Professional Documents
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h i g h l i g h t s
Steel slag reduces more hydration temperature rise than fly ash.
Temperature match curing does not promote the early strength of HVSS concrete so much.
The effect of temperature match curing on the permeability of HVSS concrete is small.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Massive concrete structures tend to have high cracking risk due to early temperature rise. High-volume
Received 10 April 2015 mineral admixture concrete, which has low hydration heat, is suitable for massive concrete structures. In
Received in revised form 15 August 2015 this paper, the properties of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete and high-volume steel slag (HVSS) con-
Accepted 26 August 2015
crete were compared under two different curing conditions (standard curing condition and temperature
match curing condition). The results show that the promoting effect of temperature match curing on the
early strength of HVFA concrete is more obvious than that on HVSS concrete. Temperature match curing
Keywords:
has negative effect on the late strength and elastic modulus of HVSS concrete. The promotion of temper-
Massive concrete
Fly ash
ature match curing to the elastic modulus development is not so obvious as that to the strength devel-
Steel slag opment. Temperature match curing can significantly decrease the chloride permeability of HVFA
Strength concrete, but its influence on the chloride permeability of HVSS concrete is inconspicuous. Though the
Permeability adiabatic temperature rise of HVSS concrete is lower than that of HVFA concrete, which is beneficial to
Temperature its application to the massive concrete structures, its strength especially the splitting tensile strength
and resistance to chloride ion penetration need to be improved.
Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.134
0950-0618/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
650 S. Mengxiao et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655
Fly ash is a by-product of coal-fired power plants, belonging to but also make a contribution to the sustainable development of
pozzolanic materials. Different from cement, the main chemical environment.
components of fly ash are Al2O3, SiO2 and Fe2O3. The mineral In this paper, two different temperature curing conditions
constituents of fly ash include a major vitreous phase and some (standard curing condition and temperature match curing condi-
minor crystalline phases (quartz, mullite, hematite and magnetite) tion) were set. The aim is to compare the properties between HVFA
[15,16]. During the hydration of cement-fly ash composite binder, concrete and high-volume steel slag (HVSS) concrete under differ-
fly ash can react with Ca(OH)2 and produce calcium silicate hydrate ent temperature curing conditions and investigate the feasibility of
(C-S-H) gel [17,18], namely pozzolanic reaction. But the pozzolanic using HVSS concrete in massive concrete structures.
reaction of fly ash is quite slow at early ages, so it mainly behaves
as a microaggregate to fill the pore structure of concrete, making a
2. Experimental
physical effect [19]. At late ages, fly ash begins to make greater
chemical effects and improve the properties of concrete. Hanehara 2.1. Materials
et al. [20] reported that the pozzolanic reaction rate of fly ash is
much lower than cement hydration rate and it mainly depends The materials used in this study were Ordinary Portland cement with the
strength grade of 42.5 complying with the Chinese National Standard GB 175-
on the curing temperature. Wang et al. [21] also found that elevat-
2007, low-calcium fly ash complying with the Chinese National Standard GB/T
ing the curing temperature can effectively promote the pozzolanic 1596-2005, ground basic oxygen furnace steel slag complying with the Chinese
reaction of fly ash at early ages. National Standard GB/T 20491-2006, crushed limestone of 5 to 25 mm and natural
Nowadays fly ash is widely used in the concrete industry as a river sand smaller than 5 mm. The specific surface areas of cement, fly ash and steel
slag are 376 m2/kg, 358 m2/kg and 461 m2/kg, respectively. Besides, polycarboxylic
mineral admixture. A lot of studies are focused on the properties
superplasticizer was used to adjust the fluidity of concrete. The chemical composi-
and development of concretes containing high-volume fly ash tions of the cement, fly ash, and steel slag were shown in Table 1.
[22–25]. Considering that using fly ash to replace part of cement
can substantially decrease the hydration temperature rise of con-
2.2. Mix proportions
crete and reduce the cracking risk of concrete [2,13], high-
volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete is increasingly adopted in massive As shown in Table 2, two mix proportions were prepared with the same amount
concrete structures. Through a laboratory investigation Atisß [26] of binder (400 kg/m3), water-to-binder ratio (0.42) and mineral admixture substitu-
found that HVFA concrete could be used for road pavements and tion rate (45% by mass). One mix proportion was for the HVFA concrete (denoted by
large industrial floors due to its high late strength and low shrink- ‘F’), and the other was for the HVSS concrete (denoted by ‘S’).
Table 2
Mix proportion of concretes: kg/m3.
Cement Fly ash Steel slag Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Water Superplasticizer
F 220 180 0 852.5 1027 168 8.4
S 220 0 180 852.5 1027 168 8.4
Fig. 5. Splitting tensile strength of concrete under temperature match curing Fig. 7. Splitting tensile strength of HVSS concrete under different temperature
condition. curing conditions.
Fig. 6. Splitting tensile strength of HVFA concrete under different temperature Fig. 10. Elastic modulus of HVSS concrete under different temperature curing
curing conditions. conditions.
S. Mengxiao et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655 653
Fig. 13. Non-evaporable water content of steel slag paste under different curing
Fig. 11. Chloride permeability of concrete under standard curing condition. temperatures.
654 S. Mengxiao et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655
temperature curing tended to decrease the late strength of cement Fig. 12 shows that the chloride permeability of HVFA concrete
concrete due to two reasons: (1) early high temperature curing at 90 d reaches ‘very low’ grade, which can meet the design
increased the early hydration rate of cement, producing much den- requirement easily. However, the chloride permeability of HVFA
ser C-S-H gel layers, which would prevent the late hydration of concrete at 90 d only reaches ‘moderate’ grade, which can’t meet
cement; (2) early high temperature curing led to the uneven distri- the design requirement in some cases.
bution of hydration products, and large holes formed easily in the In general, there are some problems when HVSS concrete is
hardened cement paste, affecting the late strength development of used to replace HVFA concrete in the massive concrete structure.
concrete. However, it should be noted that the comparison of the properties
Fig. 13 shows that at the age of 90 days, the wn content of Group between HVFA concrete and HVSS concrete is made under the con-
S-65 °C is very close to that of Group S-20 °C, indicating that the dition of the same W/B. The research of Wang et al. [33] showed
late reaction degrees of steel slag under the two different curing that the negative influence of steel slag on the properties of
conditions are very close to each other. It should be noted that concrete would get weaker in the case of lower W/B. In theory,
the test of Fig. 13 was carried out using pure steel slag paste. Dur- HVSS concrete with satisfactory late strength and durability can
ing the hydration of cement-steel slag composite binder under be obtained by lowering the W/B, and in the meanwhile, the
temperature match curing condition, the steel slag particles would hydration heat becomes a little smaller. Therefore, it may be feasi-
be rapidly wrapped by the hydration products of steel slag as well ble to use HVSS concrete in massive concrete structures if proper
as cement. So the late reaction degree of steel slag under temper- W/B is adopted.
ature match curing condition might be lower than that under stan-
dard curing condition. Li et al [35] found that the reaction degree of 4. Conclusions
fly ash in the composite binder containing 35% fly ash at the age of
90 days were 11.26% and 19.27% under the curing temperature of (1) Temperature match curing can effectively promote the early
20 °C and 65 °C, respectively. Wang et al. [21] also found that strength development of both HVFA concrete and HVSS con-
although high temperature curing affected the late hydration of crete. But the promoting effect of temperature match curing
cement, it wouldn’t obstruct the late reaction of fly ash. At late ages on the early strength of HVFA concrete is more obvious than
fly ash can react sustainably, not only producing C-S-H gel to fill that on HVSS concrete.
the holes, but also consuming Ca(OH)2 and improving the ITZ of (2) At late ages, the strength of HVFA concrete under tempera-
concrete. Therefore, the effects of elevating temperature curing at ture match curing condition is superior to that under stan-
early ages on the late strengths of HVFA concrete and HVSS dard curing condition, while the late strength of HVSS
concrete are different. concrete under temperature match curing condition is lower
Many researches showed that fly ash tended to decrease the than that under standard curing condition.
chloride permeability of concrete at late ages mainly due to two (3) No matter for HVFA concrete or HVSS concrete, the elastic
reasons: the C-S-H gel produced by fly ash blocked the channels modulus development trends under different temperature
among pores; the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash improved the curing conditions are basically consistent with the develop-
microstructure of ITZ of concrete [39–41]. The reaction degree of ment trends of strength. But the promotion of temperature
fly ash is very crucial to the chloride permeability of concrete. match curing to the elastic modulus development is not so
The permeability grade of HVFA at the age of 28 days under obvious as that to the strength development.
standard curing condition is ‘moderate’ (Fig. 11), but that under (4) Temperature match curing can significantly decrease the
temperature match curing condition is ‘very low’ due to the high chloride permeability of HVFA concrete. However, the influ-
reaction degree of fly ash (Fig. 12). So temperature match curing ence of temperature match curing on the chloride perme-
tends to decrease the permeability of HVFA concrete obviously ability of HVSS concrete is inconspicuous.
by promoting the reaction of fly ash. Figs. 11 and 12 indicate that (5) The low adiabatic temperature rise of HVSS concrete is ben-
temperature match curing also tends to decrease the permeability eficial to its application to the massive concrete structures,
of HVSS concrete, but its influence degree is very small. It is however, its strength especially the splitting tensile strength
believed that the contribution of steel slag to the improvement and resistance to chloride ion penetration need to be
of pore structure and ITZ of concrete is much less than that of fly improved. In the region which has much steel slag but little
ash. fly ash, the HVSS concrete with proper mix proportion has
the better potential to be used in massive concrete
3.6.2. Feasibility of using HVSS concrete in massive concrete structures structures.
Low hydration heat is an important reason why HVFA concrete
is widely used in massive concrete structures. Fig. 1 shows that the
adiabatic temperature rise of HVSS concrete is even lower than Acknowledgements
that of HVFA concrete. This property of HVSS concrete is beneficial
to its application to the massive concrete structures. Authors would like to acknowledge the National Natural
In the case of the same constraint condition and shrinkage Science Foundation of China (No. 51278277) and Tsinghua
value, the tensile stress is directly proportional to the elastic University Initiative Scientific Research Program (20131089239).
modulus. Fig. 8 shows that the elastic modulus of HVSS concrete
is smaller than that of HVFA concrete under temperature match
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