, a new set of para-
digms on lighting.” He is optimistic about
Europe’s role in HCL: “Even if there are spe-
cific human-centric lighting products, HCL
is primarily based on basic lighting design
principles… While energy efficiency is con-
sidered as important all over the world,
lighting quality is advanced in Europe.
Therefore, Europe may be expected to be
‘ready for HCL’ first.”
The study predicts that a realistic market
penetration at 2020 for HCL is 5% for indus-
trial use, with repetitive tasks; 13% for office
use; and 10% for education. Medical and res-
idential care are both expected to see 20%
market penetration by 2020, with residen-
tial homes realistically expected to achieve
just 2%.
For de Stoppelaar, the only obstacle
that may stand in the way of HCL market
penetration is too much regulation. This
could make things difficult, he warned,
and may not allow the creativity needed.
“We are at the beginning of a new era in
lighting,” he said, “with new companies,
new players all able to extend the scope
of lighting.”
When creativity meets controllable light-
ing, it would appear the prospects for the
industry could be boundless. That spells
opportunity for the LED and SSL manu-
facturers and tangible benefits for people
around the globe.
LEDsmagazine.com
indoor lighting | CONTROLS

Choose open, interoperable lighting

controls for commercial project success
Lighting controls based on open standards, says PATRICK DURAND, can address lighting OEMs’
concerns regarding complexity and scalability of systems as well as interoperability of fixtures and
control components, and achieve flexibility for indoor commercial lighting applications.

W
hen lighting OEMs are bidding
on projects, they are increas-
ingly being asked to include a
compatible lighting control system (typ-

PWM
ically from a third-party lighting control
vendor) in the proposal, where the require-
ments of the control system are specified
to the lighting OEM. Until now, many light-
ing OEMs have been responding in a reac-
0-10V
tive way to these requests without develop-
ing a formal, proactive strategy regarding
lighting controls.

Should we wait for a global
lighting-control standard?
The principal reason for the hesitance to
proactively implement a lighting control
strategy is the confusion around which tech-
nology or vendor to invest in, particularly
when it comes to lighting control systems
for the indoor commercial and office envi-
ronments. Very few lighting OEMs have the
time, resources, or expertise to evaluate the
merits of all lighting control technologies.
For residential lighting control (i.e., smart
bulbs), the dominant protocol is clear, where
ZigBee Light Link has been declared the
winner with multiple lighting OEMs sup-
porting the protocol (http://bit.ly/1Dpcx1R).
However, for indoor commercial and office
lighting control, the technology options
remain varied (Fig. 1) and growing. Many
lighting OEMs are choosing to wait until
there is a dominant or de facto standard in
order to avoid an improper technology selec-
tion at this early stage in the lighting control
lifecycle (http://bit.ly/1LhU23u).
PATRICK DURAND is the worldwide
technical director at Future Lighting Solutions
(futurelightingsolutions.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
FIG. 1. Lighting control technology options are abundant, which can be confusing for
lighting OEMs being asked to develop a compatible controls system.
There are three major reasons for the lack
of a dominant global standard. The first is
that dominant lighting control technologies
and/or dominant LED driver dimming sig-
nals vary by region. For instance, 0–10V is
the dominant LED driver dimming signal in
North America, while DALI (digital address-
able lighting interface) and pulsewidth mod-
ulation (PWM) are dominant in Europe and
Japan, respectively. From a building auto-
mation system standpoint, although BACnet
appears to be a dominant global protocol,
KNX is very popular in Europe. Therefore, in
order for lighting OEMs to cater to end cus-
tomers in various regions, it becomes diffi-
cult to rely on a single technology.
The second reason is that lighting con-
trol installations vary by complexity. At
one end of the spectrum, some installa-
tions simply require an occupancy sensor
to provide a signal to an LED driver to turn
on/off depending on whether someone is in
DMX
the room. These simple systems act inde-
pendently if there are multiple instances in
different rooms throughout a building with
no gateway to link them to a centralized
control system. At the other end of the spec-
trum, there are centralized lighting control
systems that manage, monitor, and control
lighting throughout the entire building or
even multiple buildings within a city, coun-
try, or around the world. The type of tech-
nology that is generally leveraged to cre-
ate these simple versus complex systems
tends to differ dramatically. As a result,
this poses another challenge for a light-
ing OEM to rely on a single lighting con-
trol technology.
The third and most impactful reason why
there will likely never be a single dominant
lighting-control technology for indoor com-
mercial and office lighting is due to the fact
that the lighting OEM does not mandate the
lighting control technology for any given
JULY/AUGUST 2015 29
indoor lighting | CONTROLS
project. This is the responsibility of the spec-
ifier, architect, building owner, or build-
ing manager.
om
With these challenges in mind, what
aut
is a lighting OEM to do when select-
Building
ing a lighting control technology to
develop a proactive lighting con-
trol strategy? The answer for many
lighting OEMs has been to simply
BACnet
wait due to the confusion and per-
ceived complexity. The reality is that
many options exist, and depending on
the application, certain criteria can be
evaluated to determine the optimal solu-
tion to be implemented to win the business.
The answer is to select a lighting control
technology based on the following five cri-
teria: flexibility, interoperability, simplicity,
scalability, and proven technology.
Flexibility and interoperability
All lighting control technologies fall into
one of two major technology categories:
proprietary technology or open technology.
Products from a particular vendor lever-
aging proprietary technology only func-
tion with other products from that same
vendor. Lighting control companies that
have developed proprietary technologies
have followed this business model due to
the merits of their technology-driven value
proposition or due to their strong channel
to market (particularly for well-established
companies). Proprietary technologies can
be suitable for specific lighting control
projects where there is a good technological
fit or if the proprietary technology has been
directly specified as an approved lighting
control solution.
By comparison, open technologies are
based on open or public standards that
allow multiple companies to develop prod-
ucts leveraging the same fundamental pro-
tocol; this enables products from different
vendors to be interoperable and work as a
system (Fig. 2). As a result, open technolo-
gies provide lighting OEMs with the flexibil-
ity to choose between a number of vendors
in order to mix and match various solutions
based on features, form factor, and pricing
to meet an end customer’s lighting control
requirements.
For lighting control in indoor commer-
cial and office environments, there are two
major open technologies: EnOcean and Zig-
30 JULY/AUGUST 2015
n DALI
io
at
LonWorks
KNX
Switches,
sensors,
controllers,
gateways
Wi-Fi/
Bluetooth
iOS/ Ethernet
Android
St
an
dard
c o m m u n ic
FIG. 2. Open standards for lighting
control can bring together varying
products and building systems designed
by multiple vendors that leverage the
same protocol.
Bee. EnOcean is the first and only ISO/IEC
wireless standard (14543-3-10) optimized
for solutions with ultralow power consump-
tion and energy harvesting. As a result, light-
ing OEMs that leverage EnOcean technol-
ogy can benefit from the added advantage
of offering wireless switches and sensors
that require no power and no batteries,
since the kinetic energy from pressing
on the switch or the solar cells from
the sensor are sufficient to power
the EnOcean radio (http://bit.ly/1en-
H5uX). The EnOcean Alliance cur-
rently comprises more than 350 mem-
bers from all regions of the world with
over 1,300 interoperable products.
ZigBee is based on the IEEE
802.15.4 standard where 802.15.4
defines the physical and MAC layers,
while ZigBee defines the network
and application layers. All ZigBee or
802.15.4-based lighting control ven-
dors, except for one, have decided to
customize their implementation of
ZigBee or develop a proprietary pro-
tocol based on 802.15.4. This is due
to inherent complications of ZigBee
for use in indoor commercial and
office lighting environments. In practice, FIG. 3. Lighting control flexibility can be
this makes ZigBee more of a proprietary achieved by using existing interoperable
protocol since most lighting control prod- components in the open-technology-
ucts leveraging ZigBee or 802.15.4 are not based system.
interoperable between vendors. The lone
exception is a vendor that has incorpo-
D
im
DMX rated the extra intelligence that ZigBee
m
requires into their gateway. As a result,
ing
end nodes (switches, controllers, sen-
cont
0–10V sors) from different vendors that
rol
have implemented non-customized
ZigBee can be interoperable with
the gateway from this vendor, but
PWM
this subsequently limits the lighting
OEM’s choice of gateway providers.
Fig. 3 illustrates the various options
that a specifier, architect, building
owner, or building manager will specify
from a dimming control, standard com-
on
a ti
munication, and building automation sys-
tem (BAS) standpoint. For example, a given
project may require that the lighting con-
trol system support a BACnet BAS with
occupancy and daylight harvesting sensors
where the luminaires must be controlled by
DALI signals. Alternatively, the specifica-
tion could state that the lighting control
system must be controlled and monitored
via smartphone and tablet where the lumi-
naires are controlled by 0–10V signals. If
Vendor 1
(switch)
Vendor 2
(controller)
Vendor 3
(gateway)
Interoperability between vendors
of EnOcean solutions means:
• Greater choice of features
• Greater choice of form factors
• Greater choice of pricing
• Greater flexibility for systems
• Less reliance on customization
LEDsmagazine.com
indoor lighting | CONTROLS

the selected technology or vendor that the smartphone/tablet. EnOcean technology over 350,000 buildings throughout the world.
lighting OEM has aligned themselves with can seamlessly and easily convert from a While ZigBee and 802.15.4 technolo-
is not flexible enough, then the lighting simple standalone system to a scalable net- gies are very reliable and have been proven
OEM will eventually be forced to leverage worked system without having to change in real-world settings, EnOcean technol-
multiple technologies from multiple ven- the existing lighting control system (Fig. ogy may increase the chances for lighting
dors. This puts a strain on resources, par- 4). ZigBee and 802.15.4-based lighting con- OEMs to consistently win projects in differ-
ticularly the lighting OEM’s sales and sales trol systems are designed to be scalable to ent regions of the world due to the technol-
representative teams that
must position the luminaire Scalable networked lighting control system
and control solutions to the
end customer.
eBox eBox
Cloud-based server or...
Simplicity and scalability existing BAS
Some end customers, like Relay Relay
building owners and build-
Motion /lux Motion /lux
ing managers, are not ready sensor sensor
to incorporate a BAS or a cen-
tralized lighting control sys- Light fxtures (wired) Light fxtures (wired)
tem that they can control, Simple standalone lighting control system
schedule, and monitor via a
computer or mobile device. Wireless product
Instead, these end customers Wireless switch Wireless communication Wireless switch
prefer to limit the lighting
Wired communication
control solution to switches,
sensors, and controllers (typ- TCP/IP, BACnetIP or Wi-Fi communication
ically 0–10V relays and DALI
controllers) for LED drivers FIG. 4. In this example, EnOcean supports simple and scalable lighting control systems with a single
without the need for a gate- technology.
way or complicated network
device. In other words, these end custom- a full building and even multiple buildings, ogy’s significant international installation
ers want a simple standalone lighting con- but the starting point will always require a base. As a result, this will avoid the need for
trol system for each room within a building. gateway or network device. a lighting OEM to understand and promote
For now, there are two major available different technologies based on the project’s
options for simple, standalone lighting Proven control technology and support location as an increasing number of lighting
control systems: The first is from a well-es- Building owners and building managers typ- OEMs are selling their luminaires in multi-
tablished proprietary lighting control ven- ically do not want their building to be a test ple markets.
dor and the other is EnOcean technology. site for emerging technologies. As a result, Future Lighting Solutions (FLS) has been
Conversely, the currently available ZigBee the lighting control technology that light- supporting its lighting OEM customers with
or 802.15.4-based lighting control systems ing OEMs will promote for projects must be LEDs, drivers, optics, connectors/sockets,
require the use of a gateway or network a proven technology. and thermal solutions for over a decade.
device. With standalone systems, commis- The leading ZigBee and 802.15.4 lighting FLS has the knowledge and supplier part-
sioning can be as simple as pressing a but- control vendors each have an installed base ners that support the EnOcean standard and
ton on the wireless switch and a button on of hundreds to multiple thousands of build- alliance, as well as other platforms, to assist
the wireless controller to pair the devices. ings. The EnOcean Alliance indicated that OEMs in the development and implementa-
There are also commissioning options with EnOcean technology has been installed in tion of wireless solutions.
wireless USB dongles for some lighting con-
trol systems with PC software to fine-tune
COMING NEXT MONTH
some of the wireless device (i.e., sensor and
controller) settings.
Enhanced ANSI connector enables more robust area-lighting SSL controls
Consider a case where months or years
LED-based area-lighting products have long carried a NEMA connector that was
after the installation of the simple stand-
typically used to add a photocell to luminaires for on/off control, but outdoor lighting
alone lighting control system, the build-
increasingly demands more sophisticated controls. Learn about the new ANSI-
ing owner or manager decides to leverage
standardized connector that will bring more control functionality to street lights.
a BAS or wants to centralize lighting con-
trol, scheduling, and monitoring from a PC/
32 JULY/AUGUST 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

SHAPING A
BRIGHTER FUTURE
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aluminum castings. In addition, Sapa has developed a new
method of manufacturing high-ratio air-cooled heat sinks. Our
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exhibition | LIGHTFAIR 2015
LEDs deliver more control and intelligence,
as SSL aesthetics and performance advance
The options in networking for SSL products continue to expand, reports ROGER ALLAN after perusing
the LightFair exhibits, but the LED-based lighting industry is delivering in terms of innovative new
SSL features.
T
he exhibits at this year’s LightFair
International (LFI) bristled with
the latest new LED-based products,
performance advances, innovative indoor
and outdoor lighting fixtures, novel retro-
fit approaches, and dazzling remote control
and networking methods from anywhere and
by just about anyone connected using the
Internet of Things (IoT) concept. LED light-
ing technology and design has matured to the
point where it has spawned an advanced level
of user interaction with the world of illumi-
nation. Meanwhile, solid-state lighting (SSL)
manufacturers continue to improve light
quality, innovate in form factor, and deliver
products with more pleasing aesthetics all
around. And energy efficiency has gone from
a selling point to a given.
Indeed, we’re witnessing the dawn of a
new era of industrial and consumer intel-
ligent networking that’s sweeping its way
into many other market sectors, explained
Maryrose Sylvester, president and CEO
of GE Lighting. The convergence of digi-
tal and physical systems is creating a pro-
found transformation in how we think about
lighting. She added that in today’s intercon-
nected Internet, lights have become part of
the business intelligence landscape by cap-
turing data and communicating with other
interconnected devices via cloud computing.
Advanced hardware and software analytics
capabilities will allow us to see illumination
in a whole new light and to use it in better,
more effective, and more efficient ways.
That scenario was no less evident than
at the GE Lighting exhibit, which demon-
strated how light will change the way we
ROGER ALLAN is a 46-year electronics
journalism veteran.
LEDsmagazine.com
FIG. 1. GE Lighting
will offer Link lamps
in A-lamp, BR30, and
PAR varieties, all of which
will be compatible with
smartphone apps.
live, opening up thousands of
applications for cities, buildings,
homes, and other places. Austin
Ashe, global product manager for
GE Lighting’s Intelligent Devices,
said, “We’ve invested a billion dollars
into our Predix Big Data platform that all
GE brilliant machines run on, including our
intelligent LEDs. We envision this will dra-
matically change the way we view and act
on things by the simple use of downloadable
smartphone apps.”
According to the Executive Summaries
of the CABA Landmark Research Projects
for “Intelligent Buildings and Big Data” and
“Intelligent Buildings Market Sizing North
America 2015,” about 6.5 million commer-
cial, industrial, and federal nonresidential
buildings will need “smart” interconnectiv-
ity, leading to a market for big data of $512
million by the end of this decade, up from
this year’s $171 million. CABA is the Con-
tinental Automated Building Association
(caba.org) and is supported by an interna-
tional membership of more than 300 orga-
nizations involved in the design, manu-
facturing, installation, and retailing of
products relating to the IoT for connected
homes and intelligent buildings.
Networks and controls
Back to the LFI exhibits,
meanwhile, GE also demon-
strated innovation at the res-
idential level. GE unveiled
LED-enabled Link lamps (Fig.
1) that are based on the ZigBee
Light Link wireless network,
along with intelligent control
via smartphones. The Quirky and
Wink apps let consumers control
their home lighting inexpensively
from anywhere in the world, and
sync with other connected devices.
The Link lamps will be available at
retailer Home Depot, starting at less
than $15 per lamp.
Cree also made news in the lamps space,
forming a strategic relationship with the
WeMo ecosystem, Belkin’s IoT brand for
connecting to the masses. Under the agree-
ment, Cree’s LED Connected Bulb (http://
bit.ly/1HMyu01) with the WeMo capabil-
ity will be available this summer at Home
Depot. In actuality, the existing products
should work with WeMo systems now, but
the WeMo branding is still to come.
JULY/AUGUST 2015 35
exhibition | LIGHTFAIR 2015
Samsung, meanwhile, unveiled a the lamps can form a mesh network and
platform initiative focused on networked connect in almost unlimited numbers to
smart lighting that it claims will ultimately a smartphone. The company will also pro-
deliver an ecosystem around which manufac- vide a unique wireless and portable control
turers can quickly develop connected lumi- to replace traditional wall dimmer switches.
naires and lamps for SSL networks (http://
bit.ly/1QzJsM2). Samsung plans to have com- Bluetooth Mesh
plete reference designs by the end of this year CSR has worked with Avi-on Labs to provide
for networks including ZigBee, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Smart Mesh connectivity in a new
and Wi-Fi, along with an operating system controls-oriented platform for lighting man-
and application programming interfaces that ufacturers (http://bit.ly/1FkSkQo). As the
allow easy customization. previous link documents, evolution of mesh
Soraa, the leader in gallium-nitride-on-gal- capability could make Bluetooth a more seri-
lium-nitride (GaN-on-GaN) LED technology, ous player in lighting networks. CSR offers
entered the wireless arena for the first time at ICs that implement the mesh technology
LFI with a wirelessly-controlled PAR30L (long while Avi-on adds a software stack and wire-
neck) LED lamp based on Bluetooth. But as less security features.
we will discuss in a moment, the more-vi- A GE-branded line of smart lighting from
able Bluetooth-based products are still to Jasco Products will use the platform. These
come because standard Bluetooth is limited lighting and home control products, such as
in range and lacks a persistent network link. switches and outlets, will appear in major
Still, Soraa’s wirelessly-controlled PAR30L retail stores this year, and use what CSR calls
LED lamp provides users a variety of custom- CSRmesh — allowing an almost unlimited
izable remote functions including dimming, number of Bluetooth Smart enabled devices
control of lamps in user-defined groups, and to be simply networked together and con-
user-designed preset lighting scenes. The trolled directly from a smart switch or dim-
lamp’s directional nature allows layers that mer, a smartphone or a tablet. Feit also demon-
can be easily controlled at individual and strated lamps based on the technology suite.
local levels, thus creating uniquely lit spaces. Avi-on’s complete residential and com-
Soraa will offer its wireless PAR30L lamps in mercial lighting platform includes plug-
combination with a mobile application that and-play firmware, iOS and Android mobile
runs on both iOS and applications, a secure cloud service, and a
Android plat- pre-certified module based on the CSR101
forms, and chipset, which together allows manufac-
turers to get to market
FIG. 2. ZenNet from Thomas Research Products includes controls that utilize solar
cells and small kinetic energy-harvesting switches, based on the wireless building
automation standards of the EnOcean Alliance.
36 JULY/AUGUST 2015
quickly. The platform enables a number of
features including real-time dimming, one-
touch setup, grouping, schedules, timers,
and multi-user controls, all from an easy-
to-use mobile app.
“CSRmesh has the potential to disrupt the
smart lighting market by eliminating the
complex setup, pairing, and use of an access
device, such as a router, needed with other
connectivity solutions available today,” said
Cameron Trice, CEO of Jasco Products. “By
combining CSRmesh with Avi-on Labs’ soft-
ware and support, we are able to offer a light-
ing product line that offers an unrivaled user
experience and secure connectivity to cus-
tomers through our major retail partners.
Working with CSR and Avi-on allowed us to
get to market fast to meet growing consumer
demand for these types of smart devices.”
“CSRmesh is transforming the smart light-
ing and home automation markets by offering
the blend of security, performance, and ease
of use that is needed to drive broad consumer
adoption,” said Anthony Murray, senior vice
president, Business Group at CSR. “We are
seeing interest from a wide variety of lighting
and home control device manufacturers, and
it is exciting to see some of the first CSRmesh
home-automation enabled products making
their way to the shelves. Avi-on’s platform
supports multiple lighting products as well as
home and commercial automation devices.”
EnOcean wireless
Another player in the wireless network space
comes courtesy of the EnOcean Alliance, and
there were products using that technology
at LFI. Thomas Research Products (TRP), a
division of Hubbell Lighting, unveiled the
ZenNet controls that utilize solar cells and
small kinetic energy-harvesting switches
(Fig. 2). Compact motion sensors and rocker
switches pair easily and wirelessly with fix-
ture-control relay modules. The system pro-
vides OEMs and retrofitters a variety of con-
trol options to enhance their luminaires.
Energy harvesting and battery- and pow-
er-free controls are a key EnOcean advan-
tage. Indeed, the TRP ZenNet product line
includes battery-less switches powered by
kinetic energy, solar-powered occupancy
sensors, and an SSL controller for on/off and
dimming functionalities of a single LED fix-
ture or a zone. This integrated LED control
system communicates via the EnOcean stan-
LEDsmagazine.com

dard at 902 MHz. Moreover, the EnOcean
Alliance consists of more than 350 member
companies and offers a host of interop-
erable lighting and control prod-
ucts. For more information on
EnOcean technology, see the
feature on p. 29.
Furthermore, the TRP
SSL controller already
includes the new standardized
EnOcean Equipment Profile (EEP) for
LEDs defined by the EnOcean Alliance. The
application-specific profile provides informa-
tion on the current control status, e.g., dim-
ming level, daylight harvesting, or on/off, and
saves any changes for debugging purposes
and optimized function monitoring.
Luminaires and downlighting
Now let’s consider the luminaire design area,
where by the way, controls were also a factor
in many announcements. Indeed, control of
LED lighting is spreading out to many indus-
tries and applications, including the fash-
ion retail industry. Osram showed off the
OmniPoint lighting prototype for luminaires
in a downlight configuration that’s meant to
be installed in the center of a lit space (Fig.
3) but can selectively illuminate portions of
the space (http://bit.ly/1R2oEHY).
A customer can use a tablet app or a
smartphone to define the illumination
direction for any given situation. “The com-
bination of intelligent control and LED tech-
nology opens up a wide variety of opportu-
nities, and OmniPoint is a prime example of
this,” said Klaus Streubel, head of corporate
technology at Osram. OmniPoint received
an LFI Innovation Award for the prototype.
Planar lighting remains in vogue as a styl-
ish approach to inherently diffuse lighting,
and edge-lit LED-based designs continue
to hold off the more expensive OLED tech-
nology. Global Lighting Technologies (GLT)
demonstrated a 4×4-in. LED light guide to
demonstrate higher efficiency, better dura-
bility, longer life, and lower cost than a com-
parable OLED panel. The light guide assem-
bly is just 3.5 mm thick and the panel itself is
a slim 2 mm. The guide is typically edge-lit
from one or more sides using standard LEDs,
with a small frame concealing the LEDs. The
product has an efficacy of 115 lm/W and pro-
duces 250 lm.
In the finished product area, Cree
LEDsmagazine.com
FIG. 3. Smart illumination is possible
using Osram’s Omnipoint fixture. A
user leverages a mobile app to define
the illumination direction for any given
situation. Even an elliptical area of
lighting may be defined.
announced its WaveMax technology just
before LFI and the LN Series of suspended
linear luminaires based on the planar
scheme (http://bit.ly/1F8dJcg). Wave-
Max embeds diamond-facet microlenses to
direct the light. Next up will be a square
parking-garage fixture with light guides
oriented perpendicular to the ceiling.
Edge-lit optics can deliver lighting in two
directions and provides sleek LED-based
luminaire designs for high-end office space
and optimized parking-garage applications.
Still, many of the advances in luminaires
are coming simply in terms of mechanical
functionality and optical performance.
Eaton’s Cooper Lighting business
unit showed off the Halo Allslope
LED downlight system featuring
interchangeable beam-form-
ing optics, full range dim-
ming, and numerous
color temperatures and
trim options. The HL6
downlights are specifi-
cally designed for sloped
ceiling applications to
fulfill residential, hospi-
tality, retail, and institu-
tional needs. “This ener-
gy-saving solution offers up to
73% energy savings with virtu-
ally no maintenance,” said Mark
Eubanks, president of Eaton’s light-
exhibition | LIGHTFAIR 2015
ing division. The high-efficacy
LED downlight delivers up to 90
lm/W and is offered in 2700K,
3000K, 3500K, and 4000K cor-
related color temperatures (CCT)
with a high color quality of 90 CRI.
Eaton’s portfolio of LED-based luminaires
also includes the company’s WaveStream
planar light-guide technology licensed from
Rambus. At LFI, the company said the pla-
nar-based products are top sellers in terms
of revenue.
Of course, SSL serves most prominently
in downlight applications in terms of lumi-
naires. And there were plenty of down-
lights and retrofit kits at LFI. LEDtron-
ics announced a new series of dimmable
recessed-ceiling downlight retrofit kits that
use Cree chip-on-board (COB) LEDs for
energy savings of up to 75%. They come in
various sizes and temperatures, and can be
retrofitted into existing 4-, 6-, 7- and 8-in.
housings/trims, each available in a choice of
warm white (3000K), natural white (4000K),
or pure white (5000K) colors.
Outdoor and architectural lighting
Outdoor lighting remains a key market for
SSL technology with LEDs that offer lon-
ger lifetimes, dissipate less energy, and pro-
vide greater control, not to mention lower
maintenance costs, particularly for munic-
ipalities and large parking lots and outdoor
structures. The LEDioc from Eye Lighting
was designed for retrofit applications, and
is the most cost-effective way for cities and
municipalities to upgrade their traditional
decorative lighting to energy-saving LED
lighting (Fig. 4). The 42W and 63W
Retrofit Kits are available in 3000K,
4000K, and 5000K CCTs, list CRIs
greater than 70 and 50,000 hours
of lifetime, and are dimmable.
Output is 4700 lm. “The EYE
LEDioc Retrofit Kit fits vir-
tually any type of post-top or
pendant luminaire without
FIG. 4. LED fixtures for
outdoor lighting like the
LEDioc from Eye Lighting
offer longer lifetimes, dissipate
less energy, and provide greater
control, not to mention lower
maintenance costs.
JULY/AUGUST 2015 37
exhibition | LIGHTFAIR 2015
sacrificing the aesthetic appeal or histori-
cal significance of the city’s lighting,” said
Tom Salpietra, president and COO of EYE
Lighting. “Municipalities have told us their
lighting systems are important to their resi-
dents as well as their green initiatives. That’s
why we’ve worked with every major manu-
facturer’s post-top designs to retrofit our
LEDioc solution.”
Outdoor lighting of structures, build-
ings, and façades is also gaining in innova-
tion from new and advanced forms of light-
ing fixtures. Acclaim Lighting has the Dyna
Drum SO, with a high output of 4700 lm. It
is just 12.5 in. wide and 10.1 in. high, with
an 11-in. diameter. It is available at 2700K,
3000K, 3500K, and 4000K CCTs, and RGB,
RGBW, RGBA, or Acclaim’s Quad white for
colors. The outdoor flood fixture features an
adjustable yoke, onboard digital display that
provides a standard beam angle of 6°, but is
also available in 25°, 40°, and 60° spread lens
options (Fig. 5).
EcoSense Lighting unveiled its TRŌV light-
ing fixture platform featuring dynamic color,
theatrical, cove, and strip lighting innova-
tions (Fig. 6). The product was designed for
the needs of the outdoor lighting design com-
munity, with each of its attributes meticu-
lously designed from the ground up to incor-
porate leading functionality while pushing
the boundaries of beautiful design, giving
lighting professionals greater freedom and
choice in their work.
Its advanced optical system delivers uni-
form optical distributions and includes
a wide range of cove, graze, and wash
38 JULY/AUGUST 2015
FIG. 6. EcoSense Lighting’s TRŌV linear SSL fixture platform provides dynamic color
lighting and is adjustable to enable the series to support a variety of applications.
forms, as well as direct-view/line of light
and asymmetric distributions. A Flip-to-
Flat hinge allows designers to easily adjust
beam angles from 0° to 180°. A patented
Dim to Zero technology provides very pre-
cise dimming, enabling very smooth, flick-
er-free light from 100% to 0% power.
FX Luminaire showed off its Luxor ZDC
lighting controller with zoning and dim-
ming, plus color capabilities, for landscape
and architectural lighting. The ZDC pro-
vides the ability to create a spectrum of
30,000 colors using RGBW LED technology.
With the ZDC, users can create custom col-
ors for outdoor holiday displays, team spirit
themes, company colors, or special events.
Color temperatures can be adjusted to
match vegetation and architecture, offering
unique landscape looks throughout the year.
LED packages and form factor
Most all of the innovation on display at LFI
has been enabled by new packaged LED devel-
opments, and the enabling technology was
also prominent at the exhibition. The pack-
aging scheme for new LEDs has been a big
challenge, with some experts calling for the
use of chip-scale packages (CSPs) for LEDs to
become even less expensive and permeate the
lighting world. We’re not there yet, but some
progress is being made. The COB approach is
being used by a number of LED makers in
the meantime.
Luminus (formerly Luminus Devices)
has a new family of ultrahigh-den-
sity COB products intended to replace
ceramic metal-halide (CMH) technol-
ogy commonly used in spotlights for
FIG. 5. Acclaim Lighting’s Dyna Drum
SO floodlight produces a high output
of 4700 lm for outdoor structures,
buildings, and façades.
retail lighting. (Luminus is now owned by
China’s San’an Optoelectronics). The XH
series LEDs are available in a variety of stan-
dard light-emitting surface (LES) diame-
ters including 6, 9, 11, and 14 mm, allowing
customers to use their existing ecosystems
for optics and connectors. The COB LEDs
deliver the lumen output and high qual-
ity of light to replace 39W and 70W (CMH)
sources, respectively. With a tiny form fac-
tor, the 6-mm XH series generates 1500 lm
and a CRI of 80 at 3000K. When combined
with an 85-mm diameter optic, it throws an
8° beam with center beam candle power of
over 30,000 cd.
Cree’s new XP-L HI (high-intensity) LEDs
are aimed at luminaire applications in
indoor and outdoor environments thanks
to novel packaging and optics approaches
(http://bit.ly/1EExWmA). They largely use
the same die as the previously announced
XP-L products that are now being called
XP-L High Density (HD). While the HD prod-
ucts have a primary optic in the form of a
dome, the HI packaged LEDs have a near-
flat primary optic that makes the image of
the LES/die appear smaller to the secondary
optics in a luminaire. The smaller effective
size means that you can get higher intensity
or candela levels through the same second-
ary optic. The science is based on the éten-
due limits in total internal reflection (TIR)
optics that determine the width of a beam.
(Étendue is the property of light in an opti-
cal system, which characterizes how “spread
out” the light is in area and angle.)
Cree also demonstrated a new TrueWhite
LED modular light engine or array that will
enable high-CRI, high-efficacy lighting
products that can effectively replace CMH
lamps. The company believes that this will
later expand to serve other applications.
Osram Opto Semiconductors demon-
LEDsmagazine.com
 exhibition | LIGHTFAIR 2015

strated the new Duris S 2 mid-power LED FIG. 7. Osram’s Ostar P3W projection system
designed for applications such as LED retro- LEDs have two self-contained parallel
fit tubes for fluorescent replacement and systems with two chips each, making it
for other shallow, ceiling-mount fix- more suitable for 24/7 applications.
tures. The LED measures 2×1.6
mm — the smallest pack- cent lamps (CFLs) and provides 33% more
aged LED in the Duris fam- energy than CFLs.
ily. The company uses a vol- new 60W-equivalent Soraa also expanded its offering of high-
umetric phosphor technology LED retrofit lamp priced light-quality lamps in addition to entering
to manufacture the S2. The phosphor under $5 (http://bit.ly/1RF- the wireless space as discussed previously.
is mixed into a three-dimensional silicone cRm0). It was able to bring this Delivering superior color and whiteness
encapsulant and utilizes an epoxy-molded price down by targeting only a 10,000- rendering, the company’s first omnidi-
compound substrate. The result is an LED hour lifetime and by using optical approaches rectional BR30 lamp consumes 12W and
that emits light from the device’s four sides as designed for hallways, laundry rooms, and exceeds the lumen output of most incan-
well as from the top surface, creating a wider closets where lighting is used less frequently descent 65W BR30s. The lamp is the only
beam pattern for the targeted application. than in main living spaces in a home. BR LED product on the market with a CRI
Such an emission pattern enables more-shal- In efficiency news at LFI, EarthTronics greater than 90 and red rendering (R9) over
low designs in linear luminaires designed for showed off dimmable 1100-lm A19 and 1600- 90. The LED BR30 will be available in 2700K
flush mounting or recessed mounting. lm A21 omnidirectional lamps that con- and 3000K CCTs.
Osram also showed a new LED for the spe- sume just 13W and 17W, respectively. Both Of course, there was plenty more at LFI.
cialty projector market including projection are available in 2700K soft white and 5000K You can peruse other news items on the
luminaires for entertainment lighting. The daylight with a CRI of 82. A 12W plug-in LEDs Magazine website. Also check out the
Ostar P3W projection system LEDs deal LED lamp, the 1100-lm LPD12/G24Q/830, video interviews that were conducted at the
with the heat problem by using four chips, easily replaces 18W G24 compact fluores- event (http://bit.ly/1GIS26x).
enabling a compact LED package that has
two self-contained parallel systems with two
chips each (Fig. 7). This approach makes it
more suitable for 24/7 applications.
If a chip should ever unexpectedly fail, the
second system will continue to operate with-
out any problem at all. The connection design
has also been improved, from 2-pad to 3-pad,
providing three connections instead of two.
All four chips occupy one pad, and the other
two pads are each reserved for a group of two.
A new soldering process ensures that the heat
produced in the application remains low,
enabling the connection between the chip
and the package to withstand higher-tem-
perature operation.

Replacement lamps
LFI would not have been complete without
new LED replacement lamps that are more
efficient or more functional, lower cost, or
even all of the above. Indeed, LED bulbs
are coming down in price thanks to man-
ufacturing, packaging, and optical design
enhancements. Average pricing for a high-lu-
men-output LED lamp at major retail outlets
is now $15 or less. Many such bulbs contain
electronic circuitry that allows them to be
interconnected to other entities for intelli-
gent control.
Just recently, Philips Lighting unveiled a
LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 39
BECAUSE
QUALITY MATTERS
Rely on UL, one of the world’s leading independent product
testing organizations, when you want to ensure the products
you design, manufacture, specify, and sell are high performing,
reliable and safe. Because quality matters, think UL.

Learn more at ul.com/lighting.

UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC © 2015
street lights | INTEROPERABLE NETWORKS

Standards will futureproof intelligent

outdoor SSL deployments
GERARD LOKHOFF explains that management of street-lighting control systems based on interoperable
standards is the first step toward smarter cities and broader deployment of energy- and money-
saving controllable luminaires.

S
treet-light technology has changed
greatly over time, including the type
of light sources used, and the way
street-lighting systems are operated and
managed. Recent concerns about global
warming and the rising cost of energy have
incentivized utilities and municipalities
to deploy new solutions addressing these
issues. Intelligent outdoor lighting helps
to drastically reduce energy consumption.
At the same time, it increases safety and
reduces maintenance costs. Together with
the deployment of more efficient luminaires
based on LEDs, the operators have to think
about outdoor lighting networks (OLNs)
Source: Rob Woudenberg, Eindhoven, the Netherlands

using a standardized management inter-

face. The TALQ Consortium was created
to develop such standards to guarantee
interoperability of heterogeneous systems
and lower operational and purchasing costs.
Four major trends have influenced the
outdoor lighting sector in the past few years.
The first trend is the accelerated introduc-
tion of LED luminaires in road and urban
lighting. LED-based solid-state lighting
(SSL) systems, due to their electronic nature,
are relatively easy to control. Along with
the strong growth of outdoor SSL, a robust FIG. 1. The TALQ Consortium standards will be tested and verified in actual
increase in the uptake of controllable out- installations such as this high-tech campus located in the Netherlands.
door lighting is expected.
The second major trend is a worldwide reduces the number of maintenance trucks the lighting in case of an emergency.
need for lighting control. Adjusting light- on streets and increases safety in the streets. And the last trend, but maybe the most
ing levels depending on activity, presence, The third trend is the professionalization important one, is the global pressure of soci-
traffic, and weather conditions saves energy of city operations management to increase ety to reduce energy consumption and car-
by providing the right light level at the right overall efficiency. Cities are looking for effi- bon emissions. Today there is a strong need
time in the right place. Knowing at any time cient ways to manage their assets, including to reduce energy consumption in order to
the status of any light point and being able lighting. Central outdoor SSL control sys- reduce the carbon footprint impact. More-
to monitor each of them remotely drastically tems provide the means and tools to reduce over, lighting accounts for a large share of
operating costs by automatically identifying energy use globally and street lights oper-
GERARD LOKHOFF is Secretary General of the failures, reducing the number of onsite trips, ate for extended periods nightly. At pres-
TALQ Consortium (talq-consortium.org). and enabling remote control — e.g., to adjust ent, only a very small fraction of outdoor
LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 41
street lights | INTEROPERABLE NETWORKS
lighting — likely less than 10% — can be
dimmed. Though installation of LED lumi-
naires already provides a significant energy
reduction, there is still great potential for
further energy savings with controllable out-
door SSL systems.
Transformation to intelligent networks
Based on the trends mentioned here, lighting
management is changing in nearly all coun-
tries. The operation of traditional lighting
systems requires scouting teams to drive
during the night to spot failed lights. Paper
maps and files are used to manage the main-
tenance of the lightposts. The light levels
cannot be changed; the lighting remains at
the same level throughout the night. And in
many cases, even the energy consumption of
the lighting installation isn’t tracked but can
only be estimated.
In a modern intelligent outdoor lighting
system, it is possible to remotely monitor the
lighting network and failures are automati-
cally reported. The system can smartly plan
and route the maintenance work to min-
imize street blockages and maintenance
efforts. Smart systems automatically adapt
the light levels during low traffic hours to
save energy or enhance lighting to improve
safety. In addition to all of this, intelligent
systems are generally capable of accurate
metering of the consumed energy, enabling
municipalities to pay for the actual energy
used rather than based on a predetermined
fixed rate on unmetered lights.
Initially, outdoor SSL vendors each devel-
oped their own proprietary propositions
to provide these benefits of smart light-
ing. However, market adoption was slow,
mainly due to perceived risks of a munic-
ipality being locked in to one vendor. The
reluctance on the part of buyers and specifi-
ers convinced the lighting industry to reflect
more about standards and interoperability
of their systems.
To address interoperability, the TALQ
Consortium was established in 2012 to set
a globally accepted standard for manage-
ment software interfaces that can control
and monitor heterogeneous outdoor SSL net-
works. Since then, membership has grown
from six founding members to nearly 30
international companies with global reach.
The consortium has made significant prog-
ress establishing standards that will support
42 JULY/AUGUST 2015
CMS OLN
Central management system Outdoor lighting network
CMS A OLN A
CMS B OLN B
CMS C OLN C
FIG. 2. In the past, central management systems (CMSs) and outdoor lighting
networks have generally been vendor specific, creating an interoperability problem.
TALQ
application
protocol TALQ OLN A
bridge A
TALQ
application
protocol TALQ
TALQ CMS OLN B
bridge B
TALQ
application
protocol
TALQ OLN C
bridge C
FIG. 3. TALQ will enable the definition of the management interface for a CMS to
interoperate with many different network types.
interoperability and is testing and verifying tems on the side of the municipalities and
that work (Fig. 1). utilities. The lack of standardized commu-
nication between a CMS and an OLN made
Advantages of interoperability systems non-interoperable and there-
Controllable OLNs are already used in fore difficult to integrate, operate, and
many countries. The systems consist of maintain. That is why the TALQ Consor-
a server or central management system tium aims at standardizing the interface
(CMS) and networks of connected light between the CMS and the OLNs.
points (the OLN) that can be controlled by With a standard software protocol, it
the CMS. As with so many bright new con- will be possible to connect OLNs of mul-
cepts, many manufacturers had seen the tiple technologies or vendors to a single
opportunity with intelligent systems and CMS interface from any vendor (Fig. 3).
developed their own proprietary technolo- TALQ focuses only on the higher, so-called
gies. Innovative outdoor lighting operators application layer of the interface protocol
that adopted these new propositions appre- and will neither define the physical layer
ciated the benefits but also were confronted nor the network layer, which are specific
with a situation in which an addition from to each OLN. For background on network
another vendor might necessitate the use layers and the Open Systems Interconnect
of a different CMS (Fig. 2). model to which the TALQ work refers, see
Interoperability between systems and a feature article on that topic (http://bit.
system components of different brands ly/1C2UTQn). The TALQ approach is fos-
would be required to overcome this prob- tering competition, is of benefit to end
lem, and the lack of that interoperability users, and will help to grow the control-
led to hesitation in adopting the new sys- lable street-light market.
LEDsmagazine.com
street lights | INTEROPERABLE NETWORKS

Central outdoor lighting control

The TALQ Specification enables configu-
ration management, lighting control, and
monitoring of outdoor lighting systems. One
of the design principles adopted is to lever-
age existing industry-standard protocols as
much as possible in order to focus mainly
on the lighting application aspects. As such,
the application protocol relies on underlying
data transport and network layer services to
establish communication between the TALQ
interface endpoints.
A variety of data-link- and physical-layer
protocols may be used in providing a com-
plete solution. Generally, data-link- and
physical-layer protocols are outside the
scope of the TALQ Specification, and are left
as vendor implementation specific. In other
words, the TALQ Specification is indepen-
dent of the underlying connectivity layers,
and TALQ endpoints are able to communi-
cate as long as the necessary transport and FIG. 4. TALQ-compliant products must be verified by a TALQ Test Tool for certification.
network layer services can be established.
The application protocol follows a cli- function consists of sets of attributes and model to implement well-defined features,
ent-server architecture, in which the CMS is events, supporting certain functionalities. such as system configuration, lighting con-
the server that hosts resources and the TALQ For instance, a logical device modeling a trol, data collection, and group manage-
Bridge is a client that updates statuses and luminaire controller may include lighting ment. This data model provides the basis
attributes in the CMS, receives commands control-, monitoring-, and metering-related to enable easy adoption by CMS and OLN
and requests from the CMS, and passes them functions. manufacturers while leaving the model
to the OLN for execution of the correspond- In general, logical devices can be used to open to accommodate possible future
ing actions. model physical devices that are individu- extensions.
ally managed within the OLN. Typical logi- Notification and Configuration services
Functionalities and services cal devices include a luminaire controller, a are included as basic services required to
for smart outdoor lighting cabinet controller, an electrical meter, and a initialize and configure the system and
The TALQ Specification adopts a data communication gateway. therefore are mandatory for both CMS and
model in which the system resources and In addition to logical devices and func- TALQ Bridges. The Lighting Control, On
associated functionalities are grouped in tions, the TALQ Specification also defines Demand Data Request, and Group Manage-
functions within a logical device. A TALQ services that enable operations on the data ment Services enable the implementation of
several remote lighting control and manage-
The TALQ standard includes mandatory and optional functionality for the ment use cases.
CMS and the TALQ Bridge in the OLN. “Especially with these functionalities and
Vendor specific Unique vendor functions and features services, the TALQ Specification enables cit-
Not specified in TALQ, format defined TALQ gives guidelines for implementation ies and users with key features including
Vendor-specific data transfer system configuration, multilevel lighting
control, system monitoring, and measure-
Optional Examples of optional functionality ments,” emphasized Christophe Orceau,
Vendor can choose from the optional Metering
chairman of the steering committee of the
TALQ functionality CLO, maintenance factor, scenes…
TALQ Consortium.
Mandatory Base functionalities
Basic functionality needed for outdoor Discovery and configuration Multilevel control, monitoring,
lighting operation to be acted upon by Lighting control including schedules and calendars and interoperability
every TALQ-compliant OLN/CMS Data collection, logging, monitoring Lighting control is a core capability in a
On-demand data requests/events lighting system and it is supported by the
Group management
Lighting Control Service, which defines the
Security
mechanisms to operate the lamp actuator
44 JULY/AUGUST 2015 LEDsmagazine.com
 street lights | INTEROPERABLE NETWORKS

function in order to enable schedule-based and override controls.
The override control enables the CMS to actuate any individually
connected lamp actuator or groups of lamp actuators.
The TALQ Specification introduces the concepts of a control pro-
gram and calendar to enable interoperability on the configuration
and execution of schedule-based control across diverse systems.
Municipalities can define different control programs for different
months, or for working days and weekends, and so on. The concept
of a control program is very flexible and can combine different trig-
ger events, which may be based on fixed times or dynamic condi-
tions, as well as external inputs.
Remotely monitoring the system’s operation conditions through
measurements is another key feature. Firstly, measurements of
device parameters and performance are supported by measurement
attributes. For instance, the lamp monitor function includes a wide
range of such attributes to track the device’s operation as well as
electrical properties, such as supply power, voltage, current, power
factor, and others.
Similarly, the electrical meter function may be associated with
luminaire controllers, cabinet controllers, or electrical meters
installed in switch boxes. The TALQ Specification has defined
all electrical meter parameters for both single- as well as three-
phase electrical meter applications. In addition to specific device
measurements, the application protocol introduces the concept
of TALQ events to facilitate system management and diagnosis.
In order to enable interoperability across OLN implementations,
the specification defines a set of mandatory features as shown in
the table on p. 44. In addition, it enables differentiation through
optional and vendor-specific features. Mandatory and optional fea-
tures (attributes, events, and services) are defined for each endpoint
of the application (i.e., TALQ Bridge and CMS). Vendors can make
their own selection from the optional functionalities but are also
able to add their own unique functionality.
TALQ Consortium will operate a Certification Program. Before being
allowed to carry the TALQ Symbol, implementations will have to
be tested using the TALQ Test Tool, a software program that tests
either a CMS side or a TALQ Bridge implementation according to a
predefined test specification (Fig. 4). After positive evaluation of the
test results, a TALQ Certificate can be acquired; the TALQ Consor-
tium will make an up-to-date overview of certified TALQ-compli-
ant products available on its website.
The TALQ certification program is expected to start in the summer
of 2015 and the first TALQ-compliant products are expected to be cer-
tified by the end of 2015.
ABOUT TALQ CONSORTIUM
Founded in 2012, the TALQ Consortium aims to establish a
globally accepted standard for management software interfaces
to control and monitor heterogeneous outdoor lighting networks.
TALQ is an open consortium for industry members, counting
globally nearly 30 member companies. Also stakeholder
partners like cities, municipalities, utilities, consultants, and
others can participate in a Partner Program to actively build the
future of smart outdoor lighting.

TALQ outlook
The TALQ Consortium has completed its first version of the spec-
ification, which defines the application protocol for configura-
tion, management, control, and monitoring of OLNs. First, the
consortium defined market requirements based on a complete
list of use cases identified by the industry and customers. Next,
these were translated into technical requirements. The final
specification was compiled from many contributions by member
companies with extensive experience and know-how in design-
ing, deploying, and managing OLNs across the globe. As such, it
includes a complete set of features necessary to operate and man-
age OLNs with different architectures, technologies, and capabil-
ities. Widespread adoption of the concepts defined in this doc-
ument is expected to accelerate the deployment of outdoor SSL
control systems.
When deciding on large long-term investments such as OLNs, cit-
ies need to be assured even years after the installation that equip-
ment can be exchanged or additions are possible. The TALQ Spec-
ification addresses this concern, providing peace of mind to the
decision makers.
To ensure the implementations are indeed interoperable, the
LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 45
focus on Luminaires
NGL SSL
Competition 2015
At LightFair International in New York (May
3–7), the US Department of Energy (DOE),
the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES),
and the International Association of Lighting
Designers (IALD) honored 28 commercial
LED indoor and outdoor lighting products
for excellence in the seventh annual Next
Generation Luminaires (NGL) Solid-State
Lighting (SSL) Design Competition (http://
bit.ly/1MIi2hp). As CARRIE MEADOWS
notes, the 2015 NGL competitions have FineTune System BY FINELITE, INC.
The FineTune indoor LED luminaires, available in a range of
taken a departure from previous years to form factors, nabbed User Interface honors with their plug-
combine indoor and outdoor SSL product and-play DMX controls that offer intuitive options such as
announcements, as well as designating 12 presets for dimming and CCT levels. The luminaires achieve
of the selected entries as “Outstanding” in dimming from 10% to 100% and color tuning from 2700K
one or more evaluation categories instead of to 6500K. Tested models delivered 76 lm/W and 83 lm/W,
respectively.
the judges assigning “Best in Class” honors
fineliteled.com
as they have done before. The winners were
segmented thus: 20 total recognized indoor
luminaires, nine designated as Outstanding;
and eight total recognized outdoor
luminaires, three designated as Outstanding.
MORE: http://www.ngldc.org/index.stm

The panel of 18 judges, who hail from the architectural light-

ing community, noted that glare was still a lingering problem
with LED luminaires in nearly all categories of the program.
Scores were based on color, illuminance, light distribu-
tion, serviceability, value, dimming control, and appearance.
Judges utilized specification sheets, LM-79 test reports,
lumen maintenance projections, warranty statements, and
marketing materials, most of which were submitted through
LED Lighting Facts.

46 JULY/AUGUST 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

 Max Output Warm Glow Dimming BY USAI LIGHTING
The smooth dimming and warm light output (3000K to 2200K CCT) of
the color-tunable luminaire, described as incandescent-like, impressed
the judges and earned it high marks in the Dimming category. The
75-lm/W fixture can serve as an incandescent replacement in appli-
cations with high ceilings including historic renovations as well as the-
aters, churches, and residences.
usailighting.com

LP Circle Pendant
BY LOUIS POULSEN
Light distribution of the decora-
tive LED pendant luminaire is soft-
ened by an acrylic diffuser, with a
perforated cover allowing discreet Kju decorative pendant BY SELUX CORPORATION
illumination around the top. The Smooth dimming without flicker and simple DALI programming are fea-
ease of access and replacement tures that earned the Kju its Dimming honors. Multiple mounting options
of lighting components earned the and uniform light distribution were also noted. The LED light engine
88-lm/W pendant a Serviceability enables the luminaire to deliver 995 lm of 3034K-CCT light at 10W for
distinction. 96-lm/W efficacy.
louispoulsen.com selux.us

Olivio LED Sistema 2

Gravity Cylinder BY SELUX CORPORATION
BY INTENSE LIGHTING The panel noted the LED pole-mounted pedestrian-
The decorative LED pendant scale luminaire’s efficacy of 69 lm/W (3888 lm,
luminaire was a high achiever in 57W) could be improved, but it soared above in the
Efficacy with 99 lm/W from 4211- Versatility category. The outdoor luminaire can be
lm output and 43W input power. used in both small- and large-area installations, fea-
The indoor luminaire was praised tures aimable lighting heads, and can be mounted
for its dimming performance; other at heights up to 39 ft.
features include field changeable selux.us
optics, drivers, reflectors, and pas-
sive thermal management.
intenselighting.com

OUTSTANDING
LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 47
focus on | SUBJECT
Indy L-Series LED Cylinder
BY JUNO LIGHTING GROUP
The indoor cylinder luminaire
achieved Dimming honors, and deliv-
ers 3037K-CCT and 80-CRI illumina-
tion with 64-lm/W efficacy achieved
from 1410 lm at 22W. The availability
of hyperbolic or parabolic reflectors
and multiple mounting options allow
the luminaire to serve in open-ceil-
ing, decorative lighting applications.
junolightinggroup.com

Murro LED Wall

Wash BY AMERLUX
The indoor wall-washer received
an Outstanding designation in the
Efficacy evaluation category for its

R
106-lm/W illumination, and judges
said it delivered good dimming per-
formance with a pleasing aesthetic
to the luminaire itself. The design
helps installers use fewer luminaires
while producing plenty of wall light,
thus reducing energy consumption.
amerlux.com

MultipliCITY LED Pathlight

bollard BY LANDSCAPE FORMS, INC.
Judges praised the outdoor LED path light
in the Form Factor category, citing the
M36 LED My White flexibility of light patterns and illuminance
color-tuning luminaire enabled through varying placement and
number of LED arrays in the luminaires,
BY SELUX CORPORATION
which can be specified with Type 4 or Type
Digitally controllable within a CCT
5 light distribution. The fixture’s 3700K+,
range of 2700K to 6500K, My
961-lm output at nearly 16W allows it to
White gained a Serviceability nod
reach 62-lm/W efficacy.
for indoor linear lighting appli-
landscapeforms.com
cations. Its design flexibility is
further enhanced with 2135-
lm, 82-CRI (2806K evaluated)
light output at 35W (61-lm/W
efficacy).
selux.us

48 JULY/AUGUST 2015

IG Series parking garage
luminaires BY CREE
Cree developed the IG Series on its WaveMax platform
that uses optical waveguides to produce low-glare illu-
mination, resulting in Innovation honors. Two lumen
packages are available for the outdoor luminaire; the
evaluation model achieved 114-lm/W efficacy (from
4000 lm at 35W). The luminaire delivers 4000K light
with CRI of 80.
cree.com
HPR-LED 2x2 BY FINELITE, INC.
The drop-down door enabling access to replaceable
LED components helped the indoor ceiling troffer
to earn a Serviceability distinction. The luminaire
offers white color tuning, center door and optics
options, and light output of 3342 lm at 44W input
power (76-lm/W efficacy).
fineliteled.com
Linea 1.5 linear direct/indirect
LED pendant BY AMERLUX
The clean design and uplighting effect pro-

RECOGNIZED
duced by the linear LED fixture was praised by
the panel, which derives its 95-lm/W efficacy
from 3560 lm at 37W. The Linea 1.5 can be
combined with the Gruv1.5 fixture for indoor
recessed and pendant applications and is
available in multiple lengths. It delivers CCT
around 3400K with CRI of about 82.
amerlux.com

Cava Curve linear LED BY LUMENWERX

Concealed and indirect linear arrays are a key feature of the indoor pen-
dant luminaire. It is capable of producing totally direct or segmented
direct/indirect light distributions, delivering 3628 lm at 31W for 115-
lm/W efficacy. CCT was greater than 3000K with CRI of 83.
lumenwerx.com

Beacon Products Viper BY HUBBELL LIGHTING

The outdoor area/roadway luminaire features integrated Beaconnect
wireless control that operates autonomously after programming.
The luminaire can be operated as a mesh system or, with battery
backup and a real-time clock, independently. It produces 23,428
lm at 280W for 84-lm/W efficacy.
beaconproducts.com
LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 49
focus on | SUBJECT
RoadFocus LED Cobra Head
collector BY PHILIPS LUMEC
The cobrahead design of the collector-road-
way-targeted luminaire has been enhanced
with standalone and connected lighting
controls as well as varying optical distri-
butions. The roadway luminaire delivers
4079K-CCT, 74-CRI illumination with 115-
lm/W efficacy (12,184-lm output at 106W).
Judges were impressed with the glare con-
trol and combination of a smaller door and
lighter weight for easier installation.
lumec.com
Fino Ceiling wall-washer BY AMERLUX
The LED wall-washing luminaire has a shallow, ceil-
ing-mount design for a minimalist appearance in
indoor lighting applications. The luminaire’s tested
1791-lm output at 24W delivers 76-lm/W efficacy.
Specially designed optics deliver more than 630
lm/ft on vertical surfaces.
amerlux.com
50 JULY/AUGUST 2015
Cylinder series by
USAI Lighting
The architectural look and multiple
finish options, in addition to a range
of sizes and mounting options, ren-
der the LED pendant a standout for
decorative indoor lighting in any ceil-
ing type. It also features 2-step color
consistency and field-replaceable
components. Efficacy of 90 lm/W
was achieved with 3199-lm output
at about 36W.
usailighting.com
VersaForm recessed LED
troffer BY PHILIPS LEDALITE
A detachable LED light engine
enhances the serviceability of the
98-lm/W indoor troffer, which is avail-
able in multiple sizes, configurations,
and mounting options. The evaluation
unit delivered 3348K-CCT illumination
with CRI of 82.
www.ledalite.com
Architectural Area Lighting
KicK BY HUBBELL LIGHTING
The outdoor pole-mounted luminaire is intended
for pedestrian-scale lighting with a contempo-
rary design that also achieves full light cutoff. It
received good marks for serviceability and for
its optical design. The luminaire delivers 4000K
CCT with 75 CRI, and outputs 5993 lm at 74W
(81 lm/W).
aal.net
 HP-2 Indirect/Direct linear
pendant BY FINELITE, INC.
The pendant luminaire is suited for a range of indoor
applications with its standard and high-output lumen
packages as well as a range of CCTs (3000K, 3500K,
and 4000K). Judges noted that the luminaire dimmed
well and was a candidate for use with photosensors
and daylight harvesting.
finelite.com

High Bay FBX

BY PHILIPS DAY-BRITE
Engineered for versatility in high-ceiling
applications, the industrial LED high bay
is available with several lumen packages
and optical distributions for indoor envi-
ronments. Its 22,520-lm output at 197W
ICO 4 recessed downlight
BY GOTHAM/ACUITY BRANDS
achieves efficacy of 114 lm/W, with illu-
The ICO 4 indoor downlight’s digitally
mination of 4023K CCT and 84 CRI.
addressable driver enables smooth dim-
daybritelighting.com
ming with color consistency. The 4-in.-
aperture LED fixture is capable of pro-
ducing 3500K-CCT, 84-CRI illumination
of up to 3000 lm. Efficacy is 67 lm/W
(evaluated at 2914 lm and 43W).
gothamlighting.acuitybrands.com

DLE-48 Intelligent LED high-bay BY DIGITAL LUMENS

The industrial indoor luminaire, designed with field-adjustable light
distribution, outputs 50,680 lm at 486W (104 lm/W). LightRules
energy management software enables control and monitoring
in applications such as lighting sports venues, warehouses and
distribution centers, transportation, and others.
digitallumens.com

JULY/AUGUST 2015 51
 NXT-M
focus oncollector BY LED ROADWAY LIGHTING
| LUMINAIRES
Field-serviceability options abound in the outdoor roadway
luminaire, with LED engines, power supplies, and surge mod-
ules able to be replaced or upgraded without tools. It can
also be upgraded in the field for optical distribution and more
advanced LEDs. Output of 15,300-lm at 158W helps the road-
way luminaire achieve 97-lm/W efficacy while producing light
around 3000K CCT and 73 CRI.
ledroadwaylighting.com

Indy L-Series LED downlight

BY JUNO LIGHTING GROUP
L-Series indoor downlights offer apertures from 4–8 in. and a
range of lumen outputs from 800–9000 lm. The tested mod-
els achieved efficacy of about 60 lm/W from 1432 lm at nearly
24W. The panel praised the luminaire’s appearance, light distri-
bution, and glare control for indoor lighting.
junolightinggroup.com

Signal pole-mounted
luminaire BY LANDSCAPE
FORMS, INC.
With its leaf-shaped design, the
outdoor pedestrian-scale Signal
luminaire has a reduced weight
and improved thermal manage-
ment. It leverages multiple LED
circuit boards, with sealed lenses,
to achieve various aiming angles
with lower energy consumption.
Efficacy is 78 lm/W with 3479-
lm output at about 45W.
landscapeforms.com

Primo recessed troffer BY LUMENWERX

Primo’s square-based prism design and concentric micro-optic help the troffer achieve
consistent light distribution and visual comfort for indoor lighting. Its recessed design
was deemed aesthetically pleasing. The model tested at 96-lm/W efficacy delivers
2068-lm output at nearly 22W.
lumenwerx.com

52 JULY/AUGUST 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

 Co-located with:

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harsh environments | PROTECTING LEDS

Extend the life of LEDs through

protective coatings – Part II
LEDs are inherently reliable, but harsh applications can put the SSL devices at risk. JADE BRIDGES explains
how choosing the correct protection media for LED devices can improve lifetime and performance.

A
s the LED and solid-state lighting
(SSL) sectors continue to thrive,
product developers are deploying
the technology into decidedly tough envi-
ronments. We discussed the need for robust
thermal designs in Part I of this article in
April (http://bit.ly/1KLcJ1B). Now let’s dis-
cuss the need to protect LEDs and circuit
assemblies in harsh environments such as
marine applications. Coatings and other
protection technologies can extend the life
and performance of SSL systems.
With the rapid growth of the LED mar-
ket, correct product selection is imperative
to ensure LED performance and lifetime.
In Part I, we discussed the importance of
proper thermal management, including the
various ways to ensure maximum heat dis-
sipation in LED systems. The effect of exces-
sive heat generation was discussed in direct
correlation to LED lifetime.
Similarly, in Part II we will also be dis-
cussing LED lifetime. In this article we will
highlight the use of LEDs in various environ-
ments and introduce how to specify appro-
priate protection under such conditions. The
development process must ensure reliabil-
ity while also ensuring good optical perfor-
mance of the SSL system (Fig. 1).
LED applications are becoming increas-
ingly more diverse; design requirements,
location, or the function of the product are
all elements that prove the challenges faced
by LED designers are continually evolving.
LEDs, like most electronic devices, will per-
form well until external influences start to
degrade performance. Such influences can
include the electrostatic attraction of dust,
JADE BRIDGES (jade.bridges@electrolube.
co.uk) is a European technical support specialist
for Electrolube Ltd. (electrolube.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
FIG. 1. The diffusing (UR5635) and clear (UR5634) polyurethane resins provide vastly
different optical properties in an SSL system.
humid or corrosive environments, chemical
or gaseous contamination, as well as many
other possibilities. It is therefore extremely
important that the end-use environment is
considered in detail to ensure the correct
products can be chosen.
Opportunity and applications
The growth of LED lighting is attributed to the
advantages LEDs offer over traditional light-
ing forms in terms of adaptability, lifetime,
and efficiency. It is therefore easy to under-
stand why LED lighting is being used in a
vast array of applications including domestic
lamps, industrial lighting for factories, light-
ing for marine environments, and architec-
tural lighting and designs, to name just a few.
Comparing the environmental conditions in
a standard architectural lighting application
with that of a marine environment can help us
to understand the potential causes of LED dete-
rioration. In an architectural lighting applica-
tion, it is possible that the LED itself is covered
due to the design of the unit, or that the orien-
tation of the LED is such that it is only likely
to be exposed to general changes in ambient
temperature and humidity. In a marine envi-
ronment, it is possible that an LED light may be
splashed or immersed in salt water. Moreover,
in all cases, the light will operate in a salt mist
environment for the majority of its operating
life. Conditions with high salt can cause corro-
sion on printed circuit boards (PCBs) and thus
dramatically reduce performance much faster
than general conditions of varying humidity.
Typically, conformal coatings and encapsula-
tion resins are used to offer a high level of pro-
tection in each of these environments.
Protection options
Conformal coatings are the first option we
will discuss for protection. The coatings are
typically thin lacquers that conform to the
contours of a PCB, allowing good protec-
tion without adding any significant weight
or volume to the board. They are typically
applied at 25–75 µm and are easy to apply
by spraying or dipping techniques.
JULY/AUGUST 2015 55
harsh environments | PROTECTING LEDS

For protection over the top of LEDs, it is 2500–3500K Warm white

crucial that the coating used has good clar-
4000–4500K Natural white
ity and that it remains clear throughout the
5500–6000K Day white
lifetime of the product in the desired envi-
7000–7500K Cool white
ronment; i.e., the coating may be required
to have good UV stability if the product is FIG. 3. LEDs fall in some typical color-temperature spectral bands.
outdoors. Thus, the best types of conformal
coatings are based on an acrylic chemistry, on color temperature. Fig. 3 depicts typical the color-temperature shift is minimized
offering both the clarity and color stability correlated color temperature (CCT) bands and in turn is manageable within the same
combined with excellent humidity and salt that are common in LED lighting. Color boundaries given by the LED manufacturer.
mist protection. Fig. 2 depicts a salt mist test
temperature shift over time, also called In an ideal world, conformal coatings
in which acrylic coatings deliver excellent color maintenance, has been an ongoing would be applied to all LED applications due
protection when characterized relative to issue when considering the type of protec- to their ease of application, minimal effect
insulation resistance. tion media to use and it is understood that on volume and weight of the unit, versatility
Typically, acrylic conformal coatings are no matter what material is placed directly in use, and finally, their effect on color-tem-
solvent-based products, where the solvent over the LED lens, it will cause an interac- perature shift. As we all know, however, it is
used is a carrier fluid to allow a thin film oftion that leads to a color-temperature shift. often not possible to have one solution for
resin to be deposited on the substrate. The The CCT shift is typically from a warm all applications. Conformal coatings offer
temperature to a cooler an excellent level of protection in humid and
1st salt cycle temperature and will salt mist environments, as shown previously,
Insulation resistance (log Ω) 2nd salt cycle vary between different but they do not provide the highest level of
14 3rd salt cycle LED types and color protection in environments with frequent
13 4th salt cycle temperature bands. In immersion in water, chemical splashes, and
12 Recovery addition, it will also also corrosive gas environments. It is in
11 differ depending on such situations that we advise the consider-
10
the protection material ation of an encapsulation resin to offer the
applied. This is another increased level of protection.
9
area where acrylic con-
8
formal coatings, such Encapsulation resins
7 as Electrolube’s AFA, Encapsulation resins are also available in a
6 offer advantages over number of different chemistry types, includ-
Polyurethane Acrylic Silicone
other chemistry and ing epoxy, polyurethane, and silicone options.
FIG. 2. Coatings with various chemistry bases provide varying product types. Typically, epoxy resins offer tougher protec-
levels of performance when exposed to a salt mist test. Fig. 4 depicts the tion in terms of mechanical influences, but
t y pica l color-tem- they do not offer the flexibility of the other
solvents used are classified as VOCs (volatile perature shift of a warm-white LED. Differ- chemistries, which can lead to problems
organic compounds). Because this solvent is ent thicknesses and cure mechanisms have during thermal cycling, for example. In addi-
only present on the LED for a few minutes been included in order to highlight the pos- tion, standard epoxy systems do not offer the
during the application stage, it is not con- sible changes in color temperature. The red clarity and color stability of other systems.
sidered a long-term issue for most systems. lines indicate the boundaries of the partic- Silicone resins do offer excellent clar-
In some cases, LED manufacturers do have ular type of LED used;
specific requirements regarding the use of i.e., the color tempera- Color temperature shift (K)
products containing VOCs, as well as other ture could be any- 500
specific chemicals, and these will be listed where between these 400 Using AFA conformal coating:
in the LED literature. In general, a chemical lines when the LED is 300 Thin coating - Thick coating - Thin coating - Thick coating -
200 20°C/24 hr 20°C/24 hr 85°C/2 hr 85°C/2 hr
compatibility check will assist in confirming purchased. cure cure cure cure
if a solvent-based conformal coating is suit- The thin and thick 100
able for use with the desired LED. Conformal coatings referred to 0
coating manufacturers such as Electrolube represent the typical -100
can assist with such testing. minimum and maxi- -200
mum thickness level at -300
Color-temperature issues which conformal coat- -400
As well as considering the effect of the coat- ings are applied, i.e., 25 -500

ing applied on the LED, it is also important and 75 µm. By apply- FIG. 4. Color-temperature shift is dependent on coating
to understand the effect a coating may have ing such a thin film, thickness and cure time.
56 JULY/AUGUST 2015 LEDsmagazine.com
 harsh environments | PROTECTING LEDS

ity and also perform well in temperature environments on an Reduction in luminous fux (%)
extremes, whereas polyurethane resins offer acrylic conformal coat- 25
a combination of good flexibility, clarity, anding, a polyurethane
a high level of protection in harsh environ- resin, and a silicone 20
ments. Fig. 5 shows the difference in clarity resin by examining the
15
of the three resin chemistry types by exam- percentage reduction
ining the color differences of the resins afterin luminous flux of the 10
1000 hours’ UV exposure, thus highlighting LED after exposure to
5
the stability of each resin in outdoor condi- a mixed-gas environ-
tions. It is evident that the silicone and poly-
ment. These results 0
Polyurethane Silicone Acrylic conformal
urethane resins outperform the standard clearly illustrate the resin resin coating
epoxy system in this case. importance of choos-
ing the correct product FIG. 6. Different coating types can suffer varying degradation
Environmental exposure for the environment. in optical efficiency when exposed to corrosive gases.
Comparing the performance of various prod- Although the confor-
ucts in harsh environments can also high- mal coating does not deteriorate in terms of of the silicone resin to the polyurethane mate-
light preferential product choice based its surface insulation resistance in a corrosive rial, it is evident that there is a difference in
on the end-use conditions. For example, gas environment, it is not an adequate pro- performance exhibited by these two chemis-
Fig. 6 illustrates the effect of corrosive gas tection for LEDs as it allows the gas to pass try types as the silicone resin is permeable to
through the thin coat- the gas whereas the polyurethane resin, at the
Absolute color difference (∆E*ab) ing and penetrate the same thickness, is not. In such cases, an opti-
35 LED, thus degrading its cally clear polyurethane resin, such as Elec-
30 performance over time. trolube UR5634, would be the most suitable
A similar effect is protection media to prevent the corrosive
25
also seen with the sili- gases from adversely affecting the LED.
20 cone resin; however, in Polyurethane resins have been highlighted
15 this case, despite the as suitable resins for the protection of LEDs in
protection layer being a number of different environments. In addi-
10
considerably thicker (2 tion, they can also be adapted to offer addi-
5 mm versus 50 µm) the tional benefits, such as pigmented systems
0 gas is still able to pass used for covering the PCB up to, but not over,
Silicone resin Polyurethane resin Epoxy resin
through the resin and the LED. Such resins are used for protection
FIG. 5. Resin chemistries have varying effects on color affect the LED. When of the PCB, offering an aesthetically pleasing
temperature after 1000 hours of UV exposure. you compare the result finish while adding to the performance of the

LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 57

harsh environments | PROTECTING LEDS

luminaire by reflecting the light off the PCB ing another important consideration when resin applied should be considered to ensure
and increasing light output. There are also choosing suitable protection media. We do sufficient protection is achieved while mini-
specialist resins that can be used to diffuse know that color-temperature shift will occur mizing the effect on color-temperature shift
the light from the LED. Resins such as Elec- but the consideration is the repeatability of where possible.
trolube UR5635 can offer two solutions in one: the shift for the LED
protection from the surrounding environ- used. If the shift is con- Correlated color temperature (CCT) (K)
ment and diffusion of light, potentially elim- sistent, the change can 5700
inating the need for diffuser covers and caps. be accounted for by 5500
reconsidering the origi- 5300
Coating formulation nal LED color-tempera- 5100
Encapsulation resins clearly offer a high ture band, for example. 4900
level of protection in a range of environ- This article has dis- 4700
ments and can be tailored to suit applica- cussed the various con- 4500
tion requirements either by choice of chem- siderations required 4300
istry type or by adaption of the formulation when choosing protec- 4100
of a particular resin. It is important to tion for an LED system. 3900
return back to the subject of color-tempera- Evaluating the envi- Unpotted LED 2-mm resin 8-mm resin
ture shift, however. Earlier in this article we ronment is essential FIG. 7. Color-temperature shifts to varying degrees based on
discussed the minimal effect on color tem- to successfully speci- the thickness of a coating.
perature exhibited by thin-film conformal fying a product, both
coatings. When comparing the thicknesses in terms of end-use performance and suit- Combining the protection media dis-
of conformal coatings to encapsulation res- ability for production processes. Conformal cussed in this article with the thermal
ins, it is evident that part of the increased coatings offer the best combination of ease management products discussed in Part
level of protection that resins offer is due of application and incorporation into the I highlights the increasing importance of
to the ability to apply a much thicker layer. design, with an excellent level of protection materials technology in the rapidly-ex-
Resins can be applied at 1–2 mm or at much in humid and salt mist environments. They panding SSL market. By ensuring efficient
greater depths, but this depth will also have also exhibit the lowest effect on color tem- heat dissipation and protection from exter-
an effect on the level of color-temperature perature due to the low thickness applied. nal environments, the efficiency and lifetime
shift observed. When conditions become more challeng- of LED systems can be increased. LED sys-
Fig. 7 shows the typical color-temperature ing, the switch to encapsulation resins is tems can now also be used in a wider range
shift of LEDs covered with different thick- advised. In this case, the choice between of environments, and Electrolube continu-
nesses of polyurethane resin. It is clear that chemistry types will be dictated by the end- ally offers LED designers support through
the thickness directly correlates to the degree use conditions and particular environmen- considered material development for this
of color-temperature shift, thus highlight- tal influences. In addition, the thickness of ever-evolving industry.

58 JULY/AUGUST 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

developer forum | DIGITAL LIGHT PROJECTION

Optimize LED-enabled DLP smart

lighting via active feedback
Maintaining accurate output and colors in a dynamic LED-based system is a challenging task,
but JEFF GRUETTER and KEVIN JENSEN describe how sensors and an active feedback circuit in the
driver can optimize SSL systems.

Q
uality light output, tight lumen
maintenance, and smooth dim-
ming are common concerns in many
LED-based lighting applications. To achieve
such characteristics, product developers can
turn to driver-circuit implementations that
utilize a sensor (Fig. 1) and active feedback.
The design problem is further complicated
when dynamic color is involved. This article
will examine a design approach relative to an
LED-based digital light processing (DLP) pro-
jection system that could be adapted to a vari-
ety of color solid-state lighting (SSL) systems.
Indeed, there is an increasing breadth
of SSL applications. High-brightness white
LEDs are quickly replacing incandescent
lighting in many home, institutional, gov-
ernment, and industrial applications. In
many cases, the higher efficiency of the LEDs
reduces power consumption by as much as FIG. 1. A color sensor with integrated filter capabilities, such as the MTCSiCF, can
88%, dramatically reducing the carbon emis- enable long-term stability in dynamic RGB-based systems.
sions required to generate the electricity to
power them. Large arrays of white LEDs are Challenges with LED technology by changing the selected LEDs or manu-
replacing cold-cathode fluorescent lamp Achieving homogenous light output val- facturer can be an alternative while also a
(CCFL) lighting for backlighting large LCD- ues using LEDs and electronics from dif- hard task to perform, since LEDs alter in
TFT panels found in HDTV applications. ferent manufacturers can be a challeng- color and brightness due to process tech-
LEDs’ higher efficiency, long life, and abil- ing task, especially for dynamic control nology, phosphor, aging process, and tem-
ity to offer local dimming capability have options. Traditionally, purchasing very perature shifts during operation. The sub-
enabled LCD HDTVs to attain contrast ratios narrow and limited LED bins has been one sequent replacement of defective fixtures in
in excess of 7,000,000:1, exceeding the CCFL- costly solution to the uniformity problem larger LED lighting installations may also
based designs by orders of magnitude. So it and the challenge intensifies with color. lead to unforeseeable problems regarding
is not surprising that with the proliferation In projects, these restrictions tend to be quality and conformity of the light output,
of LED lighting in so many applications, very expensive as limitations in long-term even when using high-quality LEDs.
their growth rate continues to accelerate. component availability and storage options LED brightness, for example, decreases
All such applications require complex con- make this solution hard to reproduce in by almost 40% during temperature drifts of
trol strategies in the driver electronics for future projects. 5°C (41°F) to 70°C (158°F). Shifts within the
optimum performance. Achieving component-inventory savings color perception and brightness of mixed
light are inevitable, and Fig. 2 shows an
JEFF GRUETTER is a senior product marketing engineer for power products at Linear example of color shift relative to tempera-
Technology (linear.com). KEVIN JENSEN handles international sales and marketing for MAZeT ture. Different LEDs also shift in color over
GmbH (mazet.de). time and the aging process differs for LEDs
LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 59
developer forum | DIGITAL LIGHT PROJECTION
in different colors, as depicted in Fig. 3,
characterized by forward current change.
Especially in larger projects consisting of
multiple light sources, it is problematic to
maintain stable light color conditions. Even
inexperienced viewers can see color differ-
ences and heterogeneous light color condi-
tions at color point tolerance levels of ΔE =
2.5 to 3 [the color shift metric defined by
the CIE (International Commission on Illu-
mination)]. For some background on color
science, see the LEDs Magazine series on the
topic (http://bit.ly/MqbtWY).
Ultimately, the user must decide how to
calibrate the light source, depending on
environmental influences (such as tempera-
ture or pressure) and desired output of light
color. The other option could be real-time
sensing and control.
LED lighting for DLP projectors
Now let’s consider an approach to the consis-
tency issue relative to a specific application.
The introduction of high-current LEDs has
enabled use in high-power lighting applica-
tions, replacing relatively inefficient incan-
descent bulbs. In applications such as archi-
tectural lighting and DLP projectors, legacy
designs require 500W to 1000W, or even
5000W incandescent or halogen bulbs, along
with a color wheel to generate the dynamic
colors. Such designs are a thermal challenge
and the lamps used in such systems have
short lifetimes.
LEDs can simplify the design and pro-
vide far greater energy efficiency, assum-
ing you can solve the color- and lumen-out-
put-consistency issue. Indeed, 20A LEDs
can offer the same light output, in lumens,
of some lamps used in DLP projectors, but
20°C
0.60
0.55
v' 0.50
Mixed LEDs
0.45 Planckian locus
0.40
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
u'
FIG. 2. Temperature changes can lead to significant shifts in color among a group of
LEDs in an SSL system.
60 JULY/AUGUST 2015
only require 20% of the electrical power. Still
in architectural applications, the LED driver
must be very efficient and offer wide dim-
ming ratios to maintain a constant light out-
put in a wide array of ambient conditions.
New DLP lighting designs use an array
of high-current RGB LEDs in lieu of a high-
power bulb, color wheel, and mirrors. The
combination dramatically reduces the mag-
nitude of wasted heat, and thermals were a
huge problem in legacy lamp-based systems.
The LED approach can further improve the
accuracy of color mixing, dramatically
improve contrast ratios and overall resolu-
tion, and yield longer product lifetime.
To reach the desired level of performance
in SSL-based projectors, a unique LED driver
design is required. First, the driver must be
able to deliver up to 20A of continuous LED
current and pulsed currents up to 40A. Sec-
ond, it must offer efficiency in excess of 90%
to minimize thermal considerations. Finally,
in order to achieve the wide dynamic range
required in color mixing, it must be able to
switch between three well-regulated cur-
rent states rapidly and accurately without
any disruptions.
Color mixing in DLP applications
Indeed, color mixing is a major design chal-
lenge in high-end DLP projection applica-
tions based on RGB LEDs. For background
information on color mixing, see a feature
article on that topic (http://bit.ly/1f7jxdI).
Accurate LED drivers for color systems
must be able to rapidly switch between two
disparate regulated peak current states
and overlay pulsewidth modulation (PWM)
dimming without disruption. Designing
high-current LED driver ICs that are capa-
80°C
0.60
0.55
v' 0.50
Mixed LEDs
0.45 Planckian locus
0.40
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
u'
ble of meeting these demanding speed and
accuracy requirements, while optimizing
overall efficiency, has posed many new chal-
lenges for IC designers.
Active feedback loops provide a solution
for high-quality applications. Such systems
can actively monitor the color output and
Delta light value average (%)
10
Blue
0 Green
Red
-10
-20
-30
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000
Readout (hr)
FIG. 3. RGB LEDs age differently in terms
of lumen output and color, partially due
to changes in drive current over time.
match the target color with the required
color via microcontroller (MCU) computa-
tions that are directly sent to the LED driv-
ers. Fig. 4 depicts a basic system implement-
ing such an architecture.
Sensing and feedback
The demonstrated solution differs from the
lower-precision, unregulated control option
by implementing a color sensor, depending
on the lighting concept, to send RGB or other
color values to the MCU to directly regulate
the LED light output. The software run on the
MCU compares the given and set values and
directs these to the output driver. This con-
cept works for any LED light source, either
RGB, RGBW (RGB plus white), or RGBx (with
additional colors) and in various applications.
Another benefit for DLP projectors is that the
startup time for projectors can be drastically
reduced, since the temperature influence of
LEDs can be compensated via the features of
the active feedback monitoring.
One option for implementing the sensing
function is the MTCSiCF from MAZeT. The
product is a true color-sensor IC with a filter
function based on CIE 1931/DIN 5033 stan-
dards for human eye perception. Such a sen-
sor can be long-term stable over the entire
product lifetime and resistant to exter-
LEDsmagazine.com
 developer forum | DIGITAL LIGHT PROJECTION

FIG. 4. A microcontroller and sensor

enable accurate real-time feedback and Power supply
Power
precise color control. R-G-B-W values
PWM
Driver

nal influences such as temperature drifts. Driver

µC
MAZeT uses Jencolor interference filter tech- DMX
DALI Driver
nology to achieve the stability. This technol- Target
ogy provides unprecedented results in color color value L u'v' Driver
matching in LED and DLP applications.
Actual color value Light
Interference filters with micro stacks only
let specific wavelengths reach the detector of the mixed
LED light
and do not drift in wavelength over time or
via temperature influences. As opposed to
True Color sensor
absorption filter-based sensors (standard in XYZ values
common color sensors), the interference fil-
ter technology does not rely on degradable Optical feedback system
filter materials. Therefore, they are ideal
for long-term stable compensation and cor- ronments. True Color sensors utilized in an feedback input to the MCU (not shown in
rection of specific color values such as CCT, LED system for feedback control enable an Fig. 4). One option for an ADC is the MAZeT
color brightness, or coordinates. High trans- accuracy as tight as 1–2 MacAdam ellipses. MCDC04, a 4-channel device with 16-bit res-
mission ranges and low cutoff in the region The proposed system also requires an olution and an I2C interface. The converter
beyond 95% provide pinpoint accuracy analog-digital-converter (ADC) function operates based on the charge-balancing
even in challenging applications and envi- to take the sensor output and provide the method and reaches sensitivities of 20 fA/
 LED
THE
SANTA CLARA CONVENTION CENTER, SANTA CLARA, CA
WWW.STRATEGIESINLIGHT.COM
WWW.THELEDSHOW.COM

SAVE THE DATE MARCH 1-3, 2016

OWNED AND PRODUCED BY: OFFICIAL SUPPORTERS:

 developer forum | DIGITAL LIGHT PROJECTION

92% effcient 20A LED driver

monitored lifetime of multiple LED fixtures.
VIN The suggested architecture also supports
EN/UVLO EN/UVLO VIN
PWM PWM 1µF 10V TO 36V multiple application scenarios including cor-
4.7µF
CTRL_SEL CTRL_SEL
RT HG ×4 porate lighting schemes. Features include
SYNC LT3743 220nF V OUT variable standard lighting options (such
82.5k
CBOOT 1.1µH 2.2mΩ 20A MAXIMUM
VREF SW as the CIE standard D65 illuminant or oth-
2nF 20µF
40k CTRL_L VCC_INT ers), lifetime and exchange cycle monitor-
20µF 1mF
LG
ing, automatic light color adaption, daylight
CTRL_H
RHOT 40k control, etc. It allows standardized color or
GND 1mF
45.3k +
SENSE CCT values to meet Energy Star or govern-
CTRL_T
SENSE– ment-specific regulations even while using
RNTC PWMGH
680k LEDs from different manufacturers and dif-
SS PWMGL
10nF 51k ferent bins or with shifts in utilized phosphor
FB batches.
VCL VCH 1mF
It is important to choose a sensor that does
34k 34k 10.0k not show aging effects and is based on the
9nF 9nF 3743 TA01a perception of the human eye and combine the
sensor with driver ICs offering the accuracy
FIG. 5. A driver IC must offer the accuracy and swift response required in dynamic and dynamic control required in the appli-
SSL applications such as RGB projectors. cation at hand. The options discussed in the
article have been demonstrated to deliver
LSB at a dynamic range of 1-to-1,000,000. The signal conditioner IC high-performance SSL-based projection systems and could also be
is temperature compensated and offers an external synchronization applied in other SSL applications.
— for example, for PWM. This allows measurement of high-qual-
ity resolutions that can later on be processed by the dynamic LED
driver circuit.

Driver IC options
The system also requires one or more driver ICs to take the MCU out-
put and deliver the constant current required by the LEDs. Options
include multichannel devices or a single-channel driver for each
color and perhaps a white channel as shown in Fig. 4.
One single-channel option is the LT3743, a synchronous step-
down DC/DC converter designed to deliver constant current to drive
high-current LEDs (Fig. 5). The device’s 5.5V to 36V input voltage
range makes it ideal for a wide variety of applications, including
industrial, DLP projection, and architectural lighting. The driver IC
can provide up to 20A of continuous LED current from a nominal 12V
input, delivering in excess of 80W. In pulsed LED applications, it can
deliver up to 40A of LED current or 160W from a 12V input. Efficien-
cies as high as 95% eliminate any need for external heat sinking and
significantly simplify the thermal design.
SSL designs also require that the developer consider efficiency for
each new driver relative to footprint. Choosing the right switching
frequency is one way to make such a tradeoff. A frequency-adjust pin
on the LT3743 enables the user to program the frequency between
100 kHz and 1 MHz so development teams can optimize efficiency
while minimizing external component size.
The proposed sensor-based architecture for RGB-based lighting
sets itself apart from traditional lighting systems by utilizing control
options of LED sources, to eliminate negative aging, as well as tem-
perature and light color shifts while generating long-term stability
and reducing potential future maintenance costs. For example, an
entertainment hall can coordinate the maintenance cycles due to the
LEDsmagazine.com JULY/AUGUST 2015 63
last word

Guangzhou lighting fair exhibits

evolving market approach
After years of being overlooked by Western lighting product developers, the
Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibition has emerged to deliver new promise in
the China market, potentially even globally competitive products, observes Farola
lighting manufacturer consultant ROBERT COLE .

T
his year marked the 20th anniver-
sary of the Guangzhou International
Lighting Exhibition. The first trade
fair was held in 1996 and it grew in credi-
bility. By the early 2000s, it had sparked the
interest of buyers and producers alike. The
buyers have been intent on finding credible
suppliers — and the sellers focused on the
enormity of the China market. These were
exciting days peppered with challenges.
As the first decade of the 21st century
came, it became clear that those who had
hoped to sell in China had not done their
homework. Showing the latest products
was high risk and intellectual property
(IP) infringement was rampant; expecta-
tions with regard to price and reliability
were also significantly misjudged. A few
exhibitors were successful: Some high-end
brands dumbed down product specs to
suit the China market; and BJB stood alone
by managing to convince the entire world
that without their lamp holders, a product
was not of export quality. The fair began
to change direction; it was abandoned by
Western companies and reoriented toward
the price-focused markets of domestic con-
sumption and the developing world. The
June event became the trade fair serious
players were happy to forget.
This year, the fair comprised 21 halls ded-
icated to lighting and controls, utilizing all
three floors of the main exhibition center.
The first thing to strike the visitor was the
sheer enormity of the complex and the size
of the branded stands. The focus was still
domestic; however, most of the world’s high-
end LED brands were represented and dis-
played their latest products, indicating that
quality of light was finally becoming a prior-
ity in the domestic market. The same could
not be said for the world’s driver
manufacturers, who were in the
main absent. China’s expecta-
tions of reliability are lower than
in the West; consequently, the
price-driven market has diffi-
culty accommodating the costs
of many drivers. Tridonic, Hel-
var, and BAG were represented,
all three believing that there is an
increasing place in China for their
level of product — a further indication of the
maturation of the market.
My visit began with the branded-name
halls; these companies are a good barometer
for how the market is moving. An excellent
example is a company I have had an associ-
ation with for years called VAS. It is owned
by a highly focused individual determined to
be the best in his class. When we first met in
2004, his company had a 20m² stand showing
generic fixtures. Fast-forward 11 years and
VAS has evolved. Throughout 2013, the com-
pany employed a Western design consultant
to improve the company’s understanding and
implementation of excellence in design. This
year its display contained impressive high-
end products on a 300m² stand presented pro-
fessionally. Many of the products would not
look out of place in prestigious environments.
A little further into the hall and VAS’ primary
competitor had followed the same path with
another enormous stand, investment in West-
ern design consultancy, and equally impres-
sive products.
As I explored other halls with an expec-
tation of seeing the same lighting prod-
ucts on a hundred different
stands, I realized that things
were changing. Many stands
displayed products that
were aesthetically credible;
some might be described as
“inspired by” and others as
“original design.” My expec-
tation of “copied from” was
evident, yet much reduced
even from last year. Many
stands were displaying their pricing. Despite
my best efforts, I could not fault the mechan-
ical construction of an architectural down-
light range I was offered starting at US$1.49!
This leads me to question: Should the
Guangzhou exhibition remain on the
“ignore” list? China has been through
decades of internal construction and the
domestic industry has focused on this easily
accessed market. As construction declines,
some manufacturers will start to refocus on
export. While most of us have been away,
some companies have seriously upped their
game; the mechanical hardware is in many
cases now up to “Western standards.” The
unwillingness to invest in the best control
gear/LED combinations and high-end optics
is all that is holding the domestic Chinese
producers back. It is a short step to trans-
form many of these products from domestic
fare to credible export quality — to ignore
this would be naïve.

64 JULY/AUGUST 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

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