HANDOUT

GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Function as Mathematical Model & Operation on Functions

 A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates. The range is the set of
second coordinates.
 A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range.
This is denoted by y = f (x). The set X is called the domain of the function. The set {𝑓(𝑥)|𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} is called the
range of the function.
Real – Life Situation
1. Buying rice in the market and its rice per quantity
2. Internet Surfing fee and its hourlysurfing rate
3. Room rental and its usage
Activity 1: Is the set of ordered pairs a function or not?
Example 1: {(I, 4), (L, 5), (O, 6), (V, 8), (E, 3), (M, 6), (A, 2), (T, 8), (H, 4)}
Answer: It is a function because each letter (domain) corresponds to only one number (range).
The Function Rule
A function can be thought of as a rule, which operates on an input and produces an output.

In words: The rule of f is to “multiply the input by 3” or f of x is equal to 3 times x.

Activity 2: Read and write the function rule in words and vice-versa.
a. ℎ(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 1 --------> The rule for h is to “multiply the inputs by -2 then add 1”
b. The rule for w is to “square the input, multiply by -2 then add 4”. ----> 𝒘(𝒏) = −𝟐𝒏𝟐 + 𝟒
c. In words: The function f is equal to a number minus a square of the number. ------> f(x)= x- x2

Activity 3: Guess the equation & Evaluate!

1. Lance wants to determine the relationship of internet usage in the café and the hourly surfing rate. He has the
following information:
 The cost of one-hour internet surfing is PHP 15.00
 He wants to determine the number of hours of internet surfing he could use with PHP 30.00 in his pocket.
 He wants to completely utilize 4 hours of internet surfing.
 He ascertains to pay PHP 90.00.
Number of hours in the Computations Payment (y)
internet (x)
1 15(1) = 15 PHP 15.00
2 15(2) = 30 PHP 30.00
3 15(3) = 45 PHP 45.00
4 15(4) = 60 PHP 60.00
5 15(5) = 75 PHP 75.00
6 15(6) = 90 PHP 90.00
Summarizing, the rule, 15x = y, is evident. This means that the total payment (y) of internet surfing can be
determined by the number of hours of internet surfing (x) times 15.
2. Suppose Ashley wants to determine the relationship of the price of NFA rice per kilo in the market and the following
information are given;
 One kilo of rice costs PHP 21.00
 She wants to buy 3 kilos.
  She wants to determine the amount of rice she can purchase with PHP105.00 in pocket.
 She wants to know how much she will pay for a half sack of rice.
Number of kilos of Rice (x) Computations Cost (y)
1 21(1) = 21 PHP 21.00
2 21(2) = 42 PHP 42.00
3 21(3) = 63 PHP 63.00
4 21(4) = 84 PHP 84.00
5 21(5) = 105 PHP 105.00
25 21(25) =525 PHP 525.00
Mathematically, we have y = 21x. (This indicates that the total cost (y) is equal to 21 times the number of kilos
(x) of rice.)

3. Consider a situation in which you plan to save money at a constant rate of P200 per week. If you begin to save
money after receiving a gift of P500. How can you express the amount you have saved as a function of time? How
much is your savings after 8 weeks? Table of values:
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 700 900 1100 1300 1500

Answer: S (t) = 200t + 500, where t represents the number of weeks you have been saving. The function is linear
because of the constant rate of change, that is, the constant savings of P200 per week. Using the model, the total
savings after 8 weeks is, S(8)= 200(8)+500= P2100

Note: linear functions (Y=mx+b) are used to model a situation of constant change, either increase or decrease.

4. Suppose Ms. Diabordo wants to determine the relationship(function) of a room occupation and its corresponding
rental per month. The following situations are given:
• The initial non-refundable payment is PHP 500.00 and the monthly rental is PHP 1500.00
• She has PHP 6,500.00 in her pocket and wants to pay all of this for rental.
• She wants to determine the payment occupying the room for 6 months.

Number of months (x) Computations Rental Fee

1 1500(1) + 500= 2,100 Php2,100
4 (6500-500/1500= 4, Php6,500
hence ; 1500(4)+500= 6500
6 1500(6) +500= 9,500 Php 9,500
10 1500(10) +500= 15,5000 Php15,500

The function rule is f(x) = 1500x + 500.

EXAMPLE 5:

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 5 6 9 14 21 30

The function is f(x) = y = x2 + 5.

Note: This is a quadratic function since the constant rate of change happens in the second deference of the y values.
To write the quadratic function for this problem (given the 3 points), we need to use the general form of the quadratic
function, which is: f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c. look for the value of a, b, & c and then substitute it to the general form.

Piecewise Functions

A function having different values at different intervals and it composed of more than one sub equation/function.

Example 1: In Davao City a jeepney ride costs PHP 8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional kilometer adds
PHP 1.50 to the fare.
.
Example 2: In Davao City the fare rate for Peak Hours Augmentation Bus Service (PHABS) for the routes:
🚌 Toril-Roxas Avenue and
🚌 Catalunan Grande-Roxas Avenue for the first 4 km is P10, and an additional P2.20 for every kilometer travelled.
(Brigada News Davao,2019)
1. What is the piece-wise function that represent the PHABS fare in terms of distance d in kilometers.
2. If you're going to Toril District Hall which is 16.56 km away from Roxas Avenue. How much will you pay?

Example 3: Suppose Philippine Airlines offered the discount of ticket from Davao to Manila utilizing the
table below:

Number of Months Ticket Price

6 months or more before the flight date PHP 1,250.00
5 months before the flight date PHP 1,550.00
3 months before the flight date PHP 1,750.00
A month before the flight date PHP 2,250.00

This function contains four equations as there are four different intervals given at different values. Thus, it
should have the piece-wise function,
1,250 6≤𝑥 < ∞
1,550 5≤𝑥<6
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = {
1,750 3≤𝑥<5
2,250 1≤𝑥<3
Example 4.
A hotel has a special promo for their air-conditioned room (good for two people). It charges Php 1200 for a
maximum stay of two nights and Php 300 for each additional night’s stay. The total cost T is a function of the number
of nights x that a guest stays.
a. Write a piecewise function.
b. Find T (4).
a. Thus, the piece wise function is;
b. T (4) = 1,200 + 300 (4-2)
= Php1,800
EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 1: Given𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1, evaluate the function 𝑓(3) or x = 3
Solution: 𝑓(3) = 32 − 5(3) + 1 = −5

EXAMPLE 2: Given𝑝(𝑡) = 4𝑡 − 5, evaluate the function 𝑝(𝑡 − 2). (t = t – 2)

Solution: 𝑝(𝑡 − 2) = 4(𝑡 − 2) − 5 = 4𝑡 − 13

Operations of Functions
Operation on functions happens when you have to deal with 2 or more functions with overlapping domains. It is use
to evaluate functions and to form a new function.
Definition: Let f and g be functions.
1. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function defined by (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
2. Their difference, denoted by f − g, is the function defined by (f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)
3. Their product, denoted by f g, is the function defined by (f g)(x) = f(x) g(x)
4. Their quotient, denoted by f/ g, is the function defined by (f /g)(x) = f(x) / g(x), excluding the values of x where
g(x) = 0
5. The composite function, denoted by(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔), is defined by(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)). The process of obtaining a
composite function is called function composition.
E.g. 1:Given the function f(x) = 3x + 2& g(x) = 4 – 5x, find: (f + g) (x), (f -g) (x), (f x g) (x), (f ⁄ g)(x),(f o g) (x),(f o g) (2).
A. (f + g) (x )= 3x + 2 + ( 4 – 5x) = 3x + 2 + 4 – 5x = -2x + 6
B. (f - g) (x )= 3x + 2 - ( 4 – 5x) = 3x + 2 - 4 + 5x = 8x - 2
C. (f x g) (x )= (3x + 2) ( 4 – 5x) = 12x -15x2 + 8 – 10x = -15x2 + 2x + 8
D. (f / g) (x )= (3x + 2) / ( 4 – 5x) = (3x + 2) / ( 4 – 5x)
E. (f o g) (2 )= 3 [ 4 – 5(2)] + 2 = 3(4-10) + 2 = 3(6) + 2 = 18 + 2 = 20

Example 2:Given the function f(n) = 4n + 5 and g(x) = -3n2 – 3n, find: (f + g) (x), (f - g) (x), (f x g) (x),(f o g) (x), (f ⁄ g)(x).
Example 3:Given the function f(x) = x2 +5x+6 and g(x) = x - 1, find: (f ⁄ g)(x).

WHAT'S THE OPERATION?

Example 4: Suppose your selling a cookies. Your production cost is represented by the function f(x) = 5x+2 and your
total revenue is g(x) = 12x - 2.
(a) What is the function that represents your profit?
 (b) How much will you earn if you sell 10 pieces of cookies?

Answer: (a) Since, profit talks about a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the
amount spent, we need to subtract the production cost from the total revenue. Therefore, C(x)= g(x) - f(x) = 12x-2 -
(5x+2) = 12x-2-5x-2 = 7x - 4 is the model for the profit .
(b). Solution: (f - g) (x) = 7x - 4
(f-g) (10) = 7(10) - 4 = Php 66.00

Example 5: You work forty hours a week at a furniture store. You receive a Php 2,000 weekly salary, plus a 3%
commission on sales over Php 50,000. Assume that you sell enough this week to get the commission. Given the
functions f (x) = 0.03x( plus a 3% concision on sales over Php 50,000), g(x)= x – 50,000(sales over Php 50,000) and x
is your sales;
(a) What model represents your commission?
Explanation: In order to get the commission, we must know how much the sales is and if it’s over Php 50,000, how
much the excess is? To get it we will use the function g(x) = x - 50,000 and multiply it by 3% in which the f(x) = 0.03x
represents. Therefore, using the function f we will substitute x by the function g and simplify it. This process is what we
called composition on function, wherein you apply one function to other and form a new function. This is written as
“(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)”or " f (g(x))" which is read as "f-compose-g of x" or “f of g of x”.

Solution: (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 0.03 (x-50,000)

C(x) =(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) =0.03x - 1500
(b) How much will you be your total salary after 1 week if the total sales is
Php 60,000? I(x) = 2,000 + 0.03x- 1500
C (x) = 0.03x- 1500 = 2000 + 300
C(60,000) = 0.03(60,000) - 1500 = Php 300 = Php 2,300
Where, I(x) is the total salary
with respect to the number of sales x.

EXAMPLE 6: Given𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3, and 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 1.

Find (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) and(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥).
Assignment:
Instruction: Group the students into five. Each group will be given a worksheet. They will write their answers on the
worksheet. Each group will present their work.(This could be the assignment on the last session)
Scenario: There’s a donut stand in Roxas Night Market that sells homemade donuts. It charges P5 for one donut, P8
for two donuts, P11 for three donuts, P14 for four donuts, and etc.
1. Write a function to calculate the total cost of d donuts.
2. Imagine you’re standing in line, and you're about to buy a single donut. Someone comes up to you and says, “I’ll
give you P3 if you buy me one, too.” Would you accept the deal? If not, how much would you charge and why? Does
your charge seem fair? Why or why not?
3. If everyone in a group of 10 friends wants a donut, how much should each person pay? 20 friends? n friends?

DRILLS
Instruction: Answer the following Items applying the concepts on functions.
A. Make a model of the following situations and evaluate.
1. A liter of gasoline costs Php 50.25.
a. Write a C(x) as a function of cost of gasoline per x liters.
b. How much is the costs of 3.5 liter of gasoline, C(3.5)?
2. A tricycle driver in R.G.A vill. earns P8 for each passenger. Each time he has a passenger , he gets a tip of P2.
a. How much will the driver earn after having x passenger?
b. How much he will earn in a day if he has 15 passenger?
3. Your family will be attending a family reunion at a particular beach resort. To aviod the hassle, you consider renting
a car that charges a flat rate of P2,000 plus P150 per kilometer. How much would you pay for the rented car if
a. you travelled 20 km?
b. if the flat rate is changed to P3,000 and P75 per km for a 20 km travel?
c. Which of the two conditions lets you spend less? Why?
4. You and your classmates want to earn extra income this summer. To do this, you will sell Summer Fun Shirts. The
wholesaler has the following conditions: If you purchase 100 shirts, each shirt cost P120; if you purchase between 100
and 300 shirts, the price per shirt is lowered to P110; if get more than 300 shirts, the price per shirt is lowered by P15.
a. How much will you earn from the sale of the shirts if you ordered and sold all the 100, 250, and 400
shirts?
5. A cellphone plan cost P1,299 a month. The plan includes 900 free minutes of calls and charges P7 for each
additional minute of usage.What is the model of the monthly charges according to the number of minutes used? How
much is your bill if used 1000 min. of calls?

6.
x 1 2 3 4 5

y 2 8 18 32 50

B. Perform the indicated operations.