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Santosh Ansumali1
1 Engineering Mechanics Unit
Outline of Topics
3 Flow Separation
d 2y dy
+ = a, y (x = 0) = 0, y (x = 1) = 1. (3)
dx 2 dx
The solution to it is
exp − x − exp − 1
` ´ ` ´
y = ax + 1 − a + (a − 1) (4)
1 − exp − 1
` ´
Similarity Solution
We consider a semi-infinite region such that
u(y = ∞, 0) = U,
(5)
u(0, t > 0) = 0,
Vorticity Generation I
Let us compute the total circulation over a rectangle ABCD (such that DC is parallel to the
plate) for flow near flat plate case.
Vorticity Generation II
Z Z Z Z Z
u · dl = uy dy + ux dx − uy dy − ux dx (9)
ABCD DA AB CB DC
In an inviscid barotropic flow with conservative body forces , the circulation around a closed
curve moving with the fluid remains constant with time.
DΓ
=0 (11)
Dt
Dui 1 ∂p
=− + gi (12)
Dt ρ ∂x
Now, for barotroic (pressure is function of density alone) flow with conservative forces, we can
always write
1 ∂p dP ∂p ∂p 0
+ gi = + ∂i φ = (13)
ρ ∂xi dp ∂xi ∂xi
Now, Z Z Z
DΓ D Dui D
= ui dxi = dxi + ui (dxi ) (14)
Dt Dt C C Dt C Dt
or,
∂p 0
Z Z Z
DΓ D D
=− dxi + ui (dxi ) = ui (dxi ) (15)
Dt C ∂xi C Dt C Dt
Using the definition of veolcity
Z Z
DΓ 1
= ui dui = ui2 = 0 (16)
Dt C 2 C
Skin Friction
An important engineering quantity is skin friction or shear stress at the wall. We can estimate it
from the knowledge of boundary layer thickness δ. We have
U UL
σxy ≈ µ ∼µ (17)
δ L δ
we have r
1
δ=L (18)
Re
so,
U√
σxy ∼ µ Re (19)
L
So, the skin friction coefficient is
σxy µ √ 2
C = 1
=2 Re ∼ √ (20)
2
ρU 2 ρU L Re
Continuity Equation
The continuity equation at steady state in two dimension is
∂ux ∂uy
+ =0 (21)
∂x ∂y
Let x be the direction along the surface of the wall. Let U∞ be the upstream velocity far away
from the body and L be the linear dimension of the body. If δ be the dimension of the boundary
layer, then
∂ūx L ∂uy
+ =0 (22)
∂x̄ δ U∞ ∂ȳ
where ux x y
ūx = , x̄ = , ȳ = (23)
U∞ L δ
We would like every quantity in the continuity equation to be O(1), so we choose
uy L
ūy = (24)
δ U∞
which means
∂ūx ∂ūy
+ =0 (25)
∂x̄ ∂ȳ
Momentum Equation I
The y -momentum equation at steady state is
∂ 2 uy ∂ 2 uy
„ «
∂uy ∂uy 1 ∂p
ux + uy + =ν 2
+ (26)
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ∂y ∂x 2
which means
1 ∂ 2 ūy 1 ∂ 2 ūy
„ «
U∞ ∂ūy U∞ ∂ūy L 1 ∂p
ūx + ūy + 2 =ν 2 2
+ 2 (27)
L ∂x̄ L ∂ȳ δ U∞ ρ ∂ȳ L ∂x̄ δ ∂ȳ 2
p
p̄ = 2
(28)
ρ U∞
then,
L2 ∂p̄ ∂ 2 ūy L2 ∂ 2 ūy
„ «
∂ūy ∂ūy 1
ūx + ūy + 2 =ν 2
+ 2 (29)
∂x̄ ∂ȳ δ ∂ȳ L U∞ ∂x̄ δ ∂ȳ 2
Momentum Equation II
∂p̄
=0 (30)
∂ȳ
∂ 2 ux ∂ 2 ux
„ «
∂ux ∂ux 1 dp
ux + uy + =ν 2
+ (31)
∂x ∂y ρ dx ∂y ∂x 2
which is
∂ 2 ūx L2 ∂ 2 ūx
„ «
∂ūx ∂ūx d p̄ ν
ūx + ūy + = 2
+ 2 (32)
∂x̄ ∂ȳ d x̄ U∞ L ∂x̄ δ ∂ȳ 2
Thus, finally we can write equation governing boundary layer as
∂ūx ∂ūy
+ =0 (33)
∂x̄ ∂ȳ
L2 ∂ 2 ūx
„ «
∂ūx ∂ūx d p̄ 1
ūx + ūy + = (34)
∂x̄ ∂ȳ d x̄ Re δ 2 ∂ȳ 2
The pressure gradient at the edge of the boundary layer can be found from
1 1 1
P+ ρU 2 + ρUy2 ≈ P + ρUx2 = const (35)
2 x 2 2
which means
1 dP dUx
= −Ux (36)
ρ dx dx
As a first approximation, we can assume that this is a valid relation even in the boundary layer.
Boundary condition
∂u ∂v
+ =0 (37)
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u dUx ∂2u
u +v = Ux +ν (38)
∂x ∂y dx ∂y 2
u(x, y = 0) = 0 (39)
v (x, y = 0) = 0 (40)
u(x, y = ∞) = Ux (41)
u(x0 , y ) = uin (y ) (42)
(43)
∂u ∂v
+ =0 (44)
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂2u
u +v =ν (45)
∂x ∂y ∂y 2
u(x, y = 0) = 0 (46)
v (x, y = 0) = 0 (47)
u(x, y = ∞) = Ux (48)
We have
ux = ∂y ψ, uy = −∂x ψ (49)
ux uy
ūx = , ūy = q (50)
U νU
L
depends on
x y
x̄ = , ȳ = q (51)
L νL
U
which means 0 1 0 1
r
Bx y C ν U Bx y C
ux = U F @ , q A , uy = G@ ,q A (52)
L νL L L νL
U U
However, in this problem there is no characteristic length, so we can expect (Try to guess
scaling for uy ) !
r
U
ux = U F y , (53)
νx
ansumali@gmail.com Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Outline
Introduction to Boundary Layer
Prandtl’s Boundary Layer Equation
Flow Separation
which means
√
r
U
ψ= ν U x f (ζ) , ζ=y (54)
νx
which implies
1√
ux = U f 0 (ζ) , νUx ζf 0 − f
` ´
uy = (55)
2
substituting in original equation we find
f f 00 + 2 f 000 = 0 (56)
1
f = 0.332 ζ 2 + O(ζ 5 ) (58)
2
F 1.328
C = 1
= √ (62)
2
ρU 2 (2l) Re
Falkner-Skan Solution I
The similarity solution exist also for external flow of the form
Ue (x) = ax n (63)
n + 1 00
f f + f 000 − n(f 0 )2 + n = 0 (65)
2
Falkner-Skan Solution II
For n > 0, the tendency for the wall velocity gradient to increase due to accelaration of
the external stream is there.
Because of the diffusion the wall velocity gradient tends to decrease
When n = 1/3, the stream is uniform because of balance of the two effects.
L2 ∂ 2 ūx
„ «
∂ūx ∂ūx d p̄ 1
ūx + ūy + = (69)
∂x̄ ∂ȳ d x̄ Re δ 2 ∂ȳ 2
∂ 2 ux 1 dp 1 dU 2
ν 2
= ≈− (70)
∂y ρ dx 2 dx 2
So, second derivative is positive for deaccelarating stream near the wall.
Near the outer layer the velocity gradient ∂y ux must tend to zero. This means second derivative
must be negative near the outer layer. Thus we must have point of inflection for
deaccelarating stream.
a2 a2 a2
„ « „ « „ «
w (z) = U +z =U +r cos θ +i U r− sin θ (71)
z r r
| {z } | {z }
φ ψ
ψ = 0 on the circle.
Velocity is
a2 a2
„ « „ «
ur = U 1− cos θ, uθ = −U 1+ sin θ. (72)
r2 r2
A C
Separation Creteria
uy 1
∝ √ (75)
ux Re
But the consequence of this is that the fluid move along the surface of the body and
move away from the surface only slightly.
Thus separation can happen only on line whose points are singularities of the solution of
the Prandtl equation.
The nature of the singularity can be deduced from the fact that normal velocity must
become comparable to the tangential velocity.
√
This means vy must get an accelaration of the order Re. So, in high Reynolds number
limit the y velocity get an infinitely large increase.
which implies ˛
∂uy ˛˛
˛ =∞ (77)
∂y ˛
x=x0
we shall write u0 (y ) ≡ ux (x0 , y ). We can treat (x0 − x) as a function of y and (ux − u0 ). Then,
we must have near point of separation
x0 − x ≈ (ux − u0 )2 f (y ) (79)
so, √
ux = u0 (y ) + α(y ) x0 − x (80)
but
ux β(y )
≈ √ (85)
uy u0 (y ) x0 − x
A u0 (y )
uy = √ (86)
2 x0 − x