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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
b. GEOMEMBRANES
- Continuous polymeric sheets that are
a. GEOTEXTILES – most common geo-
impermeable; most frequently used for
synthetics, consist of woven or nonwoven
ground applications and pond lining are
fabric made from polymeric materials such
thermoplastic products manufactured
from high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
- Hot mix asphalt or Asphaltic concrete limestone is first crushed, ground, and then
– a dark brown to black cementitious heated (2000°F) in horizontal rotary kilns.
material, solid or semi-solid, The carbonates decompose in to carbon
composed of bitumens which occur in dioxide resulting in Calcium oxide (CaO)
nature but are obtained artificially in called QUICKLIME, which possesses a great
refining petroleum and which when affinity for water, readily combining with 30%
mixed with graded aggregates is of its weight.
used as paving material by placing, b. SLAKING OR HYDRATION – process of
shaping and compacting while hot mixing quicklime with water during which
over a prepared base. water is absorbed and heat is energetically
- Cold mix asphalt or Asphaltic evolved, driving off much of the excess water
concrete – prepared with a relatively in the form of steam.
light and slow-curing asphalt, placed
Before quicklime can be used, it must be slaked or
over a prepared surface without heat;
hydrated. The lime bursts in to pieces and is finally
hardens to a state that is less firm and
reduced to powder, becoming calcium hydroxide
durable than hot-mix.
(Ca(OH)2), or SLAKED LIME OR HYDRATED
- Asphaltic Macadam – formed by
LIME.
grading and compacting layers of
crushed stone or gravel, then bin ding Hydrated lime, ready to use, is obtainable in the
the top layer with asphalt to stabilize following types:
the stone, provided by a smoother
surface and seal against water a. MASON’S HYDRATED LIME
penetration. b. NORMAL FINISHING HYDRATED LIME –
- Asphalt Overlay – when one or more to develop necessary plasticity, it must first
courses or layers of asphalt, an be made into putty by the addition of water
asphalt levelling course made of and and soaked from 12 – 15 hours before using.
asphalt and aggregate mixture of c. SPECIAL FINISHING HYDRATED LIME –
variable thickness to correct the may be used 1/2 hour after being made in to
contour of existing surface, place on a putty, as the plasticity will develop within
existing pavement. this time.
DIV 03 – CONCRETE Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty,
is used as an ingredient of hard-finish coat for
1.00 – CEMENTING MATERIALS gypsum and Keene’s cement and for two and three
coat Portland cement plasters to:
LIME
- Increase its workability
One of the oldest manufactured building materials
- Decrease its permeability to water
used as a mortar and plaster by early civilizations.
- Reduce cracking due to shrinkage
Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters,
and the Romans developed first real cement in the Hydrated limes are marked in 50-lb bags; quicklime
mixture of lime putty and volcanic ash. is sold 80-lb, multi-walled bags, steel drums and in
bulk.
The great murals and frescoes of Michelangelo,
Raphael and the other great artists of the HYDRAULIC LIME is the type of lime that set under
Renaissance were made with lime plaster. water. Is in dry form and treated similarly to hydrated
lime. Used only where slow underwater setting is
a. LIME – the calcination of limestone
required, but its use has been replaced by Portland
(carbonates of calcium and magnesium),
cement.
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Today, the word “cement” generally refers to - Rate of strength development and heat
Portland cement which is the principal type of evolution are medium
cement in use. - For general construction
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Type II: Moderate / Sulphate resisting cement cement only at an age of 28 days. The quick
hardening produces considerable heat
- Reduced content of tricalcium aluminate,
advantages in cold weather construction.
making it more resistant to sulfates and
causing it to generate less heat of hydration * CALDERYS
- Used in general construction where
b. MASONRY CEMENT – prepared mixtures of
resistance to moderate sulphate action is
Portland cement with hydrated lime,
required or when heat build-up can be
granulated slag, silica, etc. Small additions of
damaging, like large piers and heavy
calcium stereate, petroleum, colloidal clays,
retaining walls.
and other add mixtures with the ingredients
Type III: High Early Strength / Rapid hardening and proportions varying widely and usually
Cement patented.
- Increased content of tricalcium silicate, * LAFARGE, CEMEX, HOLCIM, EAGLE, TAIHEIYO
causing it to cure faster and gain strength
c. NATURAL CEMENT – made of natural raw
earlier than normal Portland cement
materials found mixed in the correct
- Used when formwork is to be removed early
proportions, needing only grinding and
or in cold weather construction
burning in a kiln to produce a cement. Their
Type IV: Low heat: Sulfate resisting use today has largely been replaced by
Portland cement. Natural cements sets more
- Reduced content of tricalcium silicate and
rapidly than Portland cement and are slower
increased content of dicalcium silicate, causing in developing strength.
it to generate less heat of hydration
- Used in construction of massive concrete * VICAT
structures, as gravity dams where build-up of
d. POZZOLANIC CEMENT – cement made of
heat can be damaging.
lime mortar and pozzolanic material. Various
Type V: Sulfate resisting natural materials contain active silica, among
them pozzolan (volcanic ash), granulated
- Reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, slag and pumice. SLAG CEMENT is a
lessening the need for gypsum, a sulphate is pozzolanic cement.
normally added to retard its setting time
- Used where resistance to severe sulphate * TAIHEIYO
action is required
Natural and Slag cement are used in unexposed
WHITE CEMENT (STAINLESS CEMENT) is a type structures where mass and weight rather than
of Portland cement which has wide application today strength are essential features. In reinforced
because it is free of iron impurities which stain concrete work or in structures exposed to the
porous marbles, some granites, limestone and other elements, Portland cement is invariably employed
light colored stones. because of its uniform quality and the high strength
which it rapidly acquires.
Other types of cement used in Architectural field:
Indian Standard (IS) Cements
a. ALUMINA CEMENT – utilize bauxite, the ore
from which aluminium is made, as the major Ordinary Portland cement – IS: 269 – 1989
raw material. Called a quick-setting cement (classified as 33, 43 and 53 grade; the grade implies
and its advantage is that after setting for 24 the strength achieved by the cement mortar after 28
hours, it attains a compressive strength days.
equal to the strength developed in ordinary
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Portland Cement, Low Heat – IS: 12600 – 1989 Qualities of Good Concrete
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement – IS: 8041-1978 Concrete should be strong, durable, of uniform
quality and thoroughly sound; qualities required in
Portland-Pozzolana Cement – IS: 1489 – 1976
both massive and reinforced concrete.
Portland-Slag Cement – IS: 455 – 1976
Good quality concrete can be obtained through:
a. Careful selection of materials
Storage of cement b. Correct proportioning
c. Thorough mixing
Once delivered on site, properly protect from d. Careful transporting and placing
injury through contact with dampness; store e. Proper curing or protection of the concrete
in shed with a wood floor raised 12” from the after it is placed.
ground.
In good condition if soft and silky to the touch. Properties of Concrete:
If it has lumps do not easily break, it has - Workability
absorbed a damaging amount of moisture. - Cohesiveness
Piles should be limited to 12 stacks in height. - High Compressive Strength
WAREHOUSE SET occurs from the - Low Tensile Strength
tendency of cement at bottom layers to
harden due to the pressure above when Materials of Concrete
cement is stored in high piles for long
a. CEMENT – cement employed in reinforced-
periods.
concrete construction should be high grade
CONCRETE Portland cement and conforming to the
Standard specifications and Test for Portland
The proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and cement of the American Society for Testing
water, which when properly portioned, is at first a Materials. The kind of tests usually made are:
plastic mass which can be cast or molded into 1. Soundness, or constancy of volume,
predetermined size or shape. Upon hydration of the 2. Time of setting,
cement, concrete becomes stone-like in strength, 3. Fineness,
hardness and durability. 4. Tensile strength (1:3 mix) of standard
SETTING is the hardening of concrete. sand mortar
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
REQUIRED
ULTIMATE
MIXTURE RATIO
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH MINIMUM
CLASS AAA 1:1:2 4500 b. Spalling
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
FOOTINGS
a. Massive footings a. 1 day (24 hrs)
b. Cantilever footings b. 5 days (120 hrs)
c. Slab footings c. 5 days (120 hrs)
WALLS
ADMIXTURES
Added to concrete mixture for the process of
improving or imparting particular properties, such:
a. Improve workability (hydrated lime)
Hydrated lime – Calcium hydroxide; a
colorless crystal or white powder and
is obtained when quicklime is mixed,
or slaked with water.
b. Improve durability by entertainment of air
c. Accelerate setting or hardening (calcium
chloride)
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