Ajman University of Science & Technology

F lt off Dentistry
Faculty D ti t
Histology
gy & Cell Biology
gy
08 01 112
Dr. Al-
Al-Moutassem Billah Khair

Bloodd
 Blood
Blood
l d is a fluid
fl d connective tissue that h circulates
l through
h h the
h
cardiovascular system. Blood consists of cells and an extracellular matrix whose
volume exceeds that of the cells.
Blood is propelled throughout the body by the pumping action of the heart and
reaches all off the other bodyy tissues. Its ffunctions include:
) conveying nutrients and oxygen directly or indirectly to cells.
)carrying wastes and carbon dioxide away from the cells.
) carrying hormones and other regulatory agents to and from the cells and
tissues of the body.
) having a major homeostatic role based on its thermoregulatory and buffering
capacity.
) transportingi humoral
h l agents & cells
ll that
h protect the h body
b d fromf i f i
infections,
foreign cells, foreign proteins, and transforming cells (cancer cells).
Haemopoiesis
Haemopoiesis
H i i is
i the
th process
r b which
by hi h mature
t r blood
bl d cells
ll develop
d l from
fr precursor
r r r
cells. In adults, haemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow mainly of the skull,
ribs,, sternum,, vertebrae,, ppelvis and pproximal
x ends off the ffemurs.
According to the monophyletic theory all blood cells are derived from a single
primitive stem cell type called multipotential (pluripotential) stem cells. These
cells replicate at a slow rate differentiating into five discrete types of
unipotential stem cells, each responsible for development of one cell type of
mature blood cells.
cells Unipotential stem cells (histologically similar) divide at a
rapid rate to provide histologically recognizable precursors of the mature cell
types (Tables).
The rate of division of these cells is modulated by hormones called poietins and
locally produced colony stimulating factors and interleukins.
The cells undergo many cellular changes in their nucleus and cytoplasm to form
red blood cells, white blood cells and platelet forming cells.
Bone marrow cells
Illustrration off three phhases of neutrophhil granullocyte
developpment. SSee changees in celll structurre from M1 to
reach mmature neeutrophil – M4.
Section of active bone marrow (red bone marrow) showing some of its components.
Blood components
Bl d consists
Blood i off formed
f d elements,
l
cells and their derivatives (forming
45
45% of the blood), and a pprotein
otein rich
ich
matrix called plasma (55% of the
blood).
Plasma is an aqueous solution
(water ≈ 90%) containing substances
of a small or large molecular weight
that make about 10% of its volume.
¾ The plasma proteins ≈ 77-8%,8%, the
inorganic salts 0.9%, the rest of 10%
is several organic compounds-
aminoacids, vitamins, lipoproteins,
hormones, etc.- of different origins.
¾ The main plasma proteins are:

Albumin is: the smallest pprotein,, made in the liver,, the main component
p and
has a fundamental role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood;
Fibrinogen is: the largest protein, made in the liver, necessary for the
formation of fibrin in the final step of coagulation (clotting);
Globulins “α, ß, γ”: γ is immunoglobulin (antibodies) and is secreted by plasma
cells.
ll α andd ß are nonimmunoglobulins,
i l b li secretedd by
b liver
li andd include
i l d
glycoproteins.
¾ Several substances that are insoluble or slightly soluble in water can be
transported by the plasma because they combine with albumin or with the α and
ß globulins (e.g. lipids combine with the hydrophobic portion of protein, since the
protein also has hydrophilic parts, the lipid-protein complex is soluble in water).
¾ The composition of plasma is usually an indicator of the mean composition of
the
h extracellular
ll l fluids
fl id in
i general,l because
b the
h low
l molecular–weight
l l i h components
of plasma are in equilibrium with the interstitial fluid of the tissues.
Mature cell types in circulating blood and their features
 The cells of blood and their derivatives are in three major functional classes:
red blood cells ((erythrocytes),
y y ), white blood cells ((leucocytes)
y ) and pplatelets
(thrombocytes).
¾ Erythrocytes: